British maselo zamoyo, ndi biophysicist neuroscientist Frensis Krik: yonena, zikayenda bwino, atulukira ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Francis Crick Harri Compton anali mmodzi wa akatswiri awiri maselo amene kumasuliridwa chinsinsi dongosolo chonyamulira cha uthengawu ku maselo deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), chotero kuyambitsa masiku maselo zamoyo. Pambuyo anapeza mfundo yakuti iye wapanga chopereka kwambiri kuti timvetse bwino za malamulo opanga khalidwe ndi ntchito za chibadwa, komanso neurobiology. Iye anali ndi Nobel Prize mankhwala mu 1962 ndi James Watson ndi Maurice Wilkins kwa elucidation dongosolo DNA.

Frensis Krik: yonena

Mkulu wa ana awiri, Francis, anabadwa mu banja la Harry Crick ndi Elizabeth Ann Wilkins June 8, 1916, Northampton, England. Anakapezeka m'deralo sukulu ya galamala ndi kuyambira ali anakhala chidwi zatsopano, nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi mabomba mankhwala. Mu sukulu, iye anapambana mphoto chifukwa kusonkhanitsa maluwa akuthengo. Komanso, iye amakonda tennis, koma osati chidwi kwambiri masewera ena ndi masewera. Ndili ndi zaka 14, Francis analandira maphunziro kusukulu ku Mill Hill, kumpoto London. Patatha zaka zinayi, ali ndi zaka 18, iye analembetsa ku University College. Makolo ake akula anasamuka Northampton ku Mill Hill, ndipo analola Francis kukhala kanthawi kuphunzira kunyumba. Anamaliza ulemu mu Physics.

Pambuyo maphunziro a digiri yoyamba Frensis Krik kutsogoleredwa ndi da Costa Andrade pa University College anachita kafukufuku kukhuthala madzi kupanikizidwa ndi pa kutentha. Mu 1940, Francis analandira ofesi yapachiweniweni mu Admiralty komwe anakagwira ntchito pa ndondomeko ya migodi odana sitimayo. Kale chaka chino, Crick anakwatira Rute Doreen Dodd. mwana wawo Michael anabadwa pa mpweya kuukira London November 25, 1940. Pakutha kwa nkhondo, Francis anauzidwa kuti kufufuza za sayansi likulu la British Admiralty mu Whitehall, kumene lolunjika pa chitukuko cha zida.

Pafupi amoyo ndi zopanda

Pozindikira kuti anafunika maphunziro owonjezera kuti akwaniritse zokhumba zawo kuchita kafukufuku zazikulu, Crick anaganiza ntchito pa digiri ina. Malinga ndi iye, anachita chidwi ndi madera awiri a zamoyo - malire pakati pa amoyo ndi zopanda ndi ntchito ubongo. Creek anasankha woyamba, ngakhale kuti iye ankadziwa pang'ono pankhaniyo. Pambuyo maphunziro kuyambirira pa University College mu 1947, anaima pa pulogalamu mu zasayansi mu Cambridge motsogozedwa ndi Artura Hyuza, zokhudza ntchito pa thupi katundu wa cytoplasm chikhalidwe cha fibroblasts nkhuku.

Patapita zaka ziwiri, Crick limodzi ndi gulu la Mayiko a Medical Research pa Cavendish Laboratory. Amaphatikiza ophunzira British Maks Peruts ndi Dzhon Kendryu (mtsogolo Nobel Prize opambana). Francis anayamba kugwirizana nawo, mwaumbanda kuphunzira mapuloteni dongosolo, koma mu zenizeni ntchito ndi Watson pa kapangidwe ka DNA Kuzindikira.

awiri helix

Mu 1947, Frensis Krik linatha Doreen ndipo mu 1949 anakwatira Odile Liwiro, wophunzira, wojambula, amene anakumana nawo pamene iye anatumikira mu Bulu nthawi ya utumiki wake mu Admiralty. Ukwati chinachitikira pamodzi ndi kuyamba ya phungu ntchito yake pa X-ray diffractometry mapuloteni. Njira imeneyi kuphunzira dongosolo la galasi la mamolekyulu, ndi kulola kufotokoza zinthu za dongosolo awo atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena.

Mu 1941 zasayansi Cavendish lotsogoleredwa ndi Sir William Lawrence Bragg anati, yemwe anali mpainiya wa X-ray mapindidwe akuwala njira, zaka makumi anayi zapitazo. Mu 1951, Crick limodzi ndi Dzheyms Uotson, akabwera American, amene anaphunzira ndi dokotala Italy Salvador Edward Luria ndi membala wa gulu la sayansi amene afufuza mavairasi ndi mabakiteriya, lotchedwa bacteriophages.

Monga anzake, Watson anali ndi chidwi ndi Kuwulura zikuchokera majini ankaganiza kuti njira Kapangidwe ka DNA ndi njira kwambiri zingamuthandize. Mwamwayi mgwirizano pakati Crick ndipo Watson chimakula zokhumba ofanana ndi njira zofanana lingaliro. ukatswiri wawo likugwirizana mzake. Pa nthawi imene iwo koyamba Crick ankadziwa zambiri za X-ray mapindidwe akuwala ndi kapangidwe ka mapuloteni, ndipo Watson ankadziwa bacteriophages ndiponso chibadwa bakiteriya.

izi Franklin

Frensis Krik ndi Dzheyms Uotson ankadziwa za ntchito ya biochemists Maurice Wilkins ndi Rosalind Franklin wa College Mfumu mu London, amene mothandizidwa ndi X-ray mapindidwe akuwala ankafufuza Kapangidwe ka DNA. Creek, makamaka, wotchedwa London Gulu kumanga zitsanzo, monga iwo anachita Laynus Poling mu United States kuti vuto la mapuloteni Alpha helix. Pauling, bambo mankhwala chomangira mfundo anasonyeza kuti mapuloteni ndi dongosolo atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena ndi sali chabe liniya kwa amino asidi unyolo.

Wilkins ndi Franklin, akuchita paokha, ankakonda kwambiri sadziwa njira experimental ongolankhula simulating njira Pauling, omwe amamatira ku Francis. Popeza gulu pa College Mfumu sanayankhe maganizo awo, Crick ndipo Watson nawo mbali odzipereka kwa zaka ziwiri pa zokambirana ndi kutsutsana. Kumayambiriro 1953 anayamba kumanga chitsanzo cha DNA.

DNA kapangidwe

Gwiritsani kwa X-ray mapindidwe akuwala Franklin, ndi zambiri polakwitsalakwitsa, Adalenga chitsanzo cha deoxyribonucleic asidi molekyulu, zomwe n'zogwirizana ndi mfundo za Gulu London ndi deta yanga Erwin Chargaff. Mu 1950 yotsirizira anasonyeza kuti kuchuluka wachibale wa nucleotides zinayi zimene zimapanga DNA, motere malamulo, mmodzi amene ali yagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa adenine (A) kuchuluka kwa thymine (T) ndi kuchuluka kwa guanine (G) chiwerengero cha cytosine (C). kulankhulana kumafuna Kumuyika la A ndi T ndi C ndi G, pokambirana naye amakhulupirira kuti DNA - palibe kanthu koposa tetranucleotide, ndiye molekyulu yosavuta ongokhala zapansi zonse zinayi.

Mu kasupe ndi chilimwe cha 1953, Watson ndipo Crick analemba nkhani zinayi za kapangidwe ka deoxyribonucleic acid ndi mbali kulandira yoyamba inatuluka mu magazini ya Nature pa 25 April. Mabuku kenako ntchito za Wilkins, Franklin, ndi anzawo apereka umboni experimental kwa chitsanzo. Watson anapambana kuomba ndi kuika dzina loyamba, motero muyaya yolumikiza lofunika zasayansi ndi awiri Watson-Crick.

kachidindo majini

Kwa zaka zingapo zotsatira, Frensis Krik ankaphunzira ubale pakati pa DNA ndi malamulo chibadwa. mgwirizano wake ndi Vernon Ingram kwachititsa zitsanzo 1956, zikuchokera kusiyana mu hemoglobin wa magazi m'thupi chikwakwa-selo ku yachibadwa mu chidulo kwa amino wina. Kafukufukuyu anasonyeza kuti matenda kumtundu kugwirizana ndi DNA-mapuloteni chiŵerengero.

Mozungulira nthawi yomweyo kuti Crick pa Cavendish Laboratory limodzi ndi chibadwa ndi maselo Biology ya South African Sydney Brenner. Iwo anayamba kulimbana ndi "vuto la wolemba pulogalamu" - tanthauzo la ndondomeko ya zapansi DNA ndipamene ndondomeko ya amino zidulo zomanga thupi ndi. Ntchito Woyamba anafika mu 1957 pansi udindo "Pa kaphatikizidwe zomanga thupi." Iwo Crick anakonza ndi zopanda yaikulu ya zamoyo, chimene uthengawu kudzera mwa mapuloteni ndi uko kenanso. Izo zanenedweratu kuti mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe makina mwa akupereka mauthenga kwa DNA RNA ndi ku RNA kuti mapuloteni.

Salk Institute

Mu 1976, pa tchuthi Crick amapatsidwa udindo okhazikika pa Institute of Biological Research Salk mu La Jolla, California. Iye anavomera ndipo moyo wake wonse iye ankagwira ntchito pa Salk Institute, kuphatikizapo wotsogolera nyimbo. Pali Creek anayamba kuphunzira kugwira ntchito kwa ubongo zomwe ndi chidwi pa kuyamba ntchito sayansi. Iwo makamaka chinkhoswe mu chikumbumtima ndipo anayesa kuukira vuto pophunzira masomphenya. Creek zafalitsa mapepala angapo zimagwirira zongoganizira za maloto ndi chidwi, koma monga mmene analembera mu autobiography wake, anali kubereka chiphunzitso chilichonse, womwe pa nthawi yomweyo anali watsopano ndi chooneka moti kufotokoza mfundo zambiri experimental.

"Motsogoleredwa panspermia" An yanthaŵi chidwi pantchito Institute Salk anali chitukuko cha maganizo ake. Pamodzi ndi Leslie Orgel, anafalitsa buku limene anatiuza kuti tizilombo ting'onoting'ono kuti anasangalala kwambiri mu mlengalenga, kuti m'kupita kufika pa dziko ndi kubzala, ndipo kuti chidachitika chifukwa cha Action, "munthu." Choncho Frensis Krik anatsutsa chiphunzitso cha chilengedwe, kusonyeza kuti n'zotheka kuti atchule malingaliro zongopeka.

Mphotho wasayansi

Mu ntchito yake amphamvu theorist lamakono zamoyo Frensis Krik anasonkhana, apanga ndi bwino ntchito komanso wa ena ndiponso kubweretsa anapeza zachilendo kuthetsa mavuto chachikulu sayansi. khama ake odabwitsa, kuwonjezera pa Nobel Prize, apatsidwe mphoto zambiri. Zikuphatikizapo Lasker linapereka, mphoto ya French Academy of Sciences ya Charles Mayer ndi Zikho wa Royal Society Copley. Mu 1991 iye analandira monga membala wa Order yoyamikira.

Crick anafa July 28, 2004 mu San Diego pa zaka 88. Mu 2016 Francis Crick Institute inamangidwa kumpoto London. Kapangidwe ka mtengo wa mapaundi miliyoni 660 unali likulu waukulu kufufuza Biomedical mu Europe.