Chizindikiro machitidwe: zitsanzo, mitundu ndi mitundu

kachitidwe chizindikiro inakhazikitsidwa m'mbiri yonse ya anthu. Izi zinali zofunikira osati kuonetsetsa kuti nyumba anasonkhanitsa akhoza anachoka ku mibadwomibadwo - malinga Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe ambiri, asayansi zizindikiro unali pakati monga njira kulankhulana pakati pa anthu.

semiotics ndi chiyani?

Semiotics ndi nthambi ya kudziwa kuti amaphunzira zizindikiro ndi chizindikiro kachitidwe. Iwo anatuluka pa mphambano ya amalanga angapo - maganizo, zamoyo, cybernetics, mabuku ndi Chaanthu. Monga mbali ya semiotics zachinyengo zinthu zitatu zikuluzikulu chidziwitso. Iwo syntactics, manenedwe, pragmatics. Syntactics amafufuza malamulo amene anakonza zosiyanasiyana machitidwe chizindikiro, njira, zipangizo, imene ubale mbali zosiyanasiyana za chinenero. Chinthu kuphunzira ndi zamalankhulidwe tanthauzo - ubale pakati pa chizindikiro yokha ndi tanthauzo lake. Pragmatics amaphunzira ubale anthu amene amagwiritsa ntchito chinenero ndi ambiri a dongosolo chizindikiro. Lowani - wina zakuthupi chinthu (komanso mwambo kapena chodabwitsa), zomwe mwachikulu ntchito m'malo chinthu china, katundu kapena ubale pakati pa zinthu.

kachitidwe Secondary mawerengeredwe

Kuwonjezera makalasi zikuluzikulu za machitidwe chizindikiro, palinso sekondale mawerengeredwe dongosolo. "Zizindikiro Cultural" Ngati iwo amatchedwa. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo mitundu yonse ya malemba chikhalidwe (kupatulapo chinenero zachilengedwe), ngathi anthu, maphunzilo zosiyanasiyana makhalidwe, miyambo, nkhambakamwa ndi zikhulupiriro za chipembedzo. zizindikiro Cultural anapanga chimodzimodzi monga chinenero achilengedwe. Iwo ntchito pa maziko a mgwirizano pakati pa anthu a m'gulu. Mapangano kapena zizindikiro, amadziwika kuti membala aliyense wa gulu.

Kukula kwa malingaliro ndi katswiri pa dongosolo chizindikiro

Lophunzira osiyanasiyana machitidwe chizindikiro - ichi ndi chinthu chinanso yovuta kwa kukula kwa ntchito apamwamba maganizo. kachitidwe Semiotic kulola munthu amaphunzira chikhalidwe anthu, mbiri analandira modes khalidwe zinachitikira chikhalidwe. Zikatero ndi chitukuko cha chikumbumtima. Kuyambira ndi zomverera pulayimale, pa nthawi aumbike mu mndandanda wa luso kudziletsa maganizo a kukafola maganizo enieni za iwo okha, logic munthu.

Kabisidwe ndi decoding deta

Mu maganizo, zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana za machitidwe chizindikiro zambiri ndinaphunzira pa nkhani ya malumikizanidwe awo ndi ndondomeko chidziwitso. chidwi linaperekedwa kwa zinthu neurophysiological. Koma nthawi zambiri monga njira popereka mauthenga, kugawana nzeru asayansi anachoka pa akungoonerera. Mpaka tsopano ofufuza ndi mwambiwo kwa ndondomekoyi kabisidwe ntchito machitidwe chizindikiro cha zithunzi zithunzi. chithunzi m'maganizo ndi ndiyotengera mu ubongo mawu papulatifomu. Mu ubongo, izo decoded ndi kumvetsera kwa. The masinthidwe kuti zikuchitika pa nthawi yomweyo, kukhala unexplored.

kachitidwe chinenero chamanja kuti: Zitsanzo

Masiku ano zilankhulo ndi munda zazikulu chidziwitso. Zinenero njira ntchito mu sayansi ambiri - mwachitsanzo, mu ethnography ndi psychoanalysis. Okwana pali mitundu isanu kachitidwe chizindikiro. Ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, wodziwika bwino, ochiritsira, dongosolo kujambula, dongosolo mawu. akukhala pa mtundu uliwonse mwatsatanetsatane.

dongosolo wodziwika

Chitsanzo cha machitidwe wodziwika bwino chizindikiro ndi zomangamanga, kuvina, nyimbo, si wapakamwa mawonekedwe kulankhulana. Kawirikawiri ndi mokwanira amphamvu maganizo machulukitsidwe wodzazidwa mphako zigawo zikuluzikulu zomwe zili mbali ya chizindikiro. Kuphunzira zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana za machitidwe chizindikiro limasonyeza kuti wasayansi amayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira cholinga, komanso paokha kuti yesezera zosiyanasiyana zitsanzo za maganizo, zinthu kulankhula.

zizindikiro zachirengedwe

Zizindikiro izi zimapezeka mu chikhalidwe ndi mu moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kawirikawiri ndi zinthu zina kapena zochitika zachilengedwe onena nkhani zina. Kupanda kutero, amatchedwa chizindikiro, chizindikiro. Chitsanzo cha machitidwe ophiphiritsa zokhudza zachilengedwe, zizindikiro za nyengo, kuda nyama. Classic fanizo la dongosolo semiotic ndi chizindikiro cha utsi zimene zikusonyeza moto.

zizindikiro zinchito

mtundu wa chizindikiro imakhudzanso chizindikiro, chizindikiro. Komabe, mosiyana ndi masoka ubwenzi zinchito ndi chizindikiro cha chinthu umene umaimira, chifukwa kugwira ntchito yeniyeni, ntchito za anthu. Mwachitsanzo, panyumba mu chimango cha semiotics ndi malemba limasonyeza mlingo wa umoyo wa makamu. Sankhani mabuku pa bookshelf ndi amapereka malangizo wowerenga za zokonda za mwini laibulale, mlingo wa chitukuko maganizo ndi makhalidwe abwino. Komanso zizindikiro zinchito zambiri kuchita kanthu. Mwachitsanzo, mphunzitsi amatsogolera kalasi ndi chala chanu pa mndandanda wa ophunzira mu magazini. Zimenezi ndi chizindikiro zinchito - zikutanthauza kuti munthu wina adzatchedwa kuti bolodi lakuda.

Koventsionalnye zizindikiro

Mwachitsanzo izi ndi dongosolo chizindikiro mwinamwake kudziwika monga makonzedwe. Dzina "ochiritsira" amachokera ku Latin conventio - "pangano". Zizindikiro ntchito potanthauza zinthu ndi zochitika za dziko "ndi chikhalidwe." Iwo okha, amakonda ndi pang'ono kwambiri kuchita ndi chakuti tisonyezeni. Zitsanzo za kachitidwe chizindikiro, zokhudza ochiritsira: magalimoto chizindikiro zolozera, zizindikiro cartographic, zizindikiro (zizindikiro mabaji).

(Mau mawu) machitidwe chizindikiro

gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo zinenero anthu onse. Aliyense chinenero mbiri Anakhalanso maziko (otchedwa "semiotic maziko"). Mbali yaikulu ya chinenero anthu ndi aliyense wa iwo ali Polystructural ndi mlingo dongosolo. dongosolo amatha chitukuko pafupifupi zopanda malire. Ophiphiritsa dongosolo kulankhula ndi njira ochuluka kasungidwe, processing ndi kupatsira mumve zambiri.

kachitidwe chizindikiro

Izi gulu semiotic zikuphatikizapo machitidwe chizindikiro, amene uka pamaziko a magulu m'mbuyomo - wapakamwa, kuvina nyimbo. Odziwika machitidwe kujambula ndi sekondale ku magulu awa. Iwo anatuluka mkubwela kwa kulemba. Popanda machitidwe kujambula chidziwitso kusanduka munthu sizingatheke.

Zimene Semiotic mu mbiri

Katswiri Greek Plato nawo phokoso onse mu gulu la mofulumira, kwambiri, woonda ndi lozungulira. M. V. Lomonosov ankaona kuti kubwerezabwereza kaŵirikaŵiri olembedwa kapena chinenero cha chilembo "A" kumathandiza kuti fano ukulu, kuya ndi kutalika. Makalata "E" ndi "U" amathandiza amasonyeza kukoma mtima, zinthu zazing'ono, mwachikondi. maganizo amenewa ankaikidwa mu ntchito yake "A Guide Mwachidule kwa momveka bwino."

Kafukufuku I. N. Gorelovym unachitikira chokuchitikirani chidwi. Nzika anafunsidwa kulongosola nyama wosangalatsa, amatchedwa "mamlyna" ndi "zhavaruga". Onse ophunzira mu zimenezo kuti "mamlynu" wokoma mtima, wodekha ndi yochititsa mitundu alipo. "Zhavaruga" wakhala wachinsinsi monga zakutchire zaminga ndi zoipa.

chilankhulo Volapük

Pa dziko pali zinenero zina zambiri, ndipo zinenero zambiri akufa - amene anatuluka ntchito. Ngakhale izi, koma pali anthu amene nsangala kupeka atsopano. Zitsanzo za kachitidwe yokumba chizindikiro - odziwika bwino Chiesperanto, Volapuk m'mbuyomo, Universalglot, zinenero Catholic Solresol ndi ena ambiri. Mmodzi wa Ithkuil ovuta kwambiri analengedwa pa maziko a zizindikiro wakale. zinenero yokumba analenga umunthu, chinkhoswe muzochitika zosiyana. Si nthawi zonse panali anthu amene ankapanga pantchito lowani dongosolo.

Chimodzi mwa zilankhulo kwambiri chodabwitsa yokumba - Volapük izi. Ganizo anatulukira wake zinachitika koyamba kwa wansembe German wotchedwa Martin Schleyer. Bogosluzhitel amanena kuti lingaliro la kukonza chinenero yokumba anali akufuna kuti ndi Ambuye mu loto. Cholinga cha kuyankhulana anali wosalira Volapük - Schleyer anali kuyesera kulenga yosavuta ndi chilengedwe. Monga maziko anatenga zinenero European - Latin, English ndi German. ansembe anayesetsa kulenga mau a syllable chimodzi chokha.

Poyamba, anthu ali chidwi m'zinenero yokumba. Koma posakhalitsa zinali kulenga mudzi, umene unayamba popereka mauthenga za chinenero. Chifukwa, pa nsonga ya kutchuka kwake, iye anali magalimoto oposa zikwi zana.

Language Volapük azungu ambiri amaoneka m'malo zachilendo. Lili mizu ya mawu m'zilembo osiyana European anamveketsa kuzindikira koma oseketsa kwambiri. Mpaka tsopano mawu "Volapuk" amatanthauza zamkhutu, gibberish. Ngakhale izi, Volapük anali wotchuka mpaka nthawi imene Nazi ku Germany anayamba kulamulira.

Chiesperanto ndi zinenero zina

Komabe, pamene akulankhula za zinenero yokumba, mu malo oyamba ndikuganiza a chinenero chotchedwa Chiesperanto. Izo analengedwa mu mochedwa XIX m'ma ndipo unafalikira mpaka nthawi ino - izo amathandiza ndi masauzande ambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

Chiesperanto si mwangozi anakhala otchuka - ndi osavuta kwambiri, imene ili 16 malamulo galamala. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti nazonso. mawu Chiesperanto muli mizu ya zinenero zosiyana European ndi Asilavo. Makamaka n'zomveka America.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, kuti mawu akuti "zilankhulo yokumba" anali sanavale apamtima zoipa, iwo anali kutchedwa "chizolowezi". Mwachindunji udindo chinenero ndi okhawo amene ali okwanira zonyamulira. Ngati chinenero yokumba analankhula yekha ndi Mlengi wake ndi angapo mabwanawe, umatchedwa "lingvoproektom".

Mwa njira, Chiesperanto, ngakhale ambiri, sanali woyamba wa zilankhulo anakonza. The abbess woyamba unakhazikitsidwa ndi dzina la Hildegard wa Bingen. Iye ankatchedwa zinenero Ignota ( «osadziwika kulankhula"). Abbess nadzinenera kuti iye anatumizidwa kwa iye kuchokera kumwamba. chilankhulo ali olembedwa yake chinenero ndi dikishonale amene akufotokoza mfundo za zikwi. zinenero yokumba zinalengedwa ndi East. Mwachitsanzo, "mpira ibalan". Iwo kupangidwa ndi Sheikh Muhieddin, ntchito monga maziko ku Perisiya, Arabic ndi Turkey.

bayinare

zinenero zambiri yokumba zinalengedwa pamaziko a wogwila, kotero bayinare dongosolo chizindikiro pogwiritsa ntchito manambala, si njira zolankhulirana. Imathamanga, nkhani zalembedwera mwa manambala awiri - 0 ndipo 1. Pamene panali makompyuta ndi dongosolo zovuta zambiri - patatu. Koma bayinare - ndi yabwino kwambiri kuti luso yadigito. chizindikiro bayinare dongosolo 1 ndi 0 amaimira kupezeka kapena kusapezeka kwa mbendera.

Solresol: zachilendo lingaliro woimba

Kumayambiriro chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi atumwi woimba Fransua Syudr ku France nawo ndi anthu lingaliro zachilendo: iye anatulukira chinenero yokumba otchedwa Solresol. mawu ake, omwe anali oposa awiri ndi theka zikwi, lolembedwa ndi thandizo la nyimbo. Ndi kovuta kukhulupirira, koma lingaliro, amene poyamba anali chabe nyimbo aluntha masewera unakhala wotchuka. chilankhulo Solresol ali atatchuka m'mibadwo yake, chifukwa zolemba ndi zizindikiro padziko lonse.