Atomiki zipolopolo: mbiri ya chilengedwe, chithunzi

Palibe ukusunthira patsogolo kwambiri monga nkhondo. Ndi choona mwa mtheradi, ngakhale zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri. Pofuna kuteteza ufulu wawo gawo, anthu invents njira wosangalatsa ndi mfundo zimene amakulolani kukana mdani, ndi mwayi polimbitsa mphamvu.

Dziwani mmene anachokera 60s

Mmodzi wa zoyambitsidwa zosaneneka katswiri ndi Soviet asayansi-sayansi pa Cold nkhondo. Uthenga kuti akatswiri zoweta pa umisiri chitetezo zinalengedwa ndi kuyesedwa zipolopolo atomiki, anatsegula ndi posachedwapa ndipo anali ndi kutengeka. Zonse zolembedwa za chitukuko chinsinsi chinali kwambiri kulondera. Pokhapokha Soviet Union linagwa, ndi Semipalatinsk anakhala gawo la palokha Kazakhstan, chinsinsi anayamba kutayikira mudziwe kuti atolankhani. Zinali ndiye kuti zinadziwika kuti amaimira zipolopolo atomiki. Kufotokozera ndi makhalidwe a zida wosangalatsa amakakamizidwa kudabwa anthu ambiri. Izo sizinali bwino chotero kakang'ono zida za nyukiliya akhoza kusungunula yaikulu oti muli nazo zida thanki, ndi misozi nyumba Mipikisano storey.

Mal ndi kuchotsedwa

Inde, kukula kwa zipolopolo awa anali kwenikweni kakang'ono lonse zida atomiki. Zipolopolo anali likungosonyeza 14,3 mamilimita ndi 12,7 mamilimita mfuti makina katundu anafuna. Koma sindinasiye asayansi ndipo analenga chipolopolo likungosonyeza 7,62 mamilimita onse mwachindunji Kalashnikov makina mfuti. Mpaka lero, padziko lonse pali zida atomiki, amene Tingayerekeze woterowo warhead kakang'ono.

Maziko onse zida za nyukiliya ndi otchedwa fissile zakuthupi. Mabomba chigawo yogwira ukufanizidwa ndi ureniamu 235 kapena nyukiliyazo basi 239. Mu sayansi ya nyukiliya pali lingaliro la "misa zoŵaŵitsa" - kulemera kwa projectile, pa zomwe ndi kugwira ntchito ndi kuchita ndi kuphulika. Pakuti ureniamu ndi nyukiliyazo basi, chizindikiro ichi si zosakwana 1 kilogalamu. M'pake kuti pali funso mu mutu wanga: "Kodi manufactures zipolopolo atomiki? Monga zotheka ngati likungosonyeza yaing'ono kuti agwirizane ndi mphamvu zambiri? "

Kodi mkati zipolopolo atomiki?

Yankho lake ndi losavuta mokwanira, koma khama la sayansi Soviet chinapangitsa izo. zipolopolo atomiki zinali za transuranic mchitidwe californium, kapena kukhala enieni, a isotope ake nyukiliya. mankhwala ali ndi kulemera atomiki wofanana mayunitsi 252. N'zosadabwitsa kuti isotope wa californium chizindikiro cha misa kuweruza ga 1.8 okha Koma uwu si ntchito yofunika kwambiri chinthu chodabwitsa. Pa kuwola californium ake 252 zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho chuma ogwira fission kupanga neutrons 5 mpaka 8. Izi ndi zodabwitsa, kuyambira Uranus ndi Pluto amatha kupanga okha 2 kapena 3 neutrons. sayansi Soviet anali umakondwera ndi kupambana: chakwanira kutenga lonse mtola californium 252, ndipo mukhoza yaikulu bomba la nyukiliya! Izi anapeza zosaneneka chinali chiyambi cha kukula kwa ntchito pamwamba chinsinsi kulenga mtundu watsopano wa chida.

Kwa California asayansi ntchito njira ziwiri. Losavuta ndi kuphulika kwa bomba wamphamvu nyukiliya, odzaza ndi nyukiliyazo basi. Njira ina - chilengedwe cha isotopes ndi riyakitala atomiki. Ngakhale kuphweka ake, njira yoyamba imatengedwa zothandiza kwambiri chifukwa timatha kupeza nyutironi kamwazi kachulukidwe choposa kambiri mu riyakitala nyukiliya. Komabe, m'zigawo njira California amafuna mayesero mosalekeza nyukiliya kuyambira kuŵeta zipolopolo atomiki amafuna kubwezeretsa popanga zipangizo zopangira.

Ikukhala ngati kakang'ono atomiki bomba?

Atafufuza zolembedwa pa polojekiti, inu mukhoza kulingalira tione zipolopolo atomiki. chipangizo awo amakhala ndi kuphweka kwambiri. Maziko a zipolopolo - gawo ting'onoting'ono California, yomwe akulemera palibe magilamu 6. Mu mawonekedwe izo akufanana ndi dumbbell ongokhala hemispheres awiri ndi mlatho woonda.

Zachiwawa projectile mkati ankanyamula mu mpira yaying'ono amene awiri pa chipolopolo ndi likungosonyeza ndi 7,62 mamilimita ndi 8 mm. kukula ichi ndi chokwanira kupereka boma supercritical ndi hule bomba la nyukiliya. Atomiki zipolopolo, zithunzi zomwe mungathe onani pansipa zili mkati mtundu lama fuyusi kukhudzana. Imakhala mlandu woukira. Izi ndi osavuta chipangizo chida bomba. Tikumbukenso kuti kulemera zipolopolo ngati anatembenuka kwambiri ankawonjezereka ochiritsira mnzake. Kuti ballistic katundu anatulukira zinali pamwamba, malaya ankafunikira akonzekeretse mlandu wamphamvu kwambiri onga.

N'chifukwa chiyani Soviet Union anasiya polojekiti?

Pali zofunika mbali, amene ali chipolopolo nyukiliya. Soviet ntchito kukonza ndi kugwiritsa m'manja mwa kuyambitsa pano wakhala udzachepetsedwa kwa gawo lalikulu chifukwa chakuti zipolopolo kukhala yotentha kwambiri. Mu oipa a California pali kwambiri kutentha. Ichi ndi chinthu zachilengedwe, monga onse zipangizo nyukiliya ndi usavutike ndi kuvunda kwa. Amenewa ndi chachikulu, ang'onoang'ono awo nthawi theka moyo. Choncho, atomiki chipolopolo wodzazidwa ndi californium kwaiye 5 Watts mphamvu matenthedwe. Pamodzi ndi ndondomeko iyi pali kusintha katundu wa zachiwawa ndi lama fuyusi yokha. The owopsa chinali chifukwa chakuti mofulumira ndi amphamvu Kutentha zikhoza kubweretsa kupanikizana chipolopolo m'chipinda kapena mbiya, ndipo panali ngozi yaikulu ya mowiriza kuphulika kwa chipolopolo pamene ntchito.

Popeza kuti zinthu izi, Anapeza kuti kusungiramo zipolopolo atomiki amafuna firiji apadera. Limeneli liyenera anali mbale mkuwa wa makulidwe a masentimita 15, zida ndi zokhazikapo kwa zipolopolo 30. Mu mlengalenga pakati zipolopolo kudzera mu njira opanikizika refrigerant anayambika, amene anali ngati amoniya madzi. dongosolo ili kutentha analakalaka zipolopolo za -15˚S. Yozizira mkulu mphamvu osiyana (200 Watts) ndi kulemera choopsa cha makilogalamu 110. Kupita kumanga izi zinali zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito zoyendera wapadera kuti anapatsa kwambiri za mavuto.

Mu zida za Agiriki dongosolo mtundu bomba yozizira mtengo komanso ndi mbali yofunika ya zomangamanga, koma ili mkati. Pankhani ya zipolopolo atomiki kufunika kuchepetsa akunja zipolopolo kutentha.

Mbali ntchito zipolopolo amenewa anali motere: iwo anali kusungidwa mu firiji pa -15˚S. Kamodzi mthunzi chachotsedwa sitolo, ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa theka la ola. Panthawi imeneyi nthawi chofunika kukhazikitsa chipolopolo mu mfuti sitolo, limene lili pa malo yowotcha, kutenga cholinga molondola chofunika ndi kupanga kuwombera. Ngati womenya analibe nthawi kusunga moyandikira ichi, chipolopolo ayenera kubwerera kwa firiji kwa yosungirako. The projectile, omwe agona popanda zinthu zoyenera yosungirako pa ola, kuwonongedwa mwa zipangizo zina zapadera.

NKHANI zipolopolo atomiki

Asayansi likutchulanso vuto lina lalikulu, amene yodziwika ndi zipolopolo atomiki. izi mayesero zipolopolo anasonyeza chiwerengero mkulu zizindikiro Kusakhazikika anamasulidwa mphamvu kuphulika lapansi. mlingo Izi zikhoza zimasiyana makilogalamu 100 mpaka 700 a TNT ofanana. Mtengo wake mwachindunji amadalira zinthu pansi amene zipolopolo kusungidwa, ndi chuma chandamale.

Zochitika zasonyeza kuti zipolopolo atomiki - ndi chinthu chapadera pa chikhalidwe cha kuphulika lapansi. Iwo ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi alipidwa atomiki bomba ndi mankhwala mabomba, amene allocated ndi kugumula mabuku yaikulu ya mpweya wotentha. Kutentha kumafika masauzande madigiri. A mpira ang'ono ndi pang'ono woyang'anira si okhoza mwathupi kuuza zachilengedwe mphamvu ya fission nyukiliya.

Tikhoza kuona mmene wamphamvu kuphulika adzakhala makilogalamu 100 mabomba. zipolopolo atomiki yodziwika ndi ofooka yoweyula mantha, koma iwo kuposa mankhwala anzawo mu milingo cheza. Mogwirizana ndi chochitika ichi zipolopolo deta akhoza ntchito pofuna kugonjetsa zolinga kutali kwambiri. Koma ngakhale kuti sanathe kuchita muvi kuchokera kukhudzana kwambiri. Snipers, ntchito zipolopolo atomiki, sankaloledwa kuwombera bursts yaitali ndi kubala zipolopolo oposa atatu.

Kodi ndingatani ntchito zipolopolo izi?

Gwirizanani, izi projectiles - m'malo whimsical kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nkhondo, ndi funso lotsatira: "Kodi ndi zipolopolo atomiki ntchito? Kuononga zolinga ali irreplaceable? "The ano thanki zida ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuonetsetsa kuti projectile anakhomerera mu izo. Komabe, si chofunika. Pamene jekeseni thanki ya atomiki chipolopolo allocates ndalama ya kutentha wosanjikiza chochokera galimoto nkhondowo chabe asanduke nthunzi, ndi Sungunulani zitsulo. Chifukwa, mbozi anakhala nsanja chidutswa chimodzi, ndi thanki inasanduka kuyenda kwathunthu ndi si abwino ntchito ndi nkhaniyi. Mmodzi atomiki chipolopolo akhoza kuwasandutsa fumbi kiyubiki mita njerwa.

Colossus ndi miyendo ya dongo

Koma pa colossus uyu ali malo ake ofooka. Amadziwika kuti ngati zipolopolo atomiki kugwera mu malo m'madzi, kuphulika nyukiliya akupezeka. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti sing'anga madzi ali katundu m'mbuyo n'kuganizira neutrons. Mundawu wakhala n'komwe asayansi ndi Soviet akasinja anayamba kuteteza akasinja ndi madzi. mtundu A zida amateteza magalimoto nkhondowo kwa zipolopolo mdani, California.

Wapatali, sizimadziwika ndi zosowa

zochitika za zipolopolo atomiki anakakamizika kumira mu anaiwalika pamodzi ndi kumayambiriro moratorium ndi zida kuyezetsa okhala mphamvu nyukiliya. Vuto lonse linali kuti anthu nkhokwe California, amene anakwanitsa kudutsa mabomba amphamvu kutha m'malo mofulumira. Uko kunali njira zina yodalirika - kudzera riyakitala nyukiliya. Komabe, njira imeneyi ankaona mtengo ndi zokolola chinthu chamtengo wapatali anali ochepa. Mtundu uwu wa zinthu pogwiritsa kupanda kufunika amphamvu chitukuko zina za chitukuko za zipolopolo atomiki. Kutsogolera asilikali Poteteza dziko anaganiza kuti mdani angakhoze kuwononga zipolopolo, amene popanda khama kwambiri pa ulimi, yosungirako ndi kulipira. Mogwirizana ndi ntchito imeneyi "zipolopolo nyukiliya" wa USSR apangidwe ndi anatumiza kusonkhanitsa fumbi pa m'masitolo yachokera chinsinsi.

Tsopano onani chitukuko cha zaka, zambiri penapake zinthu zochititsa chidwi kapena zopereka patokha mabuku osoŵa, koma mogwira awo akhala atayika. chakuti alumali moyo zipolopolo awa okha kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Mwina pa nthawi, ndi kafukufuku ndi yofuna patsogolo kakang'ono zipolopolo nyukiliya ku California, koma muyenera amathera Titanic ntchito kuti iwo omasuka ntchito ndi kuchepetsa ndalama yopanga awo. Pewani malamulo a sayansi ndi kovuta. Lang'anani, monga atomiki chipolopolo Californium monga kumadzazidwa ndi makhalidwe oipa:

• otentha kwambiri pa yosungirako;
• Iwo ayenera kuzirala zonse;
• iwo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito palibe pasanafike theka la ola pambuyo defrosting;
• wosakhazikika ndi kusalankhula mphamvu ya kuphulika mlandu;
• zopanda mu kukhudzana ndi madzi mu chilengedwe;
• kupanga California mu riyakitala nyukiliya - yaitali ndi ndalama zambiri.

Kuchotsedwa zinthu izi ndi chifukwa kuti zosaneneka ntchito otchedwa "zipolopolo nyukiliya" wa USSR wateteza mpaka nthawi yabwino. Ndi ngakhale kuti pofuna kukwaniritsa zida zankhondo adatsukwala ndalama. utsogoleri dziko lakhala anayesedwa polojekiti kosathandiza ndi zosowa kwambiri oyambirira 80 ntchentche.

Pa nthawi, Russia ndi zida zingapo mafoni zida ndi chitetezo mpweya kachitidwe, monga "Strela" ndi "Igla". Mu zinalengedwera ali homing dongosolo kuti amafuna kuzirala kwa -200˚S. Izi ikuchitidwa ndi kupereka sing'anga ku asafe ndi zodula. Komabe, sikuti kutumikira monga amapereka kwa Utumiki wa silikhali ali anayesedwa chipangizo ichi zida zankhondo poponya zovuta ndi kosathandiza. Yokonza wa nkhondowo mphamvu ya boma cholakwika ntchito njira zamakono mtengo. Mwina kunyamula dongosolo mini kuzirala zipolopolo nyukiliya adzakhala m'tsogolo muno, ndipo iwo adzakhala ndi zida asilikali kwambiri wamba.

Development zida yaing'ono nyukiliya mu US

About amene woyamba anatulukira zipolopolo atomiki, ndipo tsopano sindileka mtsutso. Kutchula koyamba za zida kopitilira muyeso-ang'ono ndi wamphamvu anatuluka mu 60s Mu zaka zapitazo, pamene zinthu dziko akukankhira chitukuko cha mafakitale asilikali. Funso la asilikali manja kanthu sichikupindulitsani ndiye linali lalikulu kwambiri, ndi mayiko awiri - US ndi Soviet Union anabwera pafupi kulenga luso nyukiliya kukhalabe parity asilikali. Akatswiri ambiri timakonda kukhulupirira kuti zipolopolo atomiki - maganizo ntchito ndi manja a akatswiri American. Pa mtima wa chitukuko - lingaliro la chiwonongeko cha zamoyo mwa utali wozungulira ena a zochita za projectile kudzera mwa kupha mpweya wapadera opangidwa pa zimene nyukiliya. Mu USSR chitukuko zipolopolo atomiki ndi chiyembekezo kuti amenyane ndi mdani angathe.

Masiku ano, maganizo kokhudza ntchito inatha, zingatanthauze phunziro anakhalabe m'zaka lomaliza. Komabe, buku posachedwapa atolankhani American anapanga aliyense aganizire za zipolopolo zimene nyukiliya. Mu Texas, gulu la sayansi wapanga angapo zatsopano zokhudza kuyesa bomba wodzazidwa ndi hafnium isomer. Pofuna kupeza chinthu, membala pakati irradiated ndi X-mafunde. Asayansi anadabwa; ndondomeko anali allocated kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kuposa nthawi 60 mtengo wa chinamwali. Khalidwe la cheza chifukwa inkakhala kwenikweni kwa Popanga madzi a gamma-sipekitiramu, amene chimawononga zinthu zamoyo. Hafnium zowononga mphamvu wofanana makilogalamu 50 TNT ofanana. Mtundu wa chida kuvomereza malamulo a mabomba mini-nyukiliya kapena kukonza mini-Newco, zimene mu chitetezo Chitsamba Choyaka Chiphunzitso.

Sizikudziwika ngati pa nkhani ya chitukuko yofuna ku Russia, Koma mwina posachedwapa asayansi wathu tidzakhala nacho chinachake kuti pa zomwe anzake American.