Ndi zimachititsa chilumbachi wa thunthu chiyani? thunthu dera

Mawu akuti "zimachititsa chilumbachi" (tanthauzo choyamba anaonekera mu nthaka) amachoka mu Greek momwe "pofotokoza m'deralo." M'zaka za m'ma XIX. chifukwa cha ntchito za wamkulu dokotala Nikolai Pirogov mawu resound m'njira zinanso. Kuchokera sayansi ya padziko lapansi kapangidwe ka mawu anasamukira ku chiphunzitso cha kukula kwa thupi la munthu, amamuonera kutchuka mayiko posachedwapa. Malangizo atsopano otchedwa "Topographic thunthu."

Poznan

Kodi zimachititsa chilumbachi wa mankhwala, iye amadziŵa zonse wophunzira njira yoyamba ya mbiri iliyonse bungwe logwirizana. chilango ichi chakhala kuphunzira dongosolo la magawo anthu ndi ziwalo, komanso mogwirizana wina ndi mnzake.

Topographic thunthu akulingalira mawonekedwe ndi Kapangidwe ka zigawo za thupi zimene zasintha chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya pathologies. Kusonkhanitsa deta ya sayansi pa mosinthana awo khalidwe chifukwa zinthu chilengedwe upanga bungwe chidziwitso, kuwapanga zothandiza mu mankhwala ndiponso opaleshoni.

Ngati chilango ntchito, zimachititsa chilumbachi ziwalo mkati wakhala kuphunzira dongosolo magawo a malo a thupi, kuganizira mu ndege osiyana. Komanso yofunika kuti sayansi imeneyi ndi monga:

• ndondomeko ya magazi;
• mabungwe kapangidwe pa khungu ndi malo awo, poyerekezera ndi mafupa ndi;
• kundipatsako kwa maselo mitsempha, zimakhala ndi lymph outflow kwa iwo zinthu zachilengedwe ndi pathological;
• zaka, kugonana ndi mbali oyendetsera dziko la thupi.

zokhudza

Opaleshoni zimachititsa chilumbachi salembedwa kuonetsetsa malo awa anatomical:

• mutu (amene ali akonzedwa ziwalo zosiyana ukugwirira ntchito ngati ubongo, maso, kukoma ndi fungo zolandilira, makutu, mkamwa ndi m'phuno);
• khosi (monga mbali polumikiza mutu kwa thupi, amene ndi zofunika makamaka kotunga zodutsa, monga kholingo, kholingo trachea ndi mitsempha ndi mitsempha);
• thunthu (kwenikweni, thupi kapena torso, lomwe lili ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha ziwalo zofunika kwambiri anthu);
• malekezero (monga zokhudzana apawokha wophatikizidwa mu ubale wawo ndi mbali zina za thupi).

More kusiyanitsidwa m'madera amene amapanga makhalidwe zamoyo munthu nawo ntchito zimachititsa chilumbachi ndi. Buku pa chilango chimenechi, powasamalira kwambiri dongosolo tonse ziwalo ndi mmene padziko thupi, amatipatsa chimango wamkulu wa matenda a matenda.

Ntchito sayansi

The zimachititsa chilumbachi wa thupi la munthu dongosolo la nkhani pa matabwa ake ndi ukugwirira ntchito ya ntchito kungathandize kwambiri mankhwala, kupereka maziko ongolankhula kwa opaleshoni kugwira ntchito.

nzeru yeniyeni zigawo za thupi malangizo ochokera padziko khungu ndi minofu kuya koyenera kuti mchitidwe uliwonse. Pofotokoza Kapangidwe ka thupi la munthu zimachititsa chilumbachi chololera zonse ndi wosavuta kudutsa malo akufunika kulowererapo opaleshoni.

N. Pirogov ankakhulupirira kuti chifukwa ambiri Mtheradi wa ntchito analephera wa madokotala chi lagona kunyalanyaza nzeru zopindulitsa. Kuyankha mafunso ambiri kuti kodi zimachititsa chilumbachi, wasayansi kuti "mtumiki wa dokotala." Tisadalire yekha pa chidziwitso ongolankhula, amene ali kanthu koposa pafupifupi kusankha zochita deta ndi kuika kukumana ndi zodabwitsa mu mawonekedwe a makhalidwe munthu wa thupi la munthu.

njira yophunzirira

Monga ntchito sayansi zimachititsa chilumbachi (buku lomwe amasamalirira kwambiri zochita za zimakhala fascial) dokotala limafotokoza chidwi mbali zochepetsetsa dongosolo thupi. Bwinobwino akufufuza katundu zinchito za Kakhungu zoteteza kuphimba ziwalo, mitsempha ya magazi ndi ulusi mitsempha, m'pamene malamulo onse alipo

Zopanga panobe osadziwika malamulo sayansi anatomical, kufunafuna njira zatsopano imayenera ntchito yopanga - mavuto onsewa sizitchulidwa ndi zimachititsa chilumbachi anatomical. Misonkhano ntchito chilango chimenechi ndi kulekanitsa thupi uku ndi uku, mwina anamanga mfundo ofanana ndi mawu ntchito mu sayansi ya kapangidwe ka padziko lapansi. Kwa iwo, mwachitsanzo, monga malingaliro a:

• medial ndi lateral,
• chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi
• pafupi ndi kutali,
• chabwino, kumanzere;
• yaikuluikulu, etc.

Mapangidwe kumvetsa bwino zimene zimachititsa chilumbachi wa thunthu, muyenera kuona yofunika kwambiri kwa kuphunzira zinthu ngati mankhwala monga zotsatira pa CNS ndi PNS. Ngati sayansi ya thupi lonse, ndi wofunika kwambiri pa matenda, ndipo pamapeto pake Mzimuyo onse dongosolo mankhwala alipo.

Mosiyana ndi thunthu wamba

Mbali yoyamba ndi odziwika ndi njira opaleshoni kuti malongosoledwe zimachititsa chilumbachi anthu. Ndiye iye akuwulula wachibale malo a matupi a m'madera a thunthu tingachipeze powerenga akulowa iwo mu dongosolo: kayendedwe, kupuma, magazi, etc. Komanso, sayansi za ziwalo synthesizes chidziwitso. The thunthu chakale amapereka patsogolo kuwunika (monga machitidwe wathunthu ndi ziwalo payekha).

Yankho kodi zimachititsa chilumbachi, sangakhale kwathunthu popanda kutenga nkhani chidwi chapadera chomwe sayansi zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho kuti kusintha mu zimakhala za thupi poyera osiyanasiyana pathologies. Choncho, chifukwa sayansi imeneyi itadziwika kwambiri zochita zako yotupa kwa mtundu wapachiyambi ndi khalidwe la matupi. Nthawi zambiri, ambiri mwa mavuto ntchito yopanga chikugwirizana ndi amphamvu ulusi kukondera timakumana ndi ndondomeko chotupa, wachibale udindo wawo woyamba.

Topographic thunthu la mutu

Malire a gawo ili la thupi ndi khosi imafika pamodzi mzere m'munsi nsagwada. Mu zikuchokera zimapezekanso zigawo nkhope ndi ubongo. Yotsirizira chionekera m'munsi ndi cranial m'chipinda chotetezeka, yomwe ndi chotsatira chake cha zigawo olowa atatu.

Lobnotemennozatylochnaya dera zigawo tichipeza:

• Dura;
• mafupa;
• periosteum;
• lotayirira connective minofu;
• tendon chisoti;
• mafuta;
• khungu.

Mbali ya kapangidwe ka chapakati mantha dongosolo, kusonkhanitsa ndi collating deta pa uziyenda wachibale zigawo zake nawo zimachititsa chilumbachi ubongo. Mu nkhani ya kudzaza Chigaza, kuonetsetsa mpumulo wake kwathunthu, komanso Chigawo. The phunziro la uli ndi matabwa ake mkati. Makamaka ankaona mmunsi mwa ubongo ndipo aliyense wa m'madipatimenti a.

Hemispheric kuphunzira pamwamba mizere ndi okwera, zimene zili pakati pawo. zofunika kwambiri wapatsidwa chitsanzo cha convolutions. Mizere kugawana dziko lapansi 6 magawo.

nsagwada kapangidwe

Monga sayansi zimachititsa chilumbachi mano ndi mndandanda wa mfundo za kapangidwe ndi kugwira ntchito mfundo za mafupa mapangidwe pakamwa. Komanso synthesizes deta pa chipangizo wonse ndi nsagwada mu interconnection ake ndi anthu M'mimbamo m'kamwa. Mwini zimenezi n'kofunika kwa yokonza mano ndi kamwa mankhwala zolinga: kusindikiza, kuyeretsedwa ngalande muzu ndi mphako, kufufutidwa ndi kuwukonza mapangidwe fupa.

Kapangidwe dzino kutali imeneyi mbali zake;

• korona (linakhazikitsidwa makoma anayi ndipo triangular, ena impaction kwa thambo kudula);
• khosi;
• (Muzu uli mu osiyana khungu ndi Mafupa mu olimba ake ali apadera connective minofu yokutidwa ndi simenti zofewa).

Pakati pa mapangidwe fupa ndi dzenje, tapering cha pamwamba. Mkati lili ndi zamkati mwa dzino, lotchedwa zamkati ndi udindo dzino chakudya. Iwo articulates ndi nsalu zina ndi ulusi mitsempha ndi mitsempha, anasonkhana mu mtolo wa.

Topographic thunthu la diso

Malinga ndi matabwa ake ndi kutalika kwa mndandanda wa zigawo zikuluzikulu thupi imatengedwa kukhala zovuta kwambiri (pambuyo ubongo). Diso, ngakhale kukula kwake ochepa, lili yaikulu zosiyanasiyana kachitidwe, ndi osiyanasiyana kwambiri ntchito. Choncho, optikobiologicheskaya lili zinthu oposa mamiliyoni 2.5 kulola pokonza ndi kupereka kwa ubongo zigawo zikuluzikulu za mauthenga zana zosakwana imodzi lachiwirilo.

diso chipangizo ku mfundo makina a view penapake monga zida ndi Zithunzi. Ndi chifukwa chake thunthu kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mawu akuti "kuwala zimachititsa chilumbachi" imene ili yolondola kwambiri ntchito mu sayansi ndi luso. Ndiponso, ntchito njira lolingana matenda.

Mandala udindo tinganene limba ankaimba ndi kuika kwa diso, mwana ndi mandala. Comaliza, chifukwa umatha zosiyanasiyana mbali ya kupindika ntchito ngati cholinga, kusintha sharpness za chifanocho.

zimachititsa chilumbachi ya khosi

Kuwonjezera pa khungu mu mndandanda ziwalo kuti zikugwirizana mutu kwa thupi monga:

• mitolo ya ulusi minofu;
• "Chafalikiradi" kulumikiza chipolopolo (fascia);
• otchedwa "Khomo lachiberekero makona" (danga unazunguliridwa ndi mitolo minofu);
• gawo la ndime msana (wapangidwa ndi mafupa asanu ndi thupi m'munsi).

The thunthu topographic kwa khosi ndi salembedwa anagawa ofukula midline. Pamwamba umadutsa thupi la fupa hyoid, ndi pansi - kumathera mu recess kumtunda kwa sternum lapansi. Aliyense wa amachepetsa ndi anam'sankha awiri mitundu Triangles: ndi medial ndi lateral.

Woyamba lagawidwa atatu ang'onoang'ono:

• submaxillary (okha kumbuyo digastric minofu);
• Kuwodzera (zikuphatikizapo mitsempha mkati ndi kunja);
• scapular-tracheal.

M'malire lateral pa nsonga ya trapezoid, ndipo clavicle, kuphatikizapo Triangles awiri. Mu choyamba:

• mitolo ya nthambi ndi phewa ndi plexus khomo lachiberekero;
• subclavian mtsempha wamagazi (ndi ziwalo zonse zikuluzikulu).

Kapangidwe ya ubongo

Ntchito zazikulu zimene anachita bungwe lamavutoli ulusi wapadera, ndi kuwerenga zotsatira kunja chilengedwe ndi yankho loyenerera ndi CNS.

matabwa ake ndi yovuta kwambiri. Pakuti zimachititsa chilumbachi wa chapakati mantha dongosolo mitsempha amanyamula ubongo ndi msana. Utsi ndi ulusi izi wapadera amaphatikizidwa mu zotumphukira a. Ntchito yake ndi pawiri la dongosolo chapakati mantha ndi minofu zimakhala, zopangitsa ndi ziwalo nzeru.

Kudzera Converter mu mawonekedwe a maselo wapadera (zolandilira) ndi zonse zilipo anthu chiwonetsero cha chilengedwe (mu mawonekedwe a mtundu, kulawa, kununkhiza, ndi zina zotero.). nyemba awa m'chinenero kuti Ulusi mitsempha amaoneka kuti kusintha mu ndondomeko magetsi kapena mankhwala.

zolimbikitsa chinanso zotumphukira mantha gululi amaperekedwa mu CNS, kodi kuwerenga ndi chifukwa ayankhe mu mawonekedwe a mndandanda wa malamulo wotumidwa momwemo kwa matupi kuti chilango (minofu ndi zopangitsa).

zimachititsa chilumbachi wa thunthu

Zovuta kwambiri ndi voluminous mutu wa sayansi ya dongosolo ziwalo ndi zinthu zina structural thupi la munthu ikulongosola za kupatulapo miyendo yake, khosi ndi mutu.

The kumtunda kwa thupi mutavalanso ake malire m'mphepete jugular mphako ndi clavicles, ndipo khoma pachifuwa zizindikiro M'mimbamo unazunguliridwa mu m'chimake zozitetezera. Fascia akalowa, kuphatikizapo, ndi minofu woposa wina umene umawalekanitsa m'dera limeneli la thupi ku m'mimba lapansi. Ndi maziko a thorax, ndilo pamphambano ya sternum ndi, awiriawiri 12 mafupa ndi msana.

Zovuta thupi ziwalo ndi nyumba anatomical m'dera lotchedwa mediastinum, amene lagawidwa m'magawo chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi mwa opaleshoni zoweta.

Danga ili pansipa, amatchedwa zonse m'mimba. Amakhala likuchita:

• chapamwamba (Aka zakulera);
• kunja;
• mbali (yotakata belted ulusi minofu);
• kumbuyo (msana fupa unyolo);
• m'munsi (zigawo iliac dera la mafupa a chiuno ndi zakulera).

kayendedwe ziwalo kaswili

M'dera la chapamwamba zazikulu m'makona mtunda:

• chigoba fupa (clavicle, scapula, phewa, zozungulira, ulnar, etc.);
• ulusi minofu (phewa lamba, mapewa, forearm, dzanja);
• khungu.

A zosiyanasiyana kayendedwe ka manja a anthu chifukwa cha dongosolo yeniyeni zimfundo ndi njira yapadera kulumikiza ndi minofu. A mbali yaikulu iyi, ndipo nalonso khalidwe mafupa mfundo za lamba phewa ndi thupi. Minofu amapanga zigawo zingapo, kuyambira pamwamba - ndi zakuya.

Mafupa akuthandiza miyendo zikuphatikizapo mafupa a chiuno ndi gawo ufulu (wophatikizidwa femoral, patella, tibia ndi miyendo). M'chiuno fupa ndipamene lamba wa nthambi m'munsi tichipeza obisika, ilium, ischium ndi. Mogwirizana ndi sacrum ndi coccyx fupa, iwo ndiwo maziko mafupa a chiuno ndi.

Pomaliza

Topographic thunthu amachita angapo ntchito yovuta, yomwe ndi kufotokoza malo enieni a matupi, kukhala onse mu pompo-pompo ndi zinthu pathological. mfundozo chipatso cha sayansi, ankagwiritsa ndi mwachangu ntchito matenda a matenda, mankhwala, ndipo ambiri Chofunika - opaleshoni.