Chiwerengero cha Bashkiria: anthu, fuko zikuchokera, chipembedzo

Bashkirs - mtundu akukhala Urals kum'mwera ndi zaka zosachepera 12. zolalika zawo ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi zodabwitsa ndi kuti, ngakhale malo oyandikana wamphamvu, Bashkirs anasunga ake mwambo wapadera ndi kutali, ngakhale, ndithudi, mitundu kuloŵerera akuchita ntchito yake. Chiwerengero cha Bashkortostan kwa 2016 chimachititsa anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni 4. Si onse okhala m'dera ndi kuchigwiritsa ndi chikhalidwe chakale, koma mzimu wa fuko awasungira pano.

malo Hrs

Bashkortostan lili kumalire a ku Ulaya ndi Asia. gawo Republic ndi zoposa 143 zikwi mamita lalikulu. Km ndi kuphimba mbali ya East European Plain, dongosolo phiri la South Urals ndi Trans-Urals phiri. M'maderawa likulu - Ufa - midzi yaikulu ya Republic, ndi ena onse a mzinda wa Bashkiria mu chiwerengero ndi kukula kwa gawo utsalira ake.

Bashkortostan thandizo zosiyanasiyana kwambiri. The chimbuzi m'chigawo - Zigalga lokwera (1427 m). Zigwa ndi zitunda ndi loyenereradi ulimi, kotero anthu Bashkiria akhala wakhala ukugwira nyama husbandry ndi ulimi. Mabwalo wolemera chuma madzi, aikidwa mabeseni mitsinje monga Volga, Ural ndipo ob. Pa gawo la Bashkortostan amatenga 12 zikwi mitsinje ya kukula zosiyanasiyana, njirayi m'nyumba 2700 nyanja, makamaka chiyambi masika. Palinso analenga 440 opangidwa madamu.

Dera lili nkhokwe yaikulu ya mchere. Choncho, apa iwo anapeza miyala ya mafuta, golide, zitsulo, mkuwa, gasi, nthaka. Bashkortostan ili mu zone ya kotentha, pa m'gawo lake zambiri wosanganiza nkhalango, steppe ndi steppe. Ndi popereka malo ndi chikhalidwe angapo nkhokwe zitatu zazikulu. Bashkortostan malire nzika za Federation monga Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk ndipo Orenburg m'madera ndi Udmurtia ndi Tatarstan.

Mbiri ya anthu Bashkir

Anthu oyambirira pa dera la Bashkortostan ano adakali moyo zaka miliyoni 50-40 zapitazo. Akatswiriwa anapeza kuda malo wakale m'phanga la Iman. Mu Paleolithic, Mesolithic ndi mafuko Neolithic a alenje ndi okolola anakhalapo kuno, iwo katswiri malo m'dera, ziweto, zojambula lamanzere pa makoma kuphanga. Chibadwa awa woyamba m'munsi atsamunda zitsulo kupanga Bashkir dziko.

Kutchula koyamba za Bashkirs akhoza kuwerenga mabuku a geographers Arab. Iwo amati iye anakhala ndi dzina la "Bashkort" anthu 9-11 zaka TH mbali zonse za mapiri a Ural. Mu 10-12 zaka TH, ndi Bashkirs anali mbali ya boma la Volga Bulgaria. Chiyambireni cha m'ma 13 kumenya nkhondo mwaukali ndi Mongolia, amene ankafuna kulanda dziko lao. The chifukwa anali inachita pangano mgwirizano, ndipo kwa mibadwo 13-14 anthu Bashkir ndi mbali ya Golden gulu zinthu zapadera. Bashkirs sanali anthu otsala msonkho a. Iwo anapitiriza dongosolo lawo chikhalidwe ndipo iwo anali mu Kagan usilikali. Utatha wa Golden gulu, ndi Bashkirs anali mbali ya Kazan ndi Siberia gulu.

M'zaka za m'ma 16 anayamba kuthamanga kwambiri ufulu wa Bashkirs kuchokera Russian Ufumu. Mu 1550s ndi Ivan Grozny anaitanitsa anthu mwakufuna agwirizane boma lake. Long zokambirana inachitika, ndipo mu 1556 anasaina mgwirizano pa kugwirizana Bashkirs mu ufumu Russian pa zinthu zapadera. Anthu kusunga ufulu wa chipembedzo, utsogoleli, asilikali, koma malipiro msonkho kwa Russian Tsar, chifukwa kuti alandire chithandizo lonyansa mokwiya yachilendo.

Mpaka m'ma 17 zikhalidwe za pangano ambalemekezedwa, koma ndi kudza kwa ulamuliro wa Romanovs anayamba encroachments pa ufulu odzilamulira a Bashkirs. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti mndandanda wa zipolowe 17-18 TH zaka. Anthu anataya katundu yaikulu pomenyera ufulu wawo ndi ufulu, koma anali kufotokoza kudziyimira pawokha ake mu Russian Ufumu, ngakhale kuti ena angayambe kukukhulupirirani anali kupita.

Mu 18-19 zaka TH Bashkiria mobwerezabwereza zagonjetsedwa kwa kusintha utsogoleri, koma ambiri akuzisunga ufulu m'dziko malire mbiri. Bashkiria anthu mu mbiri yake wakhala ankhondo kwambiri. Bashkirs anatenga mbali mu nkhondo zonse zomenyedwa ndi Russia: mu 1812 nkhondo, Woyamba ndi Wachiwiri World nkhondo. imfa ya anthu anali akulu, koma chigonjetso cha ulemerero. Pakati pa Bashkirs enieni ambiri ngwazi ankhondo.

Mu nthawi ya kulanda boma mu 1917 Bashkiria anali woyamba pa mbali ya Red Army kukana analengedwa Bashkir gulu kumbuyo lingaliro la ufulu wa dziko lino. Komabe, kwa chiwerengero cha zifukwa mu 1919, boma Bashkir anabwera pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma la Soviet. Monga mbali ya Soviet Union Bashkiria ankafuna kupanga mgwirizano ndi mabwalo. Koma Stalin ananena kuti Tatarstan ndi Bashkortostan sangathe Soviet, ngati muli mizinda Russian, kotero Bashkir yoyenda yokha Republic of analengedwa.

Mu Soviet Union, dera anali kupirira mavuto ndi njira lililonse lonse la USSR. Pakhala collectivization ndi mafakitale. Pa nkhondo Bashkiria izo anasamutsidwa mabizinezi ambiri mafakitale ndi ena, amene anapanga maziko a positi-nkhondo mafakitale ndi kuchira. Mu zaka za perestroika, mu 1992, izo ankalengeza Republic of Bashkortostan ndi lamulo lalikhulu ake. Lero, Bashkortostan ndi zimayesetsa chitsitsimutso Pawokha dziko ndi miyambo yamakolo.

The chonse cha anthu a Bashkiria. mphamvu ya zizindikiro

Kalembera woyamba wa Bashkortostan unachitikira mu 1926, pamene m'dera la Republic moyo mamiliyoni 2,665. Kenako akuti chiwerengero cha anthu a dera anali ikuchitika pa intervals osiyana siyana, ndi kokha kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 20 mochedwa deta amenewa anayamba amatengedwa pachaka.

Isanafike kumayambiriro kwa zaka 21, mphamvu anthu anali positive. Kuwonjezeka yaikulu chiwerengero cha anthu anadza mu 50s oyambirira. Mu nthawi zina kudera chikukwera avareji ya anthu 100 sauzande. Pang'ono slowdown kukula chinalembedwa mu 90s oyambirira.

Izo zinali kokha mu 2001 anaulula mphamvu zoipa anthu. Chaka chilichonse, chiwerengero cha anthu anatsika ndi anthu zikwi zingapo. Pakutha 2000s zochita ndi pang'ono kudzudzulidwa, koma mu 2010 chiwerengero cha anthu atsopano anayamba kutha.

Lero anthu Bashkiria (2016) anali okhazikika, chiwerengero ndi 441 000 anthu. Ngakhale zaziwerengero ndi chuma zizindikiro sayembekezera kusintha zinthu. Koma Bashkortostan utsogoleri amaika patsogolo kuchepetsa imfa ndi mlingo kubadwa mu dera, amene ayenera zabwino bwanji chiwerengero cha anthu ake.

Administrative gulu la Bashkortostan

Kuyambira cha m'ma 16 monga mbali ya Bashkortostan a ufumuwo Russian ogwirizana padziko Ufa. Choyamba chinali Ufa chigawo, ndiye m'chigawo Ufa Ufa Province. Mu Soviet Union dera waona kusintha zingapo Kupititsa-utsogoleri kugwirizana ndi kukulitsa, ndiye unagawika zigawo. Mu 2009, anaganiza lero Bashkortostan magawano mu mayunitsi malo. Malinga ndi malamulo Republican m'chigawo amalembedwa 54 chigawo, 21 mzinda, 8 iwo - Republican subordination, midzi 4532. Today Bashkortostan m'tawuni pang'ono ndi pang'ono kuwonjezeka makamaka chifukwa kusamuka mkati.

kufalitsidwa kwa anthu

Russia - makamaka agrarian dziko, pafupifupi 51% ya ku Russia amakhala kumidzi. Ngati ife amayang'anitsitsa m'tawuni ya Bashkiria (2016), ife tikhoza kuwona kuti pafupifupi 48% ya anthu akukhala mwa iwo, ndiye. E. miliyoni 1,9 mwa okwana 4 miliyoni. Ndiko kuti, dera aikidwa mu njira yamakono m'dzikolo. Mndandanda wa mizinda Bashkiria mu mawu a anthu ndi motere: ndi kuthetsa yaikulu - ndi Ufa (anthu miliyoni 1.112), ena midzi n'chochepa kwambiri mu kukula, pamwamba asanu mulinso Sterlitamak (anthu 279,000), Salavat (154 000) Neftekamsk (137,000) ndi October (114 zikwi). m'matauni ena mwa ang'ono, chiwerengero chawo si upambana 70 chikwi.

Age-kugonana zikuchokera kwa anthu Bashkiria

M'dziko index akazi kuti chiŵerengero mwamuna za 1.1. Ndipo adakali oyambirira chiwerengero cha anyamata yandikulira atsikana, koma msinkhu, chithunzi anyamata. Poganizira chiwerengero cha Bashkiria, mukhoza kuona kuti azimuth imeneyi pano. Pafupifupi aliyense amuna zikwi pali akazi 1139.

Kufalitsa anthu ndi zaka mu Republic of Bashkortostan chiri motere: pansi ntchito zaka - anthu 750 zikwi, pa ntchito - anthu 830 zikwi a msinkhu wogwira ntchito - anthu 2.4 miliyoni. Choncho, 1000 m'badwo ntchito nkhani pafupifupi 600 achinyamata ndi achikulire. Pafupifupi imeneyi ikufanana ndi mumaganiza dziko. Age-kugonana chitsanzo Bashkiria dera akhoza zimachitika mtundu kukalamba amene amanena za tsogolo la Vuto la zinthu zaziwerengero ndi chuma m'chigawochi.

zikuchokera National alionse

Kuyambira 1926 ankachititsa anaziika wa zikuchokera mtundu wa anthu okhala Republic Bashkir. Panthawi imeneyi anawulula mumaganiza zotsatirazi: chiwerengero cha anthu Chirasha pang'onopang'ono mwayamba kufooka, ndi 39,95% kuti 35,1%. A Bashkirs chiwerengero kumawonjezera ku 23,48% mpaka 29%. Ndipo Bashkirs mtundu wa Bashkortostan kwa 2016 ndi 1.2 miliyoni. magulu ena fuko ankaimira manambala: Chitata - 24%, Chuvashes - 2.6%, Mari - 2.5%. mitundu ina ankaimira zosakwana 1% ya chonse cha anthu.

M'dera pali vuto lalikulu kusamala mitundu yaing'ono. Choncho, Kryashens anthu m'zaka 100 zapitazi wakula, Mishari ali pafupi kutha, ndipo teptyari kwambiri. Choncho, utsogoleri m'maderawa ndi kuyesera kulenga zinthu wapadera kuteteza otsala subethnoses yaing'ono.

Language ndi chipembedzo

M'madera dziko ndi zonse vuto la kuteteza chipembedzo ndi chinenero, imadalira ndi Bashkiria. Caucasus anthu - mbali yofunika Pawokha dziko. Pakuti Bashkirs chikhulupiriro makolo ndi Sunni Islam. Mu Soviet Union, chipembedzo anali zosavomerezeka chiletso, ngakhale kwapakati pa-mode kawirikawiri akadali tikukonza, malinga ndi miyambo ya Muslim. Mu positi-perestroika maulendo Bashkiria akuyamba chitsitsimutso cha miyambo ya chipembedzo. Zaka zoposa 20 dera linatsegulidwa mizikiti oposa 1,000 (mu nthawi Soviet panali anthu 15 okha), 200 Orthodox ndi mabungwe achipembedzo a zikhulupiriro zina. Koma chipembedzo wamphamvu kwambiri m'derali ndi Islam, chipembedzo mwini pafupifupi 70% ya mipingo yonse ya dziko.

Language - yofunika kwambiri Pawokha dziko. Mu Bashkortostan mu nthawi Soviet panali wapadera mfundo chinenero. Choncho, anthu anayamba kutaya m'chinenero chawo. Popeza 1989, dziko anachita ntchito yapadera pa chitsitsimutso cha chiyankhulo cha Amalawi. Chilolezo sukulu m'chinenero chawo (Bashkir, Chitata). Today, 95% ya anthu olankhula Chirasha, 27% m'manja mwa Bashkir, 35% - Chitata.

chuma m'maderawa

Bashkortostan - mmodzi wa khola kwambiri mawu a m'madera chuma Russia. Nedra Bashkortostan wolemera mchere, kotero mabwalo akuchita 9 malo mu mafuta ndi 1 dziko - pa processing ake. chuma dera ndi bwino osiyanasiyana, choncho wabwino chililaka zovuta za nthawi zovuta. mafakitale ochepa kupereka chitukuko khola la dziko, ndi:

- petrochemical makampani, kudzera mwa mphero zikulu, "Bashneft", neftehimzavod Sterlitamak, Bashkir koloko Company;

- luso lopanga ndi zitsulo, kuphatikizapo Trolleybus Bzalani Neftemash, Kumertau ndege, Mlengi wa zonse mtunda-magalimoto "Vityaz" Neftekamsk galimoto;

- makampani mphamvu;

- opanga makampani.

Kwambiri kuti chuma cha dera ndi ulimi, Bashkir wamba bwinobwino ukugwira nyama husbandry ndi kulima mbewu.

Dera ali bwino anayamba malonda ndi utumiki dera, amene zoipa amakhudza ndalama m'munsi (2016), mu Bashkiria, koma zinthu pa dziko n'zofunika kwambiri kuposa m'madera kuwathandiza.

ntchito

Nthawi zambiri, anthu Bashkiria ndi zinthu bwino chuma kusiyana ndi anthu m'madera ena ambiri. Komabe, mu 2016 apo analembedwa ndi kuwonjezeka ulova kwa miyezi isanu ananyamuka ndi 11% poyerekeza ndi chaka chatha. Anaonanso kuchepa kwa malonda komanso ogula ntchito, kuchepetsa malipiro ndi ndalama weniweni. Zonsezi kumabweretsa kuzungulira kotsatira kwa ulova. Choyamba kubwera pansi akatswiri kuukira achinyamata ndiponso ophunzira popanda kuntchito. Zimenezi zimabweretsa chakuti outflow wa ubwana umayamba ndi ndodo oyenerera dera.

zomangamanga m'maderawa

Pakuti dera lililonse zofunika zomangamanga chikhalidwe, amene amalola anthu kuti timakhala okhutira ndi moyo malo enaake. Chiwerengero cha Bashkortostan kwa 2016 ndithu anayamikira chikhalidwe cha moyo mu dera. Mu Bashkortostan, kwambiri khama ndiponso ndalama padera mu yokonza ndi kumanga misewu, milatho, zipatala. akutukuka zoyendera ndi zomangamanga zokopa alendo m'dziko. Komabe, pali mavuto, makamaka ndi makonzedwe a sukulu ndi chikhalidwe. Dera lili mavuto bwino chilengedwe, ambiri opanga makampani kungasokoneze pa chiyero cha madzi ndi mpweya pafupi ndi m'mizinda ikuluikulu. Komabe, zomangamanga mzindawo ndi bwino anayamba kuposa m'midzi, zikubweretsa ndi outflow ya anthu akumidzi m'mizinda.

Makhalidwe zaziwerengero alionse

Chiwerengero zizindikiro Bashkortostan akutsutsana chimasiyana m'madera ambiri a dziko. Choncho, mlingo kubadwa m'dziko pang'ono, koma kukula kale zaka 10 (kupatulapo anali kokha mu 2011, pamene panali kuchepa kwa 0,3%). Koma, mwatsoka, ndi amafa nawonso kukula zaposachedwapa, ngakhale mosathamanga pang'onopang'ono kuposa mlingo kubadwa. Choncho, anthu Bashkiria limasonyeza yaing'ono zachilengedwe kuwonjezeka, omwe si mmene kwa dziko lonse.