Chipilala Lermontov mu Pyatigorsk. Museum-Reserve Lermontov mu Pyatigorsk

The chipilala woyamba Mihailu Lermontovu unakhazikitsidwa Pyatigorsk, pafupi ndi pamalo amene anafera. momwemonso thupi ndi nthawi yaitali kalelo reburied ku Pyatigorsk, koma mzinda, komwe anakhala miyezi yomaliza ya moyo wake, malo ndakatulo yake yomaliza, sikunapite pachabe anapambana woyamba Lermontov chipilala mu Russia.

"Ndinasangalala ndi inu, m'matanthwe a m'mapiri"

Lermontov amafuna anakonda mapiri, amakonda Caucasus. Kuyambira zaka pamene agogo anga Elizaveta Alekseevna Arseneva wake wamng'ono kwambiri komanso kubweretsa madzi otentha, monga kamodzi otchedwa Pyatigorsk. mizere zambiri za ntchito zake amadzipereka ku Caucasus, kukongola kwa chilengedwe chake. Mwina n'chifukwa chake chikondi amaona mwa ife monga zomvetsa chisoni. Apa Lermontov fated pambuyo ukapolo wake woyamba mu Nizhny Novgorod Dragoon Regiment a ndakatulo opanduka "Pa imfa ya ndakatulo iyi," ndiyeno anabwera kuno kwa chilimwe lonse kupuma. Ndipo chifukwa iye sanabwerere.

Kuti nyumba Lermontov mu Pyatigorsk, amene anatenga kuchokera Major Vasiliya Ivanovicha Chilaeva, akuyimabe lero. Tsopano mmenemo ndakatulo ndi owonetsera zakale. chipilala A, umene unali zoyamba, Lermontov moyo imeneyi mu mwala, mu lalikulu mzinda, amene anamanga makamaka musanatsegule. Kumbuyo kwake - mwa phiri la Mashuk, kumene July 27, 1841 mu duel ndi anathetsa moyo a ndakatulo iyi. maso ake ali pamwamba pa Elbrus, nsonga otchuka kwambiri wokondedwa ndakatulo ya Caucasus Mountains. Chipilala Lermontov mu Pyatigorsk amene achotsa chithunzi aliyense alendo amene anapita kumzinda - chizindikiro cha chikondi chosadzikonda kwa ndakatulo maganizo ŵakusanga a nthawi.

Ndi chikumbutso thirtieth imfa ndakatulo ndi

Nkhani duel Lermontov ndi dzina la munthu wakupha wake kudziwa pafupifupi chilichonse mu Russia ano. Izi anauzidwa kusukulu kalasi ya kulankhula mbadwa, zinalembedwa mu mabuku. Ndi mayina a anthu amene anayambitsa unsembe wa chipilala koyamba kwa iye amene analenga izo, wodziwika olemba makamaka akatswiri.

anthu ambiri amene anayambitsa ndondomeko ya unsembe, mayina awo zovuta kukumbukira. Mu 1870, wolemba ndakatulo Peter Kuzmich Martianov m'magazini yotchedwa "Ntchito World" mizere otsatirawa: "St. Petersburg ndi Kronstadt anaika zipilala Kruzenshtern ndi Bellingsgauzenu, Kiev - Bogdanu Hmelnitskomu ndi Werengerani Bobrinsky, Smolensk - Glinka, chifukwa Pyatigorsk, ndi zikwi ake alendo kumadzi, osati kuyamba kumanga chipilala M. Yu. Lermontovu? "pa lendi chachikulu pa nthawi ya Caucasus Maminolo Madzi Andrew Matveyevich Bajkov werera lingaliro la Martyanova. The initiators wa gulu anatchulidwa dzina lina - dzina lake Aleksandr Andreevich Vitman, sing'anga ndi bwalo phungu Pyatigorsk. Njinga ndi Whitman apempha thandizo la Baron A. P. Nikolai, amene anali pa nthawi Chief a kazembe Caucasus - Grand Duke Mikhail Romanov. Choncho patapita chaka, kudzera mwa ambiri, kanthu kukhazikitsa chipilala kuti Lermontov mu Pyatigorsk anapeza Tsar Alexander II. chilolezo chake chapamwamba nkhani chidatengedwa July 23, 1871, pafupifupi tsiku la chikumbutso thirtieth imfa ndakatulo a.

Zikwi rubles khobiri

Poyankha, mfumu komanso olembedwa kenako, zimene zikutanthauza adzakhala anamangapo chipilala. Kudzakhala awadziwitse "... kutsegula ambiri mu mwezi Ufumu kusonkhanitsa zopereka kwa chipilala uyu." Nthawi iyo anapanga komiti kuti apeze ndalama, ndi Unduna wa Zachuma anayamba kulembetsa ya zopereka.

Chigawo choyamba anali analandira kwa amphawi awiri osadziwika wa chigawo Taurian. Iye anali rubles awiri. Koma anayamba kulandira zopereka kuchokera kulikonse. Ena ndalama m'gulu nkhaniyo. Mwachitsanzo, cheke kwa rubles zikwi - kwambiri ndalama zaka - anatumiza chachiwiri Prince Alexander Illarionovich Vasilchikov kale Lermontov m'dziko duel fateful. Fedor Mihaylovich Dostoevsky analipira ndalama za khobidi limodzi kwa ena boma Mishchenko anali anakwiya kuti ngakhale anafotokoza nkhani imeneyi ndi chenjezo kwa anthu ena m'tsogolo. Ndi chakuti wamba wamba Ivan Andreichev anawonjezera zopereka kwa ruble, iwo analoseranso.

Mu zaka 18 chabe, imene analandira ndalama chipilala kuti Lermontov mu Pyatigorsk anali anasonkhana 53 zikwi 398 rubles ndi kopecks 46.

Mpikisano ntchito zabwino

Ndi 1881 ndi ndalama zochokera Kumkwanira inu muchokera ndi ntchito ya chipilala m'tsogolo. Komiti kwa khazikitsa izo adakwanitsa kupambana mzinda wa Pyatigorsk ngati malo okhala okhazikika wa chipilala, ngakhale anthu ena a komiti akufuna kukhazikitsa izo mu umodzi wa mitu iwiri, kutchula chakuti "Lermontov wa lonse la Russia", ndipo mmalo kupereka kutsegula Museum Lermontov mu Pyatigorsk.

A okwana zipolopolo zitatu kusankha ntchito yabwino ya chipilala cha. Ngakhale woyamba kapena zipolopolo chachiwiri, ndipo anatumizidwa ku maganizo oposa 120, sichoncho anasonyeza kuti sewero wapadera, zimene amavomereza Commission lonse. Zotsatira za ozungulira lachitatu analengeza October 30, 1883. Iwo anatumiza ntchito zake khama 15, Pakati nambala 14 anatchulidwa sewero wa chipilala m'tsogolo. Iye analowa wotchuka pa nthawi ya ziboliboli Aleksandra Mihaylovicha Opekushina, analenga zaka zitatu m'mbuyomo chipilala kuti Alexander Pushkin, amene kukhazikika pa Tverskoy Boulevard mu Moscow. Chipilala Lermontov mu Pyatigorsk, amene anapereka kukhazikitsa Opekushin, ndi nyimbo yosavuta kupanga mfundo ochepa zazing'ono, koma cholinga cha wolemba anali kusonyeza moyo waufupi koma zokongola a ndakatulo iyi. Ndi lingaliro kwa anthu ntchito Analeredwa.

A chithunzi ndi zojambula

Oddly zokwanira, koma kukwaniritsa mkuwa m'mafanizidwe a ndakatulo ndi nkhope yake kunapezeka kuti si mophweka mu moyo. Imfa chigoba pazifukwa zina sichinayambe kuchotsedwa Lermontov. Mu chitsanzo cha maonekedwe ake Opekushininu anapereka kudziona chithunzi cha ndakatulo iyi, lolembedwa ndi iye watercolor kwa zaka zinayi kuti aphedwe, ndi mbale pensulo Chithunzi cha Lermontov, Baron D. P. Palena, utoto mu 1840, imene ndakatulo iyi anafaniziridwa mu mbiri.

Great ntchito mwachita dzina lake Aleksandr Mihaylovich Opekushin. Chipilala Lermontov mu Pyatigorsk kenako anazindikira yolondola kwambiri mawu a chikhalidwe ndi ndakatulo iyi. Ndipo sizinali zodabwitsa ngati ziboliboli walenga ambiri zojambula Lermontov, pamaso kuwapatsa kuyerekeza moyo abwenzi ndakatulo, amene anali Vasilchikov yake yachiwiri. Lembani pa nkhope pa akatswiri anasankha likuonetsera mwachindunji pansi pa utsogoleri Aleksandra Illarionovicha, pamaso anavomereza Baibulo womaliza wa chipilala cha. wolemba sitikanati kupereka fano chithunzi chikhalidwe, komanso kulenga ntchito kwambiri luso la zojambulajambula, woyenera a ndakatulo iyi.

Kuchokera Crimea ndi St. Petersburg - Pyatigorsk

Chifukwa cha zimenezi, wolemba wa chipilala kuti Lermontov mu Pyatigorsk analenga osati kwambiri fano la ndakatulo iyi, koma adati pansi pedestal zojambula ake. Bright lubwe slab anayenera anaika mu mawonekedwe a miyala yaikulu limene, popanda azeze zojambulidwa pamiyala, ndi mlombwa wreath ndi cholembera, panalibe ornamentation zina. Onse momveka, koma aliyense wa zigawo zikuluzikulu ankayenera kuti anyamule kwambiri ophiphiritsa tanthauzo.

Mu St. Petersburg, ku fakitale mkuwa kuponyera "A Moran" anaponyedwa mu mkuwa fano yokha (kutalika mamita 2 35 masentimita) ndi mfundo za maonekedwe pedestal. Ndiye chosema, pamene Pyatigorsk mwachangu anakonza Square ndi wokwera pa olankhulira, anaikapo likulu la kuonera anthu.

Pakuti pedestal mwapadera ku Crimea litapita kwa lubwe boulders kuwala - okwana mayunitsi eyiti. The malo chipilala kwa ziboliboli yekha anasankha kale unsembe wake. Zimenezi zinathandiza organically akulumikiza chifanizo cha ndakatulo ndi paki ozungulira dera. Mu zojambula wake akuika ndi pedestal ndi m'misili. Unsembe wa chosema mkuwa cha ndakatulo, chimene Pyatigorsk woyamba anaperekedwa pa sitima, kenako ngolo, iye anatsogolera Opekushin, anathandiza naye kwa mwini likulu. Kutalika okwana chipilala pambuyo unsembe anali 5 mamita 65 masentimita.

Nkhata ndi malankhulidwe pa phazi la Mashuk

Poyamba, kutsegula kwa chipilala anauika kwa October 1889. Koma dzina lake Aleksandr Mihaylovich Opekushin sakanakhoza kubwera mu October mu Pyatigorsk, ndi zambiri alendo Madzi kupezeka pa mwambo kwambiri, choncho tsiku la kutsegulidwa kwa chipilala zinam'khudza Lamlungu 16 August.

Kuwonjezera Opekushin naye muone adzakhala chipilala kuti Lermontov mu Pyatigorsk, mwambo anabwera pafupi mamembala a komiti ya unsembe wake, anthu otchuka m'dera atsogoleri a Office wa Madzi, akuluakulu a mzindawo, okhala okhala ndi alendo achisangalalo. Iwo anali lipoti pa deta ndi ndalama za ndalama, kenako chipilala ndipo anachotsa moyera-, monga pamwamba pa Elbrus, chophimba.

Nkhata ya maluwa, siliva, zitsulo kugona pa mapazi a ndakatulo iyi. Panali malankhulidwe wapadera za kufunika cholowa kulenga ya ndakatulo kwa anthu Russian, ulendo "Lermontov" analemba VI Sauli, ndakatulo "Pamaso pa chipilala kuti M. Yu. Lermontova", kuwerenga wolemba Kostoy Hetagurovym. Ndi nyimbo kachidutswa kakang'ono "Pa chipilala kuti Lermontov" lomwe linalembedwa ndi Bambo Schmidt.

Yekha Andrei Matveevich Baykova sanali mwa awo omwe analipo. Pa nthawiyi mwakayakaya, iye anali pa achisangalalo Merano ku Austria, kumene anakafa mwezi pambuyo kutsegula kwa chipilala cha.

Woyamba ndi lero bwino

Mkuwa Lermontov, omwe anasonkhana ndalama padziko lonse, anasanduka chipilala woyamba anamangidwira kwa ndakatulo iyi, koma koposa zonse lero alipo. Amaona ndi azambiriyakale zojambulajambula, olemba mbiri, olemba anasonyeza kwa nthawi yaitali. Zingati inamangidwa pambuyo zipilala latsopano, koma akanali yemweyo: chipilala bwino Lermontov - Pyatigorsk. Yerekezerani kuti, pamodzi ndi zithunzithunzi za zimene waikidwa pa Tverskaya Pushkin, - pafupifupi onse mainsaikulopediya. Pa mapazi a ndakatulo pa kutsogolo kwa pedestal ndi zolemba ziwiri; pamwamba pa "M. Lermontov ", pang'ono m'munsimu -" 16 August 1889 ".

Mkuwa nkhope ngati Lermontov transmits mizere ndakatulo, ndiwo za kuthila pa pepala, kotero zikuwoneka ndi ouziridwa. Koma cholembera ndi inviolable, buku anagwa m'manja a ndakatulo iyi, ndipo maso ake ali pa chipale anaphimba phiri Elbrus. Kumbuyo kumbuyo - Mashuk. Ngakhale zinthu izi kunyamula tanthauzo apamwamba: kumbuyo m'mbuyomu patsogolo - Umuyaya. Choncho zili zazikulu Russian ndakatulo Lermontov mu Pyatigorsk. Photo wa chipilala pa maziko a chinyozo Mountain kwa mafano alendo ambiri a nsonga wokongola wa Caucasus Mountains.

Nyumba pansi pa denga lake limakhala la udzu

Mu May 1841, pofuna kuwononga miyezi yochepa ku Pyatigorsk mumaikonda, Lermontov anafika Caucasus. Ine amapunthwa pa nyumba ophweka, koma amamudziwa anakhalabe, yokutidwa ndi bango, pa ulaliki msewu, kunja kwa mzinda wa mzinda. Ndi mwini nyumba, anapuma Major-Platz VI Chilaev anakwanitsa mnzathu kwa rubles 100 siliva - ndithu ndalama ndithu, koma amaloledwa kubwereka nyumba ya chilimwe. Mu Nyumbayi ngati iye kamodzi "kuthetsedwa" Pechorin wake, nyumba yomweyi anali padziko lapansi adakhala otsiriza a ndakatulo iyi.

Patapita duel chakupha kale nyumbayi lidzakhala nyumba Museum Lermontov mu Pyatigorsk anasamalira pang'ono za nyumba iyi. Nthawi zambiri zasintha eni, palibe mmodzi wa iwo anatsatira makonzedwe ake, dongosolo pang'onopang'ono anayamba kutha. Chinthu choyamba chimene anapanga am'deralo, pamene anaopsezedwa kugwa wakhala zoonekeratu ndithu - chopangidwa ndi zaikidwa pakhoma chikumbutso nsangalabwi slab, amene chagona lero. Mawu ochepa chabe: "ufumu, kwa kotorom zhil ndakatulo M. Yu Lermontov". Only mu 1922, maphunziro onse Pyatigorsk dipatimenti chikalata lamanja la umwini nyumba. Pa chaka, zingachititse kuti mtundu woyenera kwa nyumbayi.

Lero ndi pafupi yekhayo amene anatsalira labwinobwino chipilala kugwirizana ndi Lermontov. Apa, osati nyumba, koma nyumba zonse moyandikana ndi njira anali mu 1841 - nkhani yapadera.

Kuyambira Pyatigorsk banja manda crypt mu Tarkhany

Apa, mu nyumba pansi pa denga lake limakhala la udzu, napita pa mvula Lachiwiri July 27 Thupi lopanda moyo mwa ndakatulo pambuyo duel ndi, choncho izo ikuchitika otsiriza, monga iwo anakhulupirira njira ya kumanda Pyatigorsk.

Anakulira Mihaila Lermontova agogo, Elizaveta Alekseevna Arseneva, miyezi isanu ndi itatu pambuyo pa imfa ya mdzukulu wake iye ogwidwawo ndi ufulu reburial a ndakatulo natengedwa thupi kwa ana malo m'chigawo Tarkhany Penza, kumene m'chipinda chotetezeka banja ayikidwako mayi ake ndi agogo. Koma Lermontov Museum ku Pyatigorsk anawonjezera katundu a ndakatulo iyi, amene anapereka katatu kuchotsedwa mphwanga wa Mikhail Yurevich - Eugene Akimovna Shang Giray.

The reburial zinachitika pa May 5, 1842. Ndipo tsiku loyamba m'manda a Lermontov mu Pyatigorsk manda anakhazikitsidwa chikwangwani cha chikumbutso, omwe, ngati chipilala ndi nyumba pansi pa denga lake limakhala la udzu, kubwera mafani zambiri za ntchito yake.

Favorite malo Lermontov mu Pyatigorsk

Sikuti paki mzinda, m'nyumbayi zovuta ndi manda kukaona ndi alendo ambiri Pyatigorsk. Pali malo ena wokongola mu mapiri, kumene wolemba ndakatulo kukonda kukhala kumene kukwera njinga kutsogolera pompano. Mwa chidwi chachikulu - ndi Grotto wa Lermontov mu Pyatigorsk pa paphiri la Phiri Mashuk. ndakatulo Pali analemba mu 1837, ndi kupenta - "Kuona Pyatigorsk" omwe akuimira paphiri. Iye, pa chifuniro Lermontov, iwo anakhala malo misonkhano chinsinsi Pechorin ndi Vera.

Mpaka 1831 zinali mwachizolowezi phiri phanga, omwe amapereka malingaliro chigulu cha Pyatigorsk. Ndiye Bernardazzi abale (Johann ndi Yosefe, omanga wamba) ndi wotembenuka mu grotto ndi mabenchi anaika mu izo, ndi zitsulo mipiringidzo kuti zinaoneka okha makumi asanu ndi awiri a atumwi XIX. Osewera zitsulo zolengeza "Grotto wa Lermontov" unakhazikitsidwa mu 1961. Kutali ndi mzindawu ndipo anthu kuno Lermontov kupuma ku kugonthetsa ndipo amangokhala ali pikitipikiti.

"Kodi wokoma nyimbo ya dziko lathu ..."

Ambiri ulendo atsogoleri adzakhala kupita ndi Museum-Reserve Lermontov mu Pyatigorsk, ndi chipilala ndi Pamwalawo ku manda ndi malo a duel pa phiri la Mashuk. Ambiri ofuna kudutsa malo ndakatulo ankakonda kuzungulira mzindawo, kumene nthawi zambiri tinkayenda. Choncho nthawi imodzi Leo Tolstoy, SERGEY Yesenin, Vasily Shukshin, pafupifupi otsiriza malo okhalamo lalikulu wolemba, ndakatulo ndi wojambula ngati ulendo wake.

Makamaka ambiri kuno pa tsiku la chikumbutso cha ndakatulo iyi - pa 27 July. Unachitikira kuwerenga mabuku, kuwomba mavesi Lermontov a. Ndipo nthawi zambiri - mizere iyi: "Kodi wokoma nyimbo za dziko lathu, ine ndimawakonda Caucasus!"