Buku lakuti "N'chifukwa chiyani ena mayiko olemera ndi ena osauka. Magwero a mphamvu, chuma ndi umphawi ", Daron Acemoglu ndi Dzheyms Robinson. Books pa zachuma

buku lakuti "N'chifukwa chiyani ena mayiko olemera ndi ena osauka" chimatengedwa ngati bwino-wogulitsa. Amaliwerenga padziko lonse, aphunzitsi anauzidwa kuti ophunzira ake. buku lakuti, Kodi limatiuza wolemba, ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani zimenezi zili zimenezo ayankhe zabwino? Zonsezi, kuwerenga nkhaniyi pansipa.

A oyamba mwachidule

buku lakuti "N'chifukwa chiyani ena mayiko olemera ndi ena osauka. Magwero a mphamvu, chuma ndi umphawi "linalembedwa kumbuyo mu 2012. Olemba anali neoinstitutsionalista awiri a America - D. Acemoglu ndi J. Robinson .. ntchito ndi kuwunika ndi zovuta za maphunziro m'mbuyomo. Pa mtima wa buku ili latsopano nchito zamoyo, chifukwa cha zomwe, olemba kupereka owerenga Baibulo latsopano boma mawu zachuma ndi chikhalidwe. Mwatsatanetsatane m'buku amafufuza zimene kudziwa bwino chuma, n'zotheka ndalama. Komanso, malo wakhala analenga zimene zimasonyeza tanthauzo la mfundo za m'buku. Iye anali kwathunthu Chingelezi, zinatha mpaka 2014.

Mfundo zikuluzikulu

Acemoglu ndi Robinson, m'buku ake amasonyeza kuti akatswiri ambiri anali kulakwitsa. Iwo adafotokoza kuti chuma dziko kumadalira pa malo Hrs, nyengo, chigawo mitundu, zinthu zake zachilengedwe ndipo ngakhale ndi chipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe. Tiyenera kuvomereza kuti mfundo zonsezi ndi kuzisamalira. Komabe, Olemba "N'chifukwa chiyani ena mayiko olemera ndi ena osauka" kwathunthu kukana zinadziwika amenewa. maganizo awo imayendetsedwa ndi zitsanzo. Chitsanzo cha awiri magulu amene njira zosiyanasiyana kwambiri chitukuko, mu nkhani iyi ali pafupi ofanana m'mayiko ambirimbiri ndiponso dziko makhalidwe.

Pa Nanga malinga ndi olemba ndi, zimadalira kwambiri kutukula a boma? Daron Acemoglu ananena kuti zachokera chikhalidwe cha andale chuma dziko. Mu bukhu, ndi kusanthula kwambiri za chitukuko cha chuma m'mayiko osiyana. Amayesa ndipo akuyerekeza mabungwe osiyanasiyana a ndale pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Ndi kupenda mosamala Akatswiri anali mayiko otsatirawa: Australia, Botswana, France, Mexico, USA, Colombia, Korea South, China, Soviet Union, Uzbekistan, ndi Russian Ufumu, Turkey, ndi Britain, chitukuko Mayan Ufumu wa Roma.

zitsanzo ziwiri za mabungwe a zachuma

buku lakuti "N'chifukwa chiyani ena mayiko olemera ndi ena osauka" amapereka owerenga zitsanzo ziwiri zoyambirira za mabungwe a zachuma: ndi extractive ndi kuphatikiza.

Lachitsanzo extractive zikusonyeza kuti ochepa anthu kupeza phindu lonse ku dziko. Gulu la anasankha cholekanitsa zina za nzika za mwai ndalama timakhala zachuma. Pakuti chitsanzo ichi wofanana ndi kupatuka katundu kapena chimaposa kuti athandize gulu yopapatiza ya anthu. Kumanga chitsanzo zikhoza kuthera extractive andale kuti adzateteza ndi kuteteza gulu mwayi.

Ponena chitsanzo amatilola nawo asapita chuma ambiri a anthu. Okhumudwa, ndi inviolability katundu payekha kungakupatseni pa mlingo malamulo. Kumene, chitsanzo akhoza kumangidwa kokha pamaziko a mabungwe Ponena za ndale.

Amene lachitsanzo ndi yopindulitsa kwambiri?

Dzheyms Robinson ndi mnzake wake kuganiza kuti zitsanzo onse aluso, koma aliyense wa iwo ndi osiyana tempo ndi mphamvu ya chitukuko. zachuma alidi zotheka ndi chitsanzo extractive, koma adzakhala sakhalitsa, ndi chifukwa cha bwino kukwaniritsa umodzi. zitsanzo Ponena kukhala mwamsanga ndi efficiently. Izi ndi chibadwa, chifukwa boma limene pafupifupi aliyense ali chinkhoswe mu kuchira n'kololeka phindu, amakwaniritsa chitukuko chuma mofulumira. M'dziko amenewa sadzakhala malo umphawi. Akukhulupirira kuti zitsanzo Ponena kulola States kosavuta kupirira mavuto kunja ndi mkati, pamene chitsanzo extractive akhoza zimawonjezera vutoli.

Komanso n'zomveka ndithu, chifukwa nzika amene ali ndi muyezo yabwino ya moyo, kwambiri okhulupirika kwa boma zakonzedwa. Iwo ali wofunitsitsa ndi wokhoza Pogoda mavuto, podziwa kuti zonse yachibadwa m'tsogolo. The extractive chitsanzo nzika adzakhala kukhulupirira kuti zonse n'lalikulu, ndipo njira yothawira umphawi. Ndi kungakhale zitsanzo ndi wosakhutira.

ankaziona nthawi yaitali

Dzheyms Robinson amakhulupirira kuti, ngakhale kuti akhoza kukula chuma chitsanzo extractive, mu nthawi yayitali ndi inefficient chifukwa zifukwa zingapo. Anthu sakupeza phindu la maphunziro awo kapena kupereka ambiri a boma, chingatilimbikitse kuti ntchito atayika. M'malo kwaiye zolimbikitsa zokhota zimene zimalimbikitsa ziwawa zina. The extractive chitsanzo yopapatiza gulu la anthu ziletsa chitukuko cha sayansi komanso kukhazikitsa umisiri watsopano kungachititse kuti mphamvu zawo ndi dzanja pa impso m'manja mwa magulu ena. Wamakono, yomwe ikuchitika pansi zikhalidwe za chitsanzo extractive osamveka kwathunthu, monga kugwira khalidwe. Chitsanzo ndi kukana za mafakitale dziko otchuka patsogolo. Lachitsanzo Ponena tidakocheza apamwamba akhoza kuyesa kupewa ndondomeko mafakitale, koma kuti iye akanati analephera chifukwa sungathe kugonjetsa amphamvu andale.

Chitsanzo USSR

Pa chitsanzo cha kukula chuma cha dziko zimaoneka pa chitsanzo extractive. makampani katundu anayamba basi mwa chuma m'mudzi. Pamene munda anali osati wa bungwe kwambiri osati kwambiri. Komanso, mlingo wa patsogolo zamakono wakhala m'munsi kuposa m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya.

Pofika 1970 chuma m'mudzi akhala kunam'sintha kuti makampani. Komabe, pamenepa dongosolo Soviet amaima: dongosolo ntchito yaukapolo salinso ntchito, osankhika kukana kusintha, zolimbikitsa zachuma palibiretu. Kutuluka bwalo ichi, boma la Soviet anasiya chitsanzo extractive Boma, koma kuti zikuphatikizapo kugwa kwa mphamvu. Chifukwa cha izi zonse kwachititsa kuti azingokhala wa USSR.

ngati kusintha n'kotheka?

Books pa zachuma amati kusintha kwa extractive kuti kasamalidwe chitsanzo Ponena zotheka. Komanso, zinachitika kambiri mbiri. M'kagulu dziko mosamalitsa pa chitsanzo ina ndi zovuta. Mayiko ambiri ndi chitsanzo losanganikirana. Masiku ano ladzala ndi mayiko amene ali pafupi wina ndi zitsanzo tafotokozazi, koma ndiribe ake "woyera" makhalidwe. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti chitukuko cha njira extractive ndi Ponena si anakonzeratu mwa zinthu zakale.

Olemba buku lakuti "N'chifukwa chiyani ena mayiko olemera ndi ena osauka" tchulani chitsanzo cha "ulemerero zisinthe." Anakhala mfundo yoyambira pa kusintha kwa UK Ponena chitukuko chitsanzo.

Komabe, mbiri ya kusintha kudziwika ndi iwowo. Mwachitsanzo, dziko la Venice. boma anaikira mphamvu zonse m'manja mwake, safuna kuti anthu ena kupeza chuma chuma dziko. Zimenezi zinachititsa zambiri zotsatira, limene pamapeto pake zinachititsa kuti kutha kwa dziko.

kusintha njira

Ndale ndiponso zachuma mabungwe akhoza kusintha. Koma ndondomeko kumatengera zifukwa zambiri. Yofunika kwambiri ndi ankaimba ndi mlingo wa extractable. Gulu yopapatiza zambiri za anthu, mphamvu ndi mwayi wambiri manja ake, zokayikitsa kusamukira chitsanzo palimodzi. N'kofunika ndi kukhalapo kwa magulu ena a anthu (makamaka mu lamulo), chomwe chingathe osachepera lokha kukana osankhika. Zotsatira othandiza akhala akwaniritsa Sichoncho yomweyo, koma anthu ankaona kuti kulimbana ndi zotheka komanso zofunikira. Ngati anatsegula n'zotheka kusintha, anthu anali analephera ntchito. Chinthu wachitatu wofunika kwambiri ndi chilengedwe cha gulu lalikulu, ogwirizana ndi zinthu wamba - ndi Mgwirizano kuti akadaganiza zosiyanasiyana kumabungwe a anthu.

Werengani bukhu pa chuma, Tingathe kuona kuti ngakhale anayesa kuwononga kugwiritsa kusintha dongosolo ndiyeno iwo nthawi zambiri amachititsa kuti zotsatira chomwecho. Gulu, amene akumenyana osankhika, ndiye wobwezera chomwecho. Ichi ndi chizolowezi m'malo osauka, amene adakali chimachitika angapo limati.

Buku umatha ndi chakuti olemba akamufunsirire Zoneneratu chitukuko zina pamaziko a zanyengo akufuna. Malinga ndi iwo, mayiko amene alibe dongosolo khola ndale (Haiti, Afghanistan), sangathe kukwaniritsa yapadera kwambiri chuma. Mayiko amene anatha kukwaniritsa ufulu ena mwa mawu ndale, anganene kuti ndi ofooka ndi wosakhazikika kwambiri kutukula (Tanzania, Ethiopia, Burundi).

Reviews

Otsutsa anasonyeza maganizo oyenera kwa bukhu. kusanthula mozama inali, kuchepetsa mkangano ndi zitsanzo. The ochepa ndemanga zoipa mwa kungoona chakuti dera ndi mitundu zinthu wapatsidwa chidwi kwambiri. Komanso kudziŵika kuti olemba nkomwe anakhudza zinthu kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha madera a mabungwe amenewa mayiko monga World Bank kapena IMF.