Chiwerengero cha kukula kwa matebulo centile. Amafuna deta anthropometric kuti aziona kukula

Mwana aliyense ali osiyana - si chinsinsi. Komabe, zikuoneka kuti ana ena magulu zaka zogwirizana ndi mfundo pafupifupi. magawo zimenezi dokotala mupeze vuto mungathe chitukuko lathupi ndi maganizo, komanso kuganiza pamaso pa matenda aliwonse.

Lowunikira ya kukula kwa mwana - mphindi zofunika kwambiri kwa madokotala onse ndi kumene, makolo. Oimira mamba onsewa, kuwunika ndi matebulo mu moyo wa mwanayo ndi kumene achokera?

atabadwa

Pamene mwana wabadwa yekha, nthawi yomweyo afika anapeza poyamba. Malinga Apgar mphambu mu miniti loyamba ndi la chisanu za moyo mwana neonatologist umachititsa kuchuluka kwa mfundo. Kuyambira Chiwerengerochi awiri zikudalira adzakhalabe ndi amayi ake, kapena amafunika chisamaliro kwambiri zachipatala, funso ya katemera choyamba.

Mwana chaka

Pambuyo mwana mwezi umodzi, mayi anga kunyamula mwana dokotala njira chizolowezi. Izi zimachitika malinga ndi dongosolo pamene ana tingawadziŵile:

• mwezi umodzi;
• miyezi itatu;
• miyezi isanu ndi umodzi;
• miyezi isanu ndi inayi;
• Miyezi khumi ndi iwiri.

Mu njira imeneyi kwenikweni ndi zochita za kukula matebulo centile. Komanso kulemba m'badwo, pamene mwanayo adayamba kusekerera, nthawi yoyamba pansi, kuima, atayamba kuyenda, anati mawu oyamba monga teething zotheka. kuyeza:

• Kulemera.
• kutalika kwa thupi.
• Buku / mutu circumference.
• pachifuwa kukula.
• Kutentha thupi.
• fontanelle kukula.

Pamaziko a deta awa ndi madandaulo ndi kuthekera mayi, mwana akhoza anatumiza mayesero zina kapena katswiri phwando. Nthawi zina, kalasi thupi chitukuko cha matebulo centile. Normal chitukuko cha matebulo deta ndi ankaona kuti kugunda mu misewu pakati, amene ali osiyanasiyana peresenti 25-75. Koma mwanayo Komanso ndithu bwinobwino, ngati deta zizindikiro zonse mu osiyanasiyana chomwecho, pamwamba kapena Aperewera (Pankhaniyi tilankhula za mbali thupi).

matebulo Centile anyamata mpaka chaka

Kuyeza kukula mwana mpaka chaka kuchipatala pa bolodi wapadera ndi malire. Mmodzi wa iwo unkagunda mutu wa mwanayo ndi mzake - miyendo.

Centile matebulo anyamata ndi atsikana komanso zatsatanetsatane za mutu kukula mwanayo. mfundo mismatch wa chizindikiro ichi ndi nthawi kutumiza mwanayo kuti katswiriyu ndi.

Zinthu zokhudza chitukuko thupi

The thanzi la mwanayo - ndi chizindikiro chachikulu cha boma thanzi lake. Izo zimatengera zinthu zingapo:

• nyengo;
• chibadwa;
• mphamvu;
• mlingo wa chuma umoyo wa banja langa;
• kumamatira kwa tsiku;
• makolo mwanayo;
• maganizo m'mlengalenga m'banja.

Amafuna deta anthropometric chifukwa akuona msinkhu wa ana pakupita caka

Chiwerengero cha thupi chitukuko cha ana pakupita caka chifukwa zinthu zotsatirazi:

1. zizindikiro Somatic (kulemera mu makilogalamu, msinkhu cm, chifuwa circumference mu cm).
2. Somatoscopic zizindikiro (mkhalidwe wa khungu integument, zikopa mucous, chitukuko cha subcutaneous mafuta, kupanga dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa, mlingo wa chitukuko cha kugonana).
3. zizindikiro Fiziometricheskie (minofu mphamvu, mphamvu m'mapapo, kuthamanga kwa magazi, umagunda mofulumira).
4. General thanzi (matenda anasamutsidwa, pamaso pa matenda aakulu).

Njira poona kukula ndi mosamalitsa yovomerezeka chifukwa yekha potenga miyezo m'mikhalidwe chimodzimodzi ndi zipangizo yomweyo, ife tikhoza kulankhula za comparability komanso lodalirika zotsatira kafukufuku.

zizindikiro somatic

Chiwerengero cha kukula kwa mwana nthawi zambiri kumachitika motere: zizindikiro somatic mwana makamaka poyerekeza ndi matebulo centile mogwirizana ndi msinkhu ndi kugonana. Kodi matebulo amenewa awoneka anyamata, mukhoza kuona pansipa.

Atsikana kukula mitengo ndi yosiyaniranapo. Mpaka zaka ziwiri, iwo amakhala pang'ono poyerekeza ndi anyamata, koma pambuyo afotokozerane ndi ngakhale patsogolo kukula.

Investigation somatoscopic zizindikiro

Njira imene ingatithandize kuzindikira kukula monga angapo zizindikiro zazikulu kayesedwe. Iwo akhoza kuphunzira mu tebulo zotsatirazi.

zizindikiro Fiziometricheskie

Lowunikira ya kukula kwa ana zikuchitika, kuphatikizapo ndi kuyeza magawo zinchito za thupi:

1. Vital mphamvu (buku) a m'mapapo - muyeso wa minofu mphamvu kupuma ndi mphamvu ya m'mapapo. Muyeso imagwiridwa ntchito spirometer mpweya kapena madzi. zizindikiro obwera ndi ukalamba ana a zaka zosiyana ndi kugonana kukhala osiyana.

2. Mphamvu ya minofu dzanja - mlingo wa chitukuko cha minofu. kayesedwe wapangidwa chipangizo wotchedwa dzanja dynamometer.
3. Stanovoi mphamvu - mphamvu ya minofu extensor wa thupi mafupa m'chiuno.
4. CHCHS - kugunda kwa mtima.

5. magazi kuyamba kuyeza patapita zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. Mwachibadwa, m'badwo uwu ndi systolic (kumtunda) ayenera kukhala mkati 100-120 mamilimita Hg. Art ndi diastolic (m'munsi) -. 60-80 mmHg. Art.

Chiwerengero cha kukula zizindikiro izi zachitika amayerekezera ntchito payekha ndi mfundo pafupifupi lililonse kwa magulu zaka ndi jenda ana.

njira zina potaya chitukuko

Amafuna deta anthropometric kwa kufufuza kukula ndi ntchito njira zina:

1. Njira anthropometric mfundo / sigmalnyh zolakwika. Pamene ntchito njira imeneyi, kuwerengera chitukuko njila. Njira sikawirikawiri ntchito lero, chifukwa susonyeza chithunzi chonse chitukuko ndi kufufuza zinthu popanda.
2. Scale mgwirizano. Matebulo kuwunika mwa njira zimenezi kutenga nkhani ya malumikizanidwe, umene uli mwayi wa njira. Koma sangathe ntchito ana ndi chitukuko akanagwiritsa makhalidwe payekha.
3. Ooneka enieni lonse Matveevoy N. A. Njira imeneyi ntchito pamene adalowa kalasi yoyamba, pa kusintha kwa 3, 8 ndi 6 Mphindi makalasi. Pamafunika nkhani zizindikiro khumi chitukuko:
   - thupi,
   - kukula;
   - bwalo (buku) a chifuwa;
   - chiwerengero cha molars;
   - mphamvu mapapo;
   - pafupipafupi (chiwerengero cha kumenyedwa pamphindi) zimachitika;
   - kukula kwa mafuta makutu pa m'michombo ya;
   - minofu mphamvu ya dzanja lamanzere;
   - minofu mphamvu ya dzanja lamanja;
   - osachepera ndi kuthamanga pazipita magazi. Njira imeneyi ndi zambiri ndithu, koma ali drawback mofanana njira mfundo anthropometric. Choncho, ziyenera a kukula adzakhala zolondola kwambiri ngati inu ntchito ziwiri ooneka enieni matebulo centile, amene kuganizira kudalira cha kutalika kwa misa thupi.
4. Centile ziwiri ooneka enieni tebulo. Lowunikira zikuchitika pa vosmiballnoy lonse kuti amaganizira chiŵerengero cha kugonana, zaka, kutalika ndi kulemera.
5. Centile tchati pa I. M. Vorontsovu. Limagwiritsa ntchito pamlingo amaganizira atatu zizindikiro kiyi - kutalika kwa thupi, kulemera ndi kukula kwa pachifuwa mwanayo. Mayesero (screenings) mwa njira imeneyi ntchito pa chiphasochi chizolowezi kuti asankhe gulu la ana ndi aakulu kuvutika kakulidwe.
6. Zovuta njira.

Mabuku kuwunika njira ya kukula

njira zimene takambirana pamwambapa kuganizira yekha deta morphological ya kuwerengera, koma kwa anthu likukula zachilengedwe komanso zofunikira ku mlandu wa chitukuko kwachilengedwenso. Zovuta njira zikuphatikizapo:

• Kafukufuku zaka kwachilengedwenso (mlingo umene zaka kusasitsa kachitidwe ndi ziwalo za mwanayo). I: kunenepa ndi kutalika thupi kwa chaka ndi chiwerengero cha mano zaka, kutha msinkhu, zida fupa chitukuko.
• Lembani Malamulo kukula kwa thupi chiŵerengero zooneka miyendo, pamimba, chifuwa, kumbuyo, chitukuko minofu, mafupa, adipose minofu.
• Amanena bwino makhalidwe a chiŵerengero cha kutalika ndi kulemera kwa thupi.

Mabuku ziyenera a kukula, yomwe ikuchitika mabungwe lathu mankhwala ndi njira, komanso pa mayeso kufalitsidwa zachipatala amalola, malingana deta anapereka kugawanitsa ana m'magulu asanu osiyana thanzi:

• Ine gulu. Pamafunikanso ana popanda matenda aakulu, osati anakhudzidwa ndi kawirikawiri kudwala, kukhala dongosolo thupi ndi maganizo popanda kupatuka.
• Gulu II. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo m'gulu la ana popanda matenda aakulu, ndi kuzunzika nthawi zosaposa anayi chaka, ndi chiopsezo cha matenda aakulu, pangakhale zonyozeka zolakwika mu mlingo wa ntchito kwa machitidwe ndi ziwalo.
• Gulu III imalongosola ana ndi matenda aakulu pathologies (kobadwa nako, osati kulepheretsa thupi liziyenda bwinobwino), amadwala (maulendo anayi pa chaka).
• Gulu IV. Ana olumala kakulidwe (kobadwa nako), matenda aakulu, amasokoneza thanzi zabwinobwino komanso thanzi akukhudzidwira.
• V gulu. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo ana amene ankadwala matenda aakulu amene amayambitsa matenda zoonekeratu ndi kugwira ntchito m'thupi.

achinyamata

Chiwerengero cha kukula kwa achinyamata sasiyana ku njira kuwerengera ntchito kwa ana onse. Mu onse a matebulo ndi sikelo zikuphatikizapo deta ana kwa zaka 17.

Ngakhale Inde, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti chitukuko cha atsikana patapita zaka zisanu ndi zinayi ndi anyamata pambuyo khumi adzakhala osiyana kwambiri pa chitukuko cha mwana.

Mu unyamata, pali kusintha kwakukulu mu anapangira thupi ndi ziwalo ndi machitidwe chitukuko:

• Atsikana pansi zaka 14 ali kwambiri patsogolo pa anzawo mawu a magawo kulemera, kutalika, chifuwa kukula.
• Nthawi imeneyi pali amphamvu N'chimodzimodzinso (atsikana ndi nthawi kukula kwa pafupifupi 25 masentimita, ndipo kuwonjezera makilogalamu 25; anyamata - masentimita 35 ndi 35 kg).
• Ndi zaka 13-15 mofikapo mapangidwe makhalidwe sekondale kugonana.
• Akupitiriza yogwira chitukuko cha mantha, maganizo, mtima, kachitidwe endocrine.
• Kugunda ndi magazi pang'onopang'ono kufika pa ntchito ya munthu wamkulu ndi 18 wambaima manambala 120 mpaka 65 115 atsikana 60 mwa anyamata.

Tikumbukenso kuti mofulumira mayendedwe ya kukula (mathamangitsidwe) ali kwambiri anasintha zisakuyenda mfundo somatic akalozera.