Chithunzi patsamba pulasitala yonyowa. Murals

Ngati inu kuyenda m'misewu ya nyumba zakale mzinda, kupita ku akachisi, mukhoza kuwona ntchito yeniyeni ya luso. Amachita m'nyumba pa kudenga ndi mpanda kapena mwachindunji pa nyumba pamakoma. Kenako, ife tiyang'ana pa izi mtundu wa luso mwatsatanetsatane.

zambiri

Painting pa pulasitala yonyowa otchedwa Zojambula pakhoma. kalembedwe Izi kunayamba chachiwiri Zakachikwi BC. Anthu kuyambira kuchita kupenta pa nthawi ya chikhalidwe Aegean. Kuchita izi, ntchito utoto umene zomatira ndi casein anali binders.

nkhani za m'mbiri

Njira anafanana ndi secco. Kodi zikutanthauza chiyani? Ndi za mural kupenta pa pulasitala youma. Ngakhale zinthu zilipo. Komanso, ntchito yosavuta. Mu nthawi yakale iwo kwambiri ndi kutchuka kwa frescoes lapansi. Komabe, mankhwala ankasiyana zothandiza ndi durability. Mu nthawi ya kubadwa ndi kuyanga wa Chikhristu kalembedwe izi kawirikawiri ntchito kukongoletsa pamalo akunja lamkati la Matchalitchi mwala ndi akachisi. Mu Ancient Lazaro khoma kupenta (chithunzi pansipa) ankawaona mtundu. Ife ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Chithunzi pa yonyowa mitundu pulasitala lowonjezera ndi njira tempera-zomatira. Ndi maziko ake ndi analongosola pa kulembetsa pamwamba. zosiyanasiyana zipangizo binder (dzira, masamba glues, ndi zina zotero) ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Pankhani nthawi ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano, ndi kuyeza luso la wojambula wakhala nacho chikhazikitso cha luso mural. Inali nthawi imeneyi Italy kupenta pa pulasitala yonyowa nditafika pachimake pa chitukuko.

The mitundu ikuluikulu kuphedwa

Kwa nthawi yaitali mu Italy chigamulo chomaliza pa kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka kulemba ndi kuchita sewero analenga makatoni wotonza-mmwamba. Iwo zojambulajambula akhoza kubereka ziwembu zawo. Koma pali vuto kapangidwe ndi zikuchokera mtundu pa sikelo zonse. Ngati kupenta pa pulasitala yonyowa unali waukulu kwambiri, nyemba yagawidwa m'magawo. Zosiyanasiyana chidachitika pamodzi contours mbali zimene nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu malo amdima. Chifukwa ili kutsogoloku kulekana msoko mtundu sanali noticeable. Kusamutsa azunguliridwa ndi contours awo ntchito kapena punctures mwa kutsatira. Wosanjikiza kukonzekera bwinobwino ankawachotsera pofuna kupewa Madontho.

mfundo kapangidwe

Murals ndi ntchito mwachilungamo nthawi yambiri. Pankhaniyi pamafunika zambiri. Painting akupitiriza bola burashi ndi zithunzi mosavuta pa pamwamba. kupenta njira pa pulasitala yonyowa ndi zinthu zingapo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati burashi ndi wayamba malo grooves padziko, ndiye kuti utoto Kodi mkatikati mu zazikulu ndi moyenera, si lokhazikika. M'pofunika kudula gawo. Musanayambe kupitiriza kupenta pamafunika kuika wosanjikiza atsopano. Chithunzi patsamba pulasitala chonyowa mtundu mawu kukhazikitsa luso. Poyamba woyikidwa okha mitundu malinga ndi sewero okonzeka. Pambuyo pakubwera nayenso midtones, ndi pamenepo pokha - mdima. Kenako, n'zosiyana ndondomeko. The kusintha kwa mdima kuyatsa. Ndiyamika malankhulidwe lotsiriza lino ali odzipereka, ndipo tiyenera tikonze mu malo komwe iwo amakhala kwambiri chinazilala. Pambuyo komaliza makoma mapeto kupenta (chithunzi Nkhani Mwachitsanzo embodiments angapo chitsanzo idzatha), ndi njira anali mouma, akuyamba kupukuta phula ndi mafuta. Pa nthawi yomweyo ndi zigawo za m'mbuyomo munda zouma unfilled nthaka pang'onopang'ono kuchotsedwa.

Yopanga zokhudza zipangizo

Chithunzi patsamba pulasitala yonyowa zochokera zofunika katundu zachilengedwe ya laimu. chakuti kuyanika wa chinthu madzi, pang'onopang'ono inasanduka galasi colloidal. Laimu khalidwe zimadalira zinthu zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, chitetezo cha chifaniziro kusasanyiwa, ndipo njira yonse ya ntchito. Choncho, pofuna kupeza chithunzi chokongola pa khoma amafuna pulasitala wapadera. Tiyenera mtundu yabwino ya bwino yopsereza laimu. Kenako, muyenera 'kuzimitsa "izo. Izi zimafunika chidebe wodzazidwa ndi madzi okwanira. Pali udzathiridwa mosamala laimu. Ayenera kutsatira molondola. Pa nthawi ya slaked laimu ndi otentha kwambiri. Ndiye iye anali kupereka kuima mu madzi. M'pofunika kuti iye anakhala mu boma yonyowa ngati kuli kotheka. Zofunika osachepera nthawi - chaka. Komabe, nthawi zina, kuzimitsa laimu sizingatheke pasadakhale. Choncho, ntchito njira angakhale zochepa padzuwa nthawi.

zinthu zina

Kutalika kwa nthawi imene adzakangamira luso kupenta makoma, makamaka zimadalira zipangizo ntchito. The filler tipeze njira zambiri ali yofanana angapo. tchipisi njerwa akadali amaonedwa kukhala abwino awo. Iwo ali zambiri za ubwino. Madzi mu yaiwisi njira pulasitala ndi kuchepetsedwa m'menemo ndi njerwa yonyowa laimu kugwa mu pores ake. Mu ndondomeko ya atayanika izo zonse pang'onopang'ono akubwera pamwamba. Choncho, kuyanika linamasulira nthawi yaitali. Iwo anatambasula ndi ntchito pa chithunzichi. Pankhani kuyanika pang'onopang'ono kunja, ndi uyamiko kwa Iye amapereka kwambiri "kumera" timibulu laimu mu nthaka.

oloŵa

Njerwa tchipisi - si nkhani chabe chomwe chingasunge penti pa pulasitala yonyowa yaitali. Pankhaniyi zina ndi mchenga. Tikumbukenso kuti akulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mtsinje. chakuti kumasiyana mbewu zambiri za kukula osiyana. Pachifukwa ichi, mtsinje mchenga ali ndi katundu monga kachulukidwe mkulu. Chinthu Ichi ndi chofunika kwambiri. Ichi ndi chifukwa laimu, gawo la pulasitala, mwaukatswiri akutembenukira kwa mchere "guluwu". Ndi icho, filler particles amakondana wina ndi mzake. Mwachangu amadziwika kuposa zolimba kwa wina ndi mzake. Popeza pulasitala ❖ kuyanika umakhala wolimba. Fulakesi CHIKWANGWANI (komanso limatchedwa akanadulidwa hemp) ndi filler, osati kwenikweni kusiyana mchenga. Ndiyamika izo pulasitala wosanjikiza chimakhala zochepa Chimaona. Iye akutenga kukana pang'ono kuti mapindikidwe, komanso kusinthasintha zina.

Ntchito ndondomeko: Choyamba

Musanayambe kupenta pa makoma onyowa pulasitala, muyenera mosamala kukonzekera. Zimenezi zikugwira ntchito mu mapanelo makamaka amene idzagwira ntchito zipangizo. Njerwa khoma - maziko abwino kwa mural lapansi. Ngati muli ndi kukonza konkire, Ndi bwino kuti pamwamba m'goli. Mutha kupanga maenje ndi mabowo osaya. Pankhaniyi, simungakhoze kuchita popanda nyundo Buku. Mukhozanso ntchito nyundo. Chotero chida ali ndi ntchito ya jackhammer a. Pali milandu pamene frescos khoma kale pulasitala. Ndiye muyenera kuyesera gwetsa wosanjikiza akale. Ngati pali malo sikutheka, inu muyenera kuyeretsa iwo kuchokera ku dothi, fumbi ndi utoto.

The ndondomeko zofunika

Pulasitala umagwiritsidwa ntchito zigawo 2-3. Izi zisanachitike, izo tikulimbikitsidwa kuti moisten maziko bwino. Ngati nthaka ndi atatu wosanjikiza, woyamba wa iwo kuti ziume bwinobwino. Ndiye wasambitsa ndi madzi isanafike kumaliza machulukitsidwe. Komanso china ntchito ❖ kuyanika. awiri wosanjikiza luso nthaka ndi yosiyana ndi buku m'mbuyomu. Pankhaniyi, ❖ kuyanika poyamba kutulutsa bwino kuti mphamvu. Komabe, kuyanika wathunthu sikuloledwa. Kenako ingagwiritsidwe wosanjikiza lotsiriza la pulasitala. Zinali iye amene ankawachotsera chithunzi chinachake. Izi intonako. Kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito zigawo zina, pamwamba pa pulasitala anali mwayeretsa ku chotsatira laimu mkate ndi spatula a.

Kugwira ntchito ndi intonako

wosanjikiza Izi ntchito mwakuti pulasitala akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambitsa mu theka la ola (pazipita 1.5 maola). The mlingo wa kusalaza pamwamba - kawiri. Izi isanayambe penti malinga ayamba. Painting - ndondomeko ndi zovuta kwambiri, ndipo mwina zili ndi zolakwika. Kuti tichotse iwo, chithunzicho gwiritsani ntchito spatula zaravnivaya ndi zilema kukanikiza. Choncho anapanga crystalline kutumphuka wathyoka.

mokoma ang'onoang'ono

Aliyense pulasitala Zojambula pakhoma pa kuyanika amapereka shrinkage yaing'ono. Izi kwakukulukulu zimadalira njira: pakatikati pa izo, yotsirizira zochepa. Choncho, tikulimbikitsidwa osachepera kuchuluka kwa madzi. Mu malo ambiri wakale amasonyeza kuti laimu amene ali oyenera kusakaniza pulasitala, makamaka kufufuzidwa kwa chizindikiro cha osalimba. Ndiye kuti, ndi spatula choviikidwa mu njira, ayenera louma.

The ntchito yaikulu ya Zojambula pakhoma ndi

Kulemba mural lizisunga msanga, koma pa nthawi yomweyo popanda mwachangu. Ndi zofunika kuti nthawi imene mozama ndi limasinthira akhala yochepa. Mwini ayenera kukhala chisanadze komaliza Baibulo la fano lotsatira, ndipo mwatsatanetsatane. Ndiko kuti, mukufuna kuchotsa chiwembu, umene kusonyeza kuti ntchito.

nsonga yaing'ono

Akatswiri amalangiza ntchito njira zotsatirazi. ntchito onse akhoza kugawidwa mu magawo atatu, kuphatikizapo:

1. Kujambula Chojambula.
2. Kugwira ntchito ndi kukoma m'deralo.
3. Kudula fano ntchito kuwala ndi mthunzi.

Woteroyo ndondomeko ya ntchito zofunikira kuyanika laimu ntchito maximally.

The aligorivimu

Pa siteji koyamba za pulasitala ntchito akadali lonyowa ndithu. Panthawi imeneyi zojambula zichitike. Komanso, ndondomeko ya chilengedwe chake ndi kufufuza kulenga ndi kupeza zabwino limaonetseratu "kamangidwe". Kuyambira mfundo luso view, izi chafotokozedwa motere: mu chithunzi chenicheni pa siteji ya kukafola mwa zosintha chofunika zikhoza kupangidwa. Komabe, ndi mapeto a izo aliyense mtundu m'dera ayenera zodziwika malire okhudza malo. Pambuyo polenga chithunzicho uli wathunthu, m'pofunika "kuvumbula" fano. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, mitundu m'dera chagwiritsidwa pamwamba lonse. Pankhaniyi, mawanga woyera si Mulungu sanamukhululukire. Kenako, latsopano wosanjikiza pamwamba umagwiritsidwa ntchito. Amakhala pigment ndi kusungunuka m'madzi. Uyamiko kwa Iye, ndi crystalline kutumphuka amayamba kutha pang'ono. Choncho, pamwamba pa tsogolo Zojambula pakhoma kale anafotokoza. Kenako patsogolo mthunzi Zitsanzo za Pakompyuta Zosonyeza. Poyamba, lichitidwa unachitikira pa mbali zakuthwa thupi ndi nkhope, ndipo kenako zovala ndi zinthu zina. Pambuyo kuti akhoza kukwaniritsa mphenzi melkotertoy ntchito laimu m'malo woyera. Chifukwa chake kuti laimu kusungunuka pulasitala ingakhale monga wopanda mavuto mogwirizana ndi kusakaniza. Choncho, ngakhale mu pafupifupi youma mtundu pamwamba adzakhala wotetezedwa. Nthawi zina, mukhoza kukhumudwa pa mavuto ena. Iwo ali pangozi atayanika kunja makoma. Pofuna kuchepetsa mavuto awa, zikuchokera inki anafuna mithunzi ndi inventories yomaliza inputted yolk, amene wasukuluka ndi madzi. Zilibe kupereka chipukuta misozi Dries pulasitala. Komabe, mankhwala anapanga ndi laimu zomatira. Ndi kuchita misonkhano ndi utoto wabwino padziko kupenta.

zina zambiri

Ntchito freskist ayenera kuganizira mbali zonse za njira executable. Kumbukirani kuti glauconite, chikasu ocher ndi caramel onse okhala laimu, kumachititsa kwambiri pambuyo pulasitala. Choyamba izo zimatengera chikhalidwe cha sing'anga zimene amanena. Nthawi zina, ngakhale ena khoma youma akhoza kupitiriza mofulumira kuyamwa chinyontho. Motero, mural mofulumira youma. Mwachitsanzo, pulasitala ntchito pa simenti kapena pa maziko wina, si kuyamwa madzi. Pankhaniyi, kuyanika ndondomeko adzakhala pang'onopang'ono kwambiri ngati inu ntchito atatu wosanjikiza dothi. Pa ntchito n'kofunika kwambiri kupewa ngakhale kuyan'anila pang'ono kukhulupirika kwa pulasitala. Wotero ngati ndi burashi mfiti amafuna kuti kusanganikirana mtundu analinso ndi hue alibe adzauma, superimposed kale, mwachindunji padziko pulasitala. ali osavomerezeka kuchita zimenezi. chakuti utoto anali wothira mandimu, omwe ali mbali ya pulasitala. Kamodzi malo awa uphwetsa, iyo idzaima kunja pallor kwambiri padziko pachithunzipa.