Chiwerengero cha Feodosiya. Economy, makonzedwe, nyumba, ntchito ndi zosangalatsa Feodosia

Kwa anthu ambiri m'nyengo yachilimwe ndilo tchuthi kwenikweni ku Feodosia. Mzinda wokongolawu wa Crimea ku Gombe la Black Sea wakhudzidwa ndi zikwi mazana ambiri za alendo, omwe amapuma chaka chilichonse. Kodi Theodosius amakongola bwanji? Malongosoledwe a malo, mbiri ya mzinda, chiwerengero cha anthu, chitukuko, zosangalatsa ndi zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi malo awa, ndipo zidzakambidwa pazokambirana izi.

Malo a Feodosiya

Tisanayambe kufotokoza chiwerengero cha Feodosia ndi mbali zina za moyo mumzinda, tiyeni tiwone komwe kuli.

Mzinda wa Feodosia uli kum'mwera chakum'maŵa kwa chilumba cha Crimea, pamtsinje wa Black Sea, m'chigawo cha Feodosiya Bay. Ili pakati pa penchula ya Kerch ndi gombe la kum'mwera kwa Crimea, pokhala, monga, kugwirizana pakati pawo. Gawo la kummawa kwa malowa lili pamphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo mbali ya kumadzulo - pamagulu a Tepe-Oba m'mapiri a Crimea.

Nyengo ya Feodosia imakhala yosavuta, ngakhale kuti nthawi zina pali zizindikiro za madera otentha, chifukwa cha malo oyandikana ndi nyengo.

Milandu

Milandu ya mzindawo, monga Crimea yonse, imasakanikirana. Malingana ndi malamulo a ku Russia (ndipotu), kuthetsa uku ndi mbali ya dera lamapiri la Feodosia, lomwe lilinso mbali ya Republic of Crimea. Kum'mwera-kumadzulo kumapiri a maphunziro oyang'anira dera kumadera a Sudak, kumpoto - ndi chigawo cha Kirovsky, kumpoto chakum'maŵa - ndi chigawo cha Leninsky. Madzi a Nyanja Yofiira amasambidwa kumwera ndi kum'mwera chakum'mawa. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, dera lamatawunili muli mizinda ndi midzi yambiri, yomwe yaikulu kwambiri ndi Primorsky ndi Koktebel.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, malinga ndi lamulo la Chiyukireniya, Feodosiya ali m'bungwe lamzinda wa dzina lomwelo, lomwe liri gawo la Autonomous Republic of Crimea, ndipo likugwirizana kwathunthu ndi malire a chigawo cha mzindawo. Komabe, dziko la Ukraine silinayang'ane madera amenewa, kotero kuti lamulo la Russia likugwira ntchito kwa iwo.

Mbiri ya mzindawo

Theodosius ali ndi mbiri yakale kwambiri. Ndi umodzi mwa malo akale kwambiri a Crimea ndi Russia onse. Anthu oyambirira a Theodosia ndi Agiriki. Anali achikoloni achikoloni ochokera mumzinda wa Mileto m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi BC. E. Yakhazikitsidwa izi. Dzina limene Agiriki adapatsa kwa iwo okhalapo linakhazikitsidwa kumasuliridwa kuchokera ku chi Greek chakale monga "Mulungu wopatsidwa." M'zaka za m'ma IV BC. E. Theodosius anakakamizidwa kugonjera ku boma lamphamvu kwambiri lachi Greek ku Crimea - ufumu wa Bosporan, womwe pamapeto pake unadziwika kuti umadalira Ufumu wa Roma.

M'zaka za zana la 4 AD, mzindawu unawonongedwa ndi magulu a Huns. Munda wa izi ndi zomwe Alan anasiya, wotchedwa mudzi wa Ardabda. Ufumu wa Roma unatha kukhazikitsanso Theodosius nthawi ino pokhapokha atasinthidwa kukhala Byzantium, m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi. Zoonadi, mzindawu unaperekedwa kwa kanthawi kochepa kwa a Khazar Khaganate, koma kenako unabwerera ku ulamuliro wa Ufumu wa Byzantine. Komabe, mpaka phindu ndi kukula kwa nthawi zakale, Theodosius a nthawi imeneyo anali kutali, ndipo, makamaka, analipo ngati mudzi wachabechabe.

M'zaka za m'ma 1800, Theodosius ankalamulidwa ndi Golden Horde, yomwe idagulitsa mudziwo kwa amalonda ochokera ku Genoa, kusunga suzerainty yake yayikulu pamwamba pake. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, mzindawu wakhala malo otchedwa Genoese, omwe ndi malo a boma la nyanja. Tsopano anayamba kutchedwa Kafa. Kuyambira masiku akale, mzindawu sunayambe wakhalapo ngati Genoese. Panali pano pamene Mamai Temnik adapulumuka ku mkwiyo wa Golden Horde Khan Tokhtamysh, atagonjetsedwa ndi Dmitry Donskoy pa Field Kulikovo. Chiwerengero cha Cafe cha nthawi imeneyo chinadutsa anthu 70,000, ndipo chinafika ku Constantinople. Anthu ambiri mumzindawu anali Armenian. Ku Cafe, nthambi ya Genoese inatsegulidwa, panali masewera.

Potsiriza, mu 1475 a Genoe anathamangitsidwa kunja kwa Kafa ndi kukulitsa Ufumu wa Ottoman mwakhama. Tsopano lasanduka mzinda wa Turkey. Ngakhale kuti kumpoto kwake kunali mayiko a Ottoman Sultan - a Crimea Khan, koma Kafa sanali mbali ya khanate, koma anali mbali yeniyeni ya ufumuwo. Mu nthawi ya Ottoman, Kafa anakhala imodzi mwa malonda akulu kwambiri a malonda a ukapolo, panali msika wa akapolo. M'nthaŵi ya Turkey, chitukuko cha mchere wa mchere pafupi ndi mzinda chinapangidwanso. Komanso, monga ndi Genoese, panali doko lalikulu. Mwachitsanzo, Theodosius wa nthawi imeneyo anafunkhidwa ndi kulandidwa ndi Zaporozhye Cossacks, mu 1616. Paulendo umenewu, akaidi ambiri anatulutsidwa.

Mu 1771, pa nkhondo yotsatira ya Russian-Turkish, Kafa anagwidwa ndi asilikali a Russia. Pambuyo pa mgwirizano wa mtendere wa Kuchuk-Kainaji, mzindawu unadzakhala mbali ya Ufumu wa Russia. Kuchokera m'chaka cha 1787, mzindawo wakhala umodzi mwa madera a Taurian. Kuchokera mu 1796, pambuyo pa kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka nchito, Kafa anaphatikizidwa m'chigawo cha Novorossiysk. Mu 1798, iwo analandira udindo wa doko laulere kwa zaka 30. Patatha zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, Cafe inabweretsanso dzina lake la mbiri yakale - Theodosius.

Mzindawu unayendera ndi anthu ambiri apamwamba. Iye ankakhala gawo lalikulu la moyo, anagwira ntchito ndipo anafa wojambula wotchuka Ivan Aivazovsky. Komanso ku Feodosia panali wolemba Chirasha Anton Pavlovich Chekhov.

Pambuyo pa kusintha kwa 1917, Crimea, makamaka Theodosius, inakhala malo otsiriza a White Army motsogoleredwa ndi Wrangel. Atagwira ntchito mumzindawu m'chaka cha 1920, a Bolshevik anawopsa kwambiri. Anthu a Feodosia panthawiyo anali mumzindawu. Mzindawu, monga Crimea lonse, unaphatikizidwa mu RSFSR.

Pa Nkhondo Yaikulu Yokonda Dziko la Feodosia panali nkhondo zoopsa. Pomaliza, anamasulidwa ndi Red Army mu April 1944.

Mu 1954, monga dziko lonse la Crimea, Feodosia anakhala gawo la Ukraine SSR. Pambuyo pa Ukraine adalandira ufulu mu 1991, mzindawu udakhala mbali ya dziko lino, choyamba ku ASSR, ku Republic of Crimea, kenako Autonomous Republic of Crimea.

Mu 2014, chifukwa cha referendum, Feodosia, monga Crimea yonse, idalumikizidwa ku Russian Federation. Pakali pano, mzindawu ndi chigawo cholamulira cha Republic of Crimea, chomwe chili mbali ya Russian Federation monga nkhani ya federation.

Anthu a mumzindawo

Ndi nthawi yoti mudziwe kuti ndi anthu angati amene amapanga anthu a Theodosia. Pakali pano pali anthu 68.6,000. Ili ndilo lachisanu lachiwiri ponena za chiwerengero cha mizinda yonse ku Crimea, popanda Sebastopol. Osati kale kale Feodosia anaika gawo lachinayi mu chizindikiro ichi, koma Yalta anachidutsa.

Kuchuluka kwa anthu mumzindawu ndi anthu 1621.2 pa mita imodzi. Km. Poyerekeza, chiwerengero cha anthu ku Simferopol ndi anthu 3132.5 pa kilomita imodzi. Km, ku Kerch - 1379 anthu / sq. Km. Km, ku Yalta - 4310.1 anthu / sq. Km. Km.

Mphamvu za anthu

Tsopano tiyeni tiwone momwe Theodosia akukhala akusintha kwa zaka zambiri. Chiwerengero cha mzindawu tidzakhala tikuwoneka mwachidwi kwa zaka zapadera kuchokera nthawi zosiyana za mbiri yakale ya mzindawo.

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi mapeto a zaka zana zisanafike. Mu 1897, chiŵerengero cha anthu a Feodosia chinali 24.1 zikwi. Pambuyo pa kusintha, nambala iyi inagwa. Kotero, mu 1923 panali anthu 22.7,000 okha okhala mumzindawu. Koma pofika m'chaka cha 1926 chiwerengero cha anthu chinawonjezeka ndipo chinafika pamtunda wa anthu 27.3,000. Kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu a Theodosia kunapitiliza zaka zotsatirazi. Kotero, mu 1939 chiŵerengero cha anthu anafika pa 45.0,000, ndipo mu 1979 chinali pa mlingo wa 76.4,000. Zomwe zinaperekedwa pambuyo poti Soviet Union inagwa mu 1992. Kenaka mu Feodosia anakhala 86.4 zikwi. Palibe ngakhale anthu ambiri omwe adalipo mumzindawu asanafike kapena pambuyo pake.

Kenaka kunayamba kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu okhala mu Theodosia. Choncho, mu 1998 chiŵerengero cha anthu mumzindawo chinachepa kufika pamtunda wa anthu 80.9,000. Mu 2008, anali kale anthu 71.2 zikwi. Kuwonjezeka kwakung'ono kwa chiwerengero cha anthu akuwonetsedwa mu 2015, pamene chiŵerengero cha anthu akuwonjezeka kuchokera pa 69.0 zikwi. (2014) kwa anthu 69.1 zikwi. Koma mu 2016, chiwerengero cha anthu chinapitirirabe. Chiwerengero cha anthu chinachepera kufika 68.6,000.

Choncho, kuyambira 1992 mpaka 2016, kuchepetsa kwathunthu kwa anthu a mumzinda wa Feodosiya kunali anthu 17,800.

Kusiyana kwa mafuko

Tsopano ganizirani mtundu wa anthu okhala mumzinda wa Feodosia.

Malingana ndi chiwerengero cha 2014, ambiri ndiwo Russian. Gawo lawo pakati pa anthu onse okhala mumzindawo ndi 79.4%. Pa malo achiwiri ndi chiwerengero chachikulu ndi a Ukrainians - 11.4%. Kenaka tsatirani Achibelarusi ndi Tatars a Crimea - 1% aliyense.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti panthawi ya chiwerengero cha 2001, Feodosiya akadali Chiyukireniya, chiwerengero cha anthu a ku Russia chinali chaching'ono, ndipo a Ukrainians ndi a Crimea Tatars - akuluakulu. Kotero, gawo la a Russia linali 72.2%, Ukraine - 18.8%, ndi Tatars Crimea - 4.6%. A Belarusian anali owonjezera - 1.8%. Komabe, izi zikuyembekezeka. Mu Feodosia, anthu ambiri asokonekera mtundu, chotero ena mwa iwo adzigawa okha kukhala mayiko ovomerezeka panthawi yowerengera.

Komanso ku Feodosia muli Tatars, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Agiriki, Moldova, Georgians ndi anthu ena. Koma chiwerengero cha oimira aliyense wa iwo sichiposa 1% pa chiwerengero cha anthu onse mumzindawo.

Chipembedzero chachipembedzo

Mu Feodosia, pali zipembedzo zambiri, koma ambiri a anthu okhulupirika amadzinenera Chikhristu cha Orthodox.

Mzinda wa Chitata wa ku Crimea, komanso ambiri a nthumwi za dziko monga Tatars ndi Azerbaijan, amadzinenera kuti ndi Chisilamu.

Komanso, ku Feodosia palinso gulu la Akatolika, komanso magulu achikristu a machitidwe osiyanasiyana Achiprotestanti.

Kulamulira kwa mzinda

Thupi lomwe limayang'anira mzindawo ndi Theodosia City Council, lopangidwa ndi aphungu 28 omwe amasankha dongosolo lililonse la zaka zisanu. Pa nthawiyi tcheyamani wa bungwe la mzinda ndi Svetlana Gevchuk.

Administration of Feodosia ndi bungwe lotsogolera. Mutu wake umasankhidwa ndi bungwe la anthu omwe adasankhidwa kuti apikisane nawo. Panthawiyi, mkulu wa mzindawo ndi Krysin Stanislav.

Ulamuliro wa Feodosia uli ndi maofesi osiyanasiyana. Aliyense wa iwo ali ndi mbali zosiyana za ntchito. Pakati pa maofesiwa ayenera kupatsidwa zotsatirazi: Dipatimenti ya Achinyamata ndi Masewera, Dipatimenti ya zachuma, Dipatimenti ya Ntchito ndi Chitetezo cha Anthu. Feodosia makamaka zimadalira ubwino wa ntchito ya mzindawo.

Economy of the city

Chuma ca Feodosia chili pa zipilala ziwiri: zokopa alendo ndi kayendedwe ka nyanja.

Malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha malo osungiramo malo, mzindawu ndi wa kayendedwe kanyengo kanyanja. Nyanja ku Feodosia ndi yofatsa komanso yolandiridwa, koma kopanda pamenepo mzindawo ukhoza kupereka chitsimikizo chabwino cha machiritso kwa alendo. Zambiri zokhuza Feodosia, tidzakambirana mbali imodzi.

Koma ndalama zazikulu za bajeti ya mzindawo ndizobwezera msonkho kuchokera ku ntchito ya pa doko. Ndilo kuyendetsa panyanja komwe makamaka kumapanga chuma cha mzindawo.

Komabe, zokopa alendo ndi kayendetsedwe kazitsulo, ngakhale kuti ndizofunikira, koma osati zokhazokha mu Feodosia. Komanso mumzindawu muli malonda abwino kwambiri. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe Feodosiya angakondwere nazo. Mitengo ya chakudya ndi katundu, komabe, monga momwe zilili m'tawuni iliyonse, m'nthawi yapamwamba apa paliponse.

Palinso nthambi zopangira ku Feodosia. Pano, sitimayi imagwira ntchito yokonza makina, openta, madzi, mafakitale a vinyo, komanso kuphatikiza zipangizo zamatabwa. Koma pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Soviet Union, mphamvu zamagetsi za mabungwe awa zachepa kwambiri.

Gwiritsani ntchito Feodosiya

Popeza kuti mzindawu ndi malo ogona, ntchitoyi ndi nyengo. Inde, palinso makampani omwe amagwira ntchito chaka chonse - mafakitale, mafakitale, doko, ndi zina zotero. Koma ntchito zambiri zakhala zikugwiritsidwa kale ntchito, kubwereka kwa ogwira ntchito ndizochepa, motero ndikofunika kuima pa "tawu" Kupita ku malo oterowo. Ntchito ku doko ndi yapamwamba kwambiri, monga antchito kumeneko amalandira malipiro apamwamba.

Koma m'nyengo ya tchuthi, ntchito ndi yokwanira kwa onse okhalamo ndi alendo. M'nyengo ya chilimwe, ntchito ku Feodosia imayimilidwa ndi malo ogulitsa, komanso amapatsidwa ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana: malo ogona, nyumba zosangalatsa, makampu a ana.

Sphere of rest

Monga tanenera kale, kupuma ku Feodosia ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zopezera ndalama mumzindawu ndi anthu ake. Pa gawo la chigawo cha mzindawo muli malo ambiri a sanatoria ndi malo odyetsera thanzi. Zina mwazofunikira kwambiri ndi izi: Feodosia, Voskhod, Ukraine, malo osungirako ana a Volna, Golden Beach. M'modzi mwa mabungwe amenewa alendo sangakhale ndi mpumulo wokwanira komanso amakhala ndi nthawi, koma amakhalanso bwino. Pochiza ndi kupewa matenda m'zipatala, matope ndi mchere amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Dalitso la Theodosius liri lozungulira ndi zitsime zambiri zamchere, ndipo pali zida za matope a mankhwala.

Koma ambiri omwe amapita ku tchuthi amakondabe kukhala m'mahotela ang'onoang'ono kapena kubwereka nyumba kapena nyumba kumbali. Izi sizowonjezera chifukwa cha mitengo yotsika polemba lendi nyumba kuchokera kwaokha. Koma pakali pano funso likubwera: kodi ndi bwino kubwereka nyumba ku Feodosia? Tidzakambirana za izi mtsogolo.

Kuwonongeka kwa nyumba

Kupeza malo ogona ku Feodosia m'nyengo ya tchuthi ndi vuto lalikulu. Kuwonjezera pa kuti nyumba zonse ndi nyumba zapakhomo, eni ake amalandira maulendo obwera ku tchuthi, amatha kusungunuka, kotero ngakhale pamapeto a nyengo mitengo ya lendi ikugunda kuluma. Choncho, ndi bwino kubwereka nyumba osati mumzinda wokha, koma m'matawuni omwe ali m'dera la Feodosia, lomwe ndi Beregovoe, Koktebel ndi Primorsky.

Ngati muli wamng'ono mokwanira, ndipo sizingakuvutitseni kuyenda makilomita angapo kupita kunyanja, ndi bwino kusankha misewu ya Feodosia ndi midzi ya chigawo yomwe ili kutali ndi gombe la lendi. Mwanjira imeneyi mudzapha mbalame zingapo ndi mwala umodzi. Choyamba, kutali ndi nyanja kuti mupeze nyumba yosavuta kusiyana ndi m'misewu ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo kachiwiri, mitengo ya chakudya ndi yochepa, ndipo chachitatu, tsiku ndi tsiku, kuyambira panyumba kupita ku nyanja zimakhudza thanzi labwino komanso thanzi labwino.

Zomwe zimachitikira Feodosia

Feodosia ndi umodzi mwa mizinda yakale kwambiri osati ku Crimea kapena ku Russia, komanso ku Europe lonse. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, mzindawu unapindula kwambiri ndipo unagwa: unali umodzi mwa malo akuluakulu a zamalonda ndi zogula, momwe chiwerengero chake chinachepetsedwa kufika pamudzi. Matenda oterewa ndi Feodosia anakumanapo angapo panthawi yomwe analipo.

Tsopano Feodosia ndi imodzi mwa mizinda yotchuka kwambiri ku Crimea. Koma kuwonjezera pa malo okopa alendo, malonda amtunda ali bwino kwambiri pano. Chipiko cha Feodosia ndi chimodzi mwa zazikulu kwambiri m'chigawo cha Crimea.

Ngati mwasankha kuti mukhale ndi tchuthi ku Crimea, ndiye kuti njira yabwino kwambiri ndikutseka kusankha kwanu mu Feodosia. Pano mitengoyi ndi yocheperapo kusiyana ndi malo okwerera ku Nyanja ya Kummwera kwa Crimea, mwachitsanzo ku Yalta, koma mautumiki osiyanasiyana ndi msinkhu wodzisangalatsa mumakhala mofanana.

Pambuyo analanda dziko la Crimea kuti Chitaganya cha Russia ndi boma Russian akulonjeza kuti comprehensively kulimbikitsa wamakono wa zomangamanga a m'dera apatsidwa, komanso kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha malonda alendo. Theodosius, monga gawo mwachindunji Crimea, akhoza ndithu tizidalira jekeseni ndalama pamodzi ndi midzi ina achisangalalo ku Caucasus. Choncho tiyeni ndikuyembekeza kuti malo amenewa ati amene adzakhale wokongola kwambiri ndi wokongola kwambiri alendo.