Ndi potaziyamu elekitironi kasinthidwe Kodi

Kodi kasinthidwe pakompyuta wa potaziyamu? Kuti tiyankhe funso limeneli, tiyeni tione kapangidwe ka atomu ndi malamulo elekitironi yogawa pa milingo ndi sublevels.

kwadzidzidzi zimango

Pakompyuta potaziyamu kasinthidwe anafotokoza Schrödinger aone kuti pali. Izo zikugwirizana ndi mphamvu angathe mogwirizana kwa phata ndi ma elekitironi ndi ukulu wa repulsion pakati pa particles ndi mlandu wofananawo. Kwadzidzidzi zimango amagwiritsa aone kuti pali ichi postulates kufotokoza pamaso pa aliyense wa msinkhu mphamvu ndi malo mphamvu.

ambiri-elekitironi maatomu

Pakompyuta kasinthidwe potaziyamu kwalembedwa ndi Pauli kupatulana mfundo. Popeza makhalidwe a yoweyula chikhalidwe cha ma elekitironi, amaganiza kuti aliyense tinthu zoipa ili pa "yozungulira", i.e. ali ena okhudza malo alipo. Pankhani maatomu Mipikisano elekitironi, monga potassium pa chilichonse yozungulira sangathe ili ma elekitironi oposa awiri. Chifukwa cha wakhala allocated anayi manambala kwadzidzidzi amakhala boma la elekitironi mu ankaona nthawi imeneyi.

Aufbau mfundo

Pakompyuta kasinthidwe potaziyamu anapangidwa pamaziko a malamulo anachokera Klechkovskaya. Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri. Malinga ndi zimene ma elekitironi yozungulira imakonzedwa, ali ndi malo ena a mphamvu. Choyamba pali kufalitsa particles ndi mphamvu kotunga ang'onoang'ono.

Monga chachikulu elekitironi mphamvu khalidwe kwa akutumikira olemekezeka kwadzidzidzi chiwerengero, lolingana chiwerengero nthawi.

The ambiri-elekitironi atomu kukopa amapezeka osati kwa ma elekitironi pachimake, komanso repulsion pakati pawo. Ndi kuwonjezera okwana sapota particles amachepetsa mphamvu ya chipolopolo elekitironi, kumawonjezera chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi nacho lathu lomwelo mphindi zawo kuyenda. Chotero kudalira mu umagwirira kwadzidzidzi amatchedwa ulamuliro Hund a.

Pamaziko a malamulo awa awiri analemba pakompyuta kasinthidwe ndi atomu potaziyamu. makulidwe a atomiki n'zotheka kudziwa pansi boma la ma elekitironi, ndicho, kuzindikira particles amene ali nkhokwe mphamvu kochepa.

Mfundo yaikulu yomanga chilinganizo pakompyuta kwa Mipikisano elekitironi atomu wa potaziyamu ndi losavuta: dongosolo pakompyuta ayenera mphamvu osachepera zogwirizana Pauli kupatulana mfundo.

Zitsanzo za elekitironi kufalitsa zimatiyika mphamvu

Mukuganizira zimene elekitironi kasinthidwe wa ion potaziyamu ndi chitsanzo yosavuta. Atomu wa hydrogen wa pakati limapangidwa pulotoni imodzi positive. Mozungulira pakati ndi zimayenda ndi chimodzi elekitironi kanjira. Nthaka boma la chilinganizo wa hydrogen ndi motere: 1s. Taganizirani mbali ya lathu la sapota wa elekitironi izi. Malinga ulamuliro Hund, ndi codirectional ndi sapota nyukiliya.

Helium kukhala wachiwiri ndondomeko chiwerengero zinthu zimene tebulo pa awiri elekitironi orbitals audio. Aliyense ali ndi sapota ½, ali ndi malangizo osiyana a kasinthasintha.

Mu zinthu za mlingo mphamvu chachiwiri limapezeka zipolopolo ziwiri, aliyense ali kusungidwa yake mphamvu.

Potaziyamu ndi mchitidwe nthawi chachinayi, zinthu za dongosolo, kotero izo ziyenera anayi milingo pakompyuta, aliyense muli mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya sublevels.

M'chigawo yachibadwa ya atomu soda zitsulo ali kasinthidwe zotsatirazi: 1s22s22p63s23p64s1.

Pakompyuta ion potaziyamu kasinthidwe ndi osiyana ndi maatomu. Pa akunja mlingo mphamvu ya chitsulo ndi chimodzi valence elekitironi. Popeza zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho potaziyamu kuchepetsa katundu, pamene ankachita ndi maatomu ena, iye akutumiza valence elekitironi ali n'kukhala ion zabwino (cation) ndi zotsatirazi pakompyuta kasinthidwe: 1s22s22p63s23p64s0.

Pomaliza

Pakuti aliyense mchitidwe mankhwala, ili mu tebulo nthawi angalenge masanjidwe pakompyuta, ulamuliro zida Hund Mulungu, Pauli kupatulana mfundo ndi Klechkovskii zonena. Kuwonjezera masanjidwe pakompyuta kwa maatomu mu umagwirira ndi zochita kupanga ndipo zimapanga chilinganizo cations ndi anions chifukwa ankachita mankhwala.