Chehova Antona Pavlovicha zilandiridwenso. Mndandanda wa ntchito zabwino

ntchito Chekhov ndi wapadera. Mophiphiritsa, iye - mmodzi wa zimphona za mabuku golide Russian wa cha m'ma XIX, woyambitsa wa njira yatsopano kulenga. Anton Pavlovich amakhulupirira consummate Wolemba wina. ntchito zake achititsa kuti nyamukani wa Russian zisudzo dziko. Iwo adakali kofunika kwambiri pa magawo a Russia ndi dziko kwambiri cilamulo zisudzo.

Classic Chiyerekezo zapamwamba

Leo Tolstoy anali wofunika kwambiri ntchito Chekhov. Tolstoy ankanena kuti Chekhov - wolemba wapadera mu dziko. mapangidwe ake a "mbalameyi" wolemba ndi wa ponda: "Chekhov - ndi prose Pushkin ayi!" otchuka novelist anamutcha woposa wojambula, amene analenga mitundu ina ya malemba, omwe anali asanakumanepo.

Creative njira Chekhov anapeza yankho lake ndi m'mphepete mwa Albion. English Wolemba wina ndi novelist Dzhon Golsuorsi ananena kuti yekha zotsatira zopindulitsa pa English mabuku Chekhov. Mitu chiyamiko zilandiridwenso kwa iye anamva chisoni, makamaka, ndi Bernard Shaw. Mwachitsanzo, wake "mtima House" anaitana sewero Britain "kalembedwe Russian"

Pa njira kulenga a wolemba

Ndithudi, Chekhov anakhala Albucasis, amasiya ngwazi okhudzidwa mu kuchitapo kanthu kunja zoyikidwa ndi chongopeka kulenga intrigue, mwa kufuna kupereka wolemba ntchito yake zimasangalatsa. Pobwezera zonsezi, Anton Pavlovich anali chimake cha ntchito zake ankatembenukira kuti nkhani zambiri wosakhwima. Mu nkhani ya ntchito zake ankaimba woyamba zeze kusintha kwa maganizo a m'nkhaniyi, mphamvu ya kutsutsana kwambiri ndi zochitika, zofunika kuchita pakhomo.

Anton kuika mfundo kupanga dziko labwino, yosavulaza, kuposa pamwamba pa luso lake. zilandiridwenso Chekhov a, kutsatira mfundo imeneyi, iwo amafuna zoukitsa "moyo moyo" owerenga. Classic ntchito zikungosonyeza munthu monga ali. wolemba si kudziyalutsa ndi omvera, iye sali kuyesera kuti amugwire iye, osati ankawonjezera chilichonse. otchulidwa amalikonda - anthu ophunzira downmix okha kuti futlyarnoy moyo pa mabodza ndi omanga nesytoy m'mimba, komanso oimira anthu anatchula umphawi ndi akuvutitsidwa ndi mkhalidwe wa afiira osayanjanitsika.

M'pofunikanso kutsindika kuti ntchito ya Chekhov motere mfundo, ndi lotseguka:

1. Kufupika kwa lingaliro tingachipeze powerenga adzaitana talente mlongo wake pachabe. Iye wakonda kumva, adaletsa nkhani. Ali wotsimikiza kuti owerenga, amene maganizo ake, adzapeza tanthauzo, ngakhale mankhwala ndi zovuta.
2. Mu zinthu Chekhov nthawizonse mbali yofunika kwambiri, mfundo m'chaching'ono. Iwo sali chabe pano pa ntchito, monga amanena waukulu, mwala wapangodya ya mfundo zake.
3. Pakuti Chekhov kalembedwe amakhala ndi mosakondera kufotokoza, chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti mfundo ayenera owerenga.
4. Czechs ana pafupifupi sanalembe makamaka ( "Kashtanka" ndi "White-fronted" - zosiyana). Iye anakhulupirira kuti mwana ayenera kuwerenga kusankha bwino mabuku "wamkulu".

Komabe, popanga lingaliro lofala pa ntchito zapamwamba, izo zikanangokhala kwanzeru mme- zamoyo wa mapangidwe njira yake yolenga. Chinthu phunziro lathu lidzakhala mbiri ndi ntchito ya Chekhov.

Zinachitikira woyamba wa zilandiridwenso

Anton Chekhov anabadwa pa January 17, 1860 mu Taganrog mu banja osauka a amalonda. Apa maphunziro zolimbitsa thupi mzindawo. Ngakhale mu makalasi maphunziro iye anali woyambitsa wa ntchito wamkulu lofalitsidwa yotchuka magazini "Alamu", "Tombolombo", "Mapale". Kuyambira ndili wamng'ono ndalama, otsutsa zofunika pa banja, Chekhov.

Nthawiyi, tsogolo la mnyamata kukonzekera wadutsamo: seventini, anadwala kutupa choopsa cha peritoneum, kumene malinga n'kunena kwa Baibulo lina, ankaona mawonetseredwe woyamba TB wake. Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, zowonetseredwa ndi Professor VI Razumovsky, Anton Chekhov anali tsokali kuti akakole mu kalasi yunivesite ya Medical luso.

Kuyambira mu 1879 mpaka achinyamata Chekhov anayamba maphunziro zovuta ndi nthawi yambiri pa University Moscow komanso kwambiri ntchito journalistic. Malinga ndi Maulendo a Anton Pavlovich, zinali zovuta kwambiri kuphatikiza maphunziro ndi yogwira ntchito yolenga, kuthamangitsa hares awiri - mankhwala ndi mabuku. chakuti iye anali ndi makolo ake, abale anayi ndi mlongo amene m'kanyumba kakang'ono mu Moscow. Ndipo mwadzidzidzi anafika banja zambiri adamuwumiriza mwa kufuna Chekhov analemba.

nkhani zoseketsa anapanga gulu la "loafers ndi osasamala" (1882), yemwe anali lofalitsidwa ndi zifukwa kufufuza. Kulephera yoyamba okha wolemba ikuphukira. Kenako mu lililonse wothinikizidwa chiphunzitso kumuuza za mtima wake kuchita ntchito, "amakondwerera moyo Sungakhale woyera."

Ndiye mayendedwe wotanganidwa wa moyo kukulitsa matenda. M'makalata 1884 ku wofalitsa magazini "Shards" twente-foro Chekhov anadandaula ya malungo ndi kulephera kuchita mchitidwe zina. Iye anafotokoza kwathunthu ntchito zolembalemba. Mu 1884 anafalitsa buku lake "ankanena Melpomene," pansi pa pseudonym Antosha Chehonte, ndipo mu 1886 - "nkhani The zokongola." Mu Buku lachiwiri la nkhani zoseketsa Chekhov kuika yeniyeni - ndi parody. Apa luntha lake unaonekera mu mtundu wanyimbo a azithunzithunzi ofufuza. Author amayesa yekha Mitundu ambiri. Iye zatsopano. Ndi kufunitsitsa sichitha, parody wake wa mabuku wotchuka ali otchuka.

Komabe, zapamwamba m'tsogolo chidwi mabuku akuluakulu. Ndi mu nkhani iyi Chekhov analemba zotsatirazi. "Vanya" (1886) limafotokoza nkhani ya naini wamasiye kuphunzira yokonza nsapato Aliakhin, akubera komanso kusalidwa mwana adafuwula agogo ake Constantine Makarych kumuchotsa iye mu izi "sayansi luso." Pa mnyamata, wamasiye, anakakamiza kuphunzira okalamba, kumenyedwa wake nakoka ndi tsitsi lenilenilo nsapato. Mnyamata akulemba mu chisanadze Khirisimasi usiku. Zokumbukira ndi chiyembekezo kukopedwa ndi maganizo ake, momveka bwino akubweretsa owerenga Chekhov. Vanka - mwana, ndipo iye akutumiza iye kalata ndi ana olimbikitsa naivety "m'mudzi wa agogo anga." Choncho, owerenga amadziwa kuti Constantine Makarych anali asanawerengepo zimene'zi, ndipo palibe kusintha mu moyo yovuta mnyamatayu.

Unachitikira wolemba Chekhov

Kuyambira mu 1885, kuyambira ntchito ndi izo mabuku akuluakulu zolembalemba: "Russian MAGANIZO", "Kumpoto Herald". Mungaipeze nkhani yochepa "Dzina Tsiku" nkhani "steppe", "Nkhani n'kotopetsa," "Kashtanka" Chekhov. Mu 1887 anafalitsa zopereka awiri a nkhani ( "Mawu Innocent" ndi "ku madzulo a"), mu 1888 - "Nkhani" mu 1890 - "anthu zakuda." Kumachitika kuzindikira. Mu 1888, mlembi anali kupereka ya Pushkin Prize yaing'ono (theka).

Ndi khalidwe limene ambiri a ntchito za wolemba izi, ngakhale vnezhanrovym, ndi talente imodzi ya wolemba kuonetsetsa mlingo woyenera wa kutchuka kwawo. Mwachitsanzo, "Kashtanka" Chekhov okondedwa ndi mibadwo ya ana. Nthawi zambiri anajambula. Zingatanthauze kuti zingakhale zosavuta kuti nkhani za mmene galuyo (a mtanda pakati pa dachshund ndi maonekedwe achirendo) poyamba anataya mbuye, ndipo pafupifupi kukhala masewera aja, mwadzidzidzi ndidalipeza. Onse Chekhov ndi ophweka: palibe mfiti, palibe mermaids. Komabe, nkhani ya wakhala kukonda ana.

Ulendo kuti Sakhalin

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mbiri ndi ntchito ya evince Chekhov ku munthu wa si kwambiri chidwi, koma wamphamvu kwambiri ndi kufuna kudziwa. Mu 1890, iye anayamba ulendo wopita ku Sakhalin. zidindo wake wa njira pafupifupi miyezi itatu mwa Siberia, chimasonyeza pa nkhani essays "Kuchokera Siberia". Kenako wina miyezi itatu wolemba limagwiritsa ntchito pa Sakhalin, pamene iye anayesa kumvetsetsa maganizo a anthu ndiponso moyo wa akaidi, ndipo atabwerera ku Odessa ndi nyanja, kuyendera Hong Kong madoko pa. Ceylon, Singapore, Turkey. Kuchokera pa zipangizo ulendo zaka zinayi, iye akuyamba ntchito pa buku la essays "Sakhalin". Tidapita kunyumba, akugula mu Moscow m'chigawo malo kwabasi wa Melikhovo.

Melikhovo - kumvetsa kuzipenya Sakhalin. Mbali watsopano wa dziko

Wambiri ndi ntchito ya Chekhov, monga mabuku, chokongoletsedwa ndi nthawi yapadera kwambiri, wotchedwa nyimbo ndi dzina la "Melikhovo". Pa nthawi imeneyo, wapadera Luso tingachipeze powerenga Anton Pavlovich ndinamverera kusintha pa anthu, kugwirizana ndi kusamutsidwa a mtundu ang'onoang'ono kuti, komanso kuzindikira ugliness anathamangitsa ndale reactionary. Komabe, osati pa mndandanda wa "Sakhalin" ntchito Anton Pavlovich, amene anakhala, potsiriza wolemera, mu kwabasi chuma chake chatsopano.

Kutchuka moona demokalase wolemba - ndi zoopsa. Ogula ali kwenikweni anamwazikana ndi maalumali buku zaikidwa A. P. Chehov "Nkhani ndi mabuku." nkhani cilamulo "Ward №6» linamalizidwa mu woyamba chaka Melikhovo nthawi zilandiridwenso. Wamphamvu wapadera Chekhovian chifaniziro cha zoopsa imvi wakhate kumudzi, kumene onse kulenga kuleza tikhale kumene "zokopa" ali chabe kuchipatala koma m'ndende, anaukira owerenga ndi choonadi chonse opanda chifundo, kupanga mukudabwa: "Bwanji, ndife ...". Kusayeruzika, amene achitetezo ndi mu chipatala anaponya mfundo za umunthu Dr. Ragin, imfa yake (mphoto chikhulupiriro) inu kuganiza za mmene kwenikweni anthu azichita.

ntchito yatsopano mwa Chekhov mokhutiritsa anasonyeza bwino patsogolo wolemba wapadera amene anauka kwa msinkhu wina wa zilandiridwenso.

Melikhovo. Kuzindikira za moyo wa anthu wamba ndi

Anton Pavlovich, chifukwa cha maola tsiku la ntchito, wakhala moona wonyenga mbuye. Iye anaphunzira kuona akamanena za tsiku chomwe chinali pamaso mamiliyoni a m'dziko lake, koma anazindikira mwa iwo.

Russia pakati pake penipeni anali m'mphawi dziko. Ndi mu Melikhovo anatha kuona zimene anali njonda chete populists. Inquisitively motere miyoyo ya midzi fakitale Kryukovo ndi Ugryumova A. P. Chehov. Nkhani "Case Study", "petticoat", monga mboni, mwatsatanetsatane akamachita anthu enieni, kuphatikizapo tizilombo ndi - ". Pamavuto" amalonda Hrymin, amene kwenikweni anali

Czechs mpata anthu kuwerenga wamba Russia. Pakuti demagoguery, mabodza chikondi uphimbika populists ndi kumvetsa kwawo zolinga osauka, panali chiwembu chete. Wake losweka Chekhov nkhani yake "Alimi". Mu tingachipeze powerenga ake analengeza poyera kuti wamba zambiri "woipa kuposa ng'ombe moyo." Iwo ali kwakukulukulu appallingly "osauka neuhozheny, ataledzera, zauve." Iwo ali ndi makhalidwe auzimu ndi underdeveloped, iwo nthawi zambiri "mantha ndi akuganiza" mzake. Anthu amenewa amadwala iwo kuphwanya ufulu wa chibadwidwe wa ulemu anthu. Iwo ayenera kuphunzitsa, ufulu wawo ayenera kutetezedwa!

Chekhov ntchito ndi mtima wonse. M'nthawi kumbukirani kuti kuwala mu ofesi yake mu Melikhovo zambiri anatentha usiku onse.

A phale zosiyanasiyana tingachipeze powerenga

Kodi osiyanasiyana phale la mbuye, izo zikusonyeza kuti pa nkhani za ntchito yaikulu ya Chekhov mwadzidzidzi analemba nkhani ana "White-fronted". Kwenikweni, palibe otsutsa mabuku ndi sanayembekezere ndi "injiniya wa miyoyo ya anthu" adzakhala mwadzidzidzi vnezhanrovogo khalidwe nkhani. Ndipo yankho lake ndi losavuta: anali kukonda ana. Tsoka Sichinatsitsidwe anatseka kuti: ana awo wolemba kwambiri ndi chifuwa chachikulu, sanathe kukhala. Komabe, anamusamalira wa ana a anthu wamba, kuwasamalira kusukulu ndalama lawolawo.

Iye - zosunthika wolemba. Atakhutira realist, mchikakamizo cha mantha mantha chifukwa cha maloto ake oipa, mwadzidzidzi amalenga zosangalatsa ndi chikondi ntchito "The Black mmonke" imene mochenjera imachitika mavuto a namatetule chilengedwe.

Kuwonjezera molimba momwe ziriri, Chekhov analenga ndi ntchito ndi zinthu autobiographical (buku "Moyo wanga"). "Kunyumba ndi Mezzanine" ndi "Goosebumps" tingachipeze powerenga limafotokoza nkhani ya mbali kosiyana osiyana capitalization a m'midzi: kugwa kwa "Ichi Nest" ndi kupanda uzimu mu latsopano "ambuye wa moyo", amalonda. Otsiriza-otchulidwa nkhani ndi "Mamuna Mlanduwu" ndi "Chikondi" ndi trilogy.

Pa zingapo "Melikhovo" masewero

Mu Melihove Anton Pavlovich amalenga kusewera wanzeru "Amalume Vanya". Pamene iye Awatu izo akufotokoza wosayamika anthu ndi kutaya mtima kwaiye izo! Vanya mokhulupirika akutumikira khamu wotchuka, Prof. kumupatsa zochepa malipiro. The mwini wasankha kuti agulitse, osati nkhawa za tsogolo la munthu, "chimene iye analamulira" (yotsirizira phraseology - kuchokera "The Prince Little" Exupery).

M'mbuyo pa njira kubweretsa luso la Wolemba wina kulenga mwaluso watsopano - "The mbalameyi" sewerolo. Iwo Chekhov pa storylines a m'nkhaniyi osiyana atsogolera omvera kumvetsa zimene ndi luso lenileni ndi kwambiri mwapadera njira yake waluso ntchito mwakhama wa moyo, zonse kukhumudwa, akuvutika. Ndi sewerolo heroine Nina Zarechnaya, likunena zotsatirazi ntchito ndi kukhala katswiri wa zisudzo. Ndi khalidwe limene zifanizo za ntchito - ndi anthu enieni pitani Melikhovo ndi storylines kusewera amafananadi ndi Olinganiza zoikidwiratu zawo.

Yalta nthawi zilandiridwenso

Mu chaka cha 1898, matenda tingachipeze powerenga anakula, ndipo iye ndi banja lake anasamukira ku Yalta. Mpaka November 1899 (pano nyumba yomanga) Anton amayendera Moscow, kumene rents nyumba. Anamanga kanyumba ali choonekera drawback odwala: ndi ozizira m'nyengo yozizira. Kumathandiza ali bwino anaika ng'anjo. Zolemba wolemba zikusonyeza kuti dzinja kutentha udindo wake anali madigiri 11-12.

Mu Yalta, wolemba mwachionekere sanali. Komanso, apa iye anali mosatsata alipidwa kwa Melikhovo chakudya mwatsopano ulimi. Vutolo kusintha pamene zina anapita Mlongo Maria Pavlovna. Komabe, sizinali zambiri.

Written zapamwamba ku Yalta, mu Maulendo Ake, zoipa kwambiri kuposa Melekhovo. Mu 1901 iye analemba kusewera "Alongo atatu" nkhani yaifupi "The Lady ndi Dog", "bishopu". Malinga Melikhovo zidindo analengedwa mu 1903 anamaliza ntchito ya "Akatswiri a miyoyo ya anthu" - ". The Cherry zipatso" ndi sewerolo Iwo amakhala ndi otembenuza tsogolo la Russia monga zipatso chitumbuwa.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, zinthu zinayamba matenda mbali. Wolemba anamwalira pa July 2, 1904 mu German spa m'tauni ya Badenweiler.

Pomaliza

Kuyambira ndili mwana, miyoyo yathu mabuku Chekhov a. Ndi chilengedwe cha wolemba-wolota, amene mochedwa XIX atumwi anatha mokhutiritsa kusonyeza muno awo ntchito kuti akhale ndi moyo mosiyana. Iye anali mdani tchalitchi cha tsankho ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo, wapadera mwini mawuwo. Anton anaitana kumanga moyo watsopano, onunkhira ndi wokongola ngati zipatso chitumbuwa.