Mphunzitsi kwadzidzidzi chiwerengero monga chizindikiro chachikulu cha dziko la elekitironi ndi

Amodzi mwa malo ofunika kwambiri pa kuzindikira za sayansi Masiku ano amatenga otchedwa chiphunzitso kwadzidzidzi. Bukuli lili akufunazo kuti mphamvu zobisika mu elekitironi, ndi zosatheka kuwerengetsa, monga kufunika kwake akhoza kutenga kokha pa mfundo zina. Pankhaniyi, zotsatira zofunika kwambiri a boma la zinthu mapeto kuti boma la elekitironi pa mfundo kuperekedwa nthawi tinganene kuti ndi ya zizindikiro kachulukidwe - manambala kwadzidzidzi.

Tili chiphunzitso ichi ndi chachikulu kwadzidzidzi chiwerengero. Mawu amenewa ntchito mu sayansi masiku ano amatchedwa muyeso kachulukidwe, malinga ndi zomwe boma lino la elekitironi ndi za mlingo mphamvu yeniyeni. Mphamvu mlingo nawonso, ndi ya orbitals, kusiyana mphamvu pakati pa mtengo umene uli wochepa kwambiri.

Ndizoonekeratu ndi nsembeyi, mphunzitsi kwadzidzidzi chiwerengero akhoza kukhala mmodzi wa integers positive. Pankhaniyi, ndi wofunika kwambiri n'chakuti wina. Inde, mu nkhani ya kulanda elekitironi kuti ndi osiyana msinkhu mphamvu zoyambitsa kwadzidzidzi chiwerengero cha kuvomerezedwa kusintha kufunika kwake. Apa n'koyenera Pali kufanana ndi Niels Bohr chitsanzo, pamene pali kusintha kwa particles pulayimale ku kanjira wina ndi mzake, chifukwa mu anamasulidwa kapena odzipereka kuchuluka kwa mphamvu.

The yaikulu chiwerengero kwadzidzidzi mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi yozungulira kwadzidzidzi chiwerengero. Chinthu ndi mlingo uliwonse mphamvu si yunifolomu mu chikhalidwe ndi zikuphatikizapo orbitals angapo. Iwo amene ali ndi phindu mphamvu yomweyo kupanga sublayer osiyana. Kuti tipeze zomwe sublayer likukhudza ina yozungulira, ndiponso kutsatira mfundo "yozungulira kwadzidzidzi chiwerengero." Kuwerengetsa ziyenera kukhala ku chachikulu kwadzidzidzi chiwerengero kuchotsera unit. Ndiye onse manambala zachilengedwe ku ziro kuti chizindikiro ichi ndi kudzakhala yozungulira kwadzidzidzi chiwerengero.

Ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya khalidwe kachulukidwe ndi kuti angathandize chabe elekitironi malumikizanidwe ndi sublayer kuperekedwa, koma amakhala ndi pa njira yodutsamo gulu particles pulayimale. Motero mwa njira, ndi kalata orbitals amene kale pa njira umagwirira sukulu: m, anthu d, p, ga, f.

khalidwe lina lofunika udindo wa elekitironi ndi maginito kwadzidzidzi chiwerengero. thupi tanthauzo Aika ndi kutchulidwa ndi ziyerekezo kwa patsogolo okhota ndi kulemekeza malangizo imodzimodzi ndi malangizo a m'munda maginito. M'mawu ena, m'pofunika kusiyanitsa ndi ma elekitironi kuti kutenga yozungulira kwadzidzidzi chiwerengero ali yemweyo.

Kampasi kwadzidzidzi chiwerengero zingasiyane 2l + 1, kumene L - ndi khalidwe kachulukidwe wa yozungulira kwadzidzidzi chiwerengero. Komanso kutali ndi zina maginito sapota chiwerengero chimene chili chofunika kuti zimaonetsa ndi kwadzidzidzi katundu wa particles pulayimale mu mawonekedwe woyera. Sapota - palibe kanthu ngati patsogolo okhota, amene angayerekezedwe ndi kasinthasintha wa elekitironi padziko kungoganiza yake olamulira.