Zinthu Chemical dzina la asayansi. Magwero a maina a zinthu mankhwala a

Umagwirira - sayansi ndi mbiri yaitali. Mu chitukuko achititsa asayansi ambiri otchuka. Onani chinyezimiro cha zipambano zawo ali mu tebulo la zinthu mankhwala, kumene pamaso pa chinthu dzina lake polemekeza awo. Kodi ndi chiyani mbiri ya maonekedwe awo? Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane.

einsteinium

Yambani lembani zinthu mankhwala dzina la asayansi amene aima ndi mmodzi wa anthu otchuka kwambiri. Einstein anali chongopeka opangidwa ndi dzina lake polemekeza sayansi wamkulu zaka mazana makumi awiri. Mchitidwe nambala atomiki wa 99, alibe isotopes khola ndi transuranic amatanthauza, amene anatsegula chiwiri. gulu lake asayansi kupeza Ghiorso mu December 1952. Pezani einsteinium zotheka mu fumbi, zimene zatsalira chifukwa cha kuphulika nyukiliya. Kwa nthawi yoyamba kugwira ntchito ndi izo kunachitika mu cheza Laboratory, University of California, ndiyeno Argonne ndi Los Alamos. Hafu ya moyo isotopes masiku makumi awiri, kupanga Einstein zoopsa kwambiri nyukiliya zinthu. Kuphunzira ndi kovuta chifukwa cha vuto yodalirika mu m'galasi. Mu chitsulo ndi osakhalitsa mkulu akhoza akamagwira mankhwala anachita ndi lifiyamu, ndi timibulu analandira adzakhala osiyana nkhope zokha dongosolo kiyubiki. Mu amadzimadzi njira, amafotokozera amapereka mtundu wobiriwira.

curium

Mbiri ya Kupezeka kwa zinthu mankhwala ndi njira zawo okhudzidwa ndi zosatheka popanda kutchulanso ntchito m'banja. Mariya Sklodovskaya ndi Per Kyuri anapanga zopereka yaikulu chitukuko cha sayansi dziko. ntchito yawo anayambitsa sayansi cha mpweya wa poizoni amasonyeza mchitidwe dzina lake motero. Curium wa banja la actinides ndipo ali nambala atomiki 96. isotopes palibe khola ndi izo. Kwa nthawi yoyamba iye anafika mu 1944 Achimereka Seaborg, Yakobo ndi Ghiorso. Ena isotopes wa curium amasiyana amazipanga yaitali theka moyo. Mu riyakitala nyukiliya kulengedwa zedi kilogalamu pamene irradiated ndi neutrons ureniamu kapena nyukiliyazo basi. curium amafotokozera ndi zitsulo siliva ndi mfundo kusungunuka mu zikwi mazana atatu makumi madigiri Celsius. Kuchokera actinides zina, iwo ankasiyana njira ion kuwombola. A exotherm mantha pa kuvunda nyukiliya amalola ntchito kupanga yaying'ono kakulidwe magwero panopa. mankhwala zinthu zina dzina la sayansi amene kawirikawiri zokwanira leni Mavalidwewa, curium mungatengere kulenga jenereta, angathe kugwira ntchito kwa miyezi ingapo.

mendelevium

N'zosatheka kuyiwala za Mlengi wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri mbiri ya zasayansi dongosolo gulu. Mendeleev anali mmodzi wa asayansi aakulu a m'mbuyomu. Choncho, mbiri ya atulukira zinthu mankhwala zimaonekera osati patebulo pake, komanso mayina ulemu wake. mankhwala chinapezeka mu 1955 asayansi American Harvey, Ghiorso, Choppinom, Thompson ndi Seaborg. Mendelevium mchitidwe wa banja la actinides ndipo ali ndi atomiki nambala 101. Ndi nyukiliya ndiponso zidzachitika anachita nyukiliya yokhudza Einstein. Chifukwa, ndi zatsopano woyamba asayansi American anakwanitsa kupeza mendelevium seventini maatomu, koma ngakhale ndalamazo zokwanira kudziwa katundu ndi mayikidwe a tebulo nthawi.

nobelium

Kutsegula zinthu zimachitikira nthawi zambiri amapezeka chifukwa cha njira yokumba zasayansi. Izi zikugwirizana ndi Nobel, adayamba kutulutsa mu 1957 ndi gulu la asayansi ku Stockholm, amene akufuna kuti dzina mu ulemu wa anayambitsa maziko a mphoto mayiko sayansi. Pa nambala atomiki wa amafotokozera 102, adzaupereka kwa banja la actinides. deta zodalirika isotopes wa nobelium akhala akamagwira ofufuza ku zaka zao za sikisite la Soviet Union, umene unali mutu wa Flerov. Pakuti U phata kaphatikizidwe, Pu ndi Am ayoni anali irradiated ndi O, N, Nehemiya. Chifukwa cha isotopes ndi manambala misa analandira anali ochokera 250 260, ambiri mwa unali wautali yaitali amafotokozera ndi theka moyo mu theka la ora m'litali. Osakhalitsa nobelium mankhwala enaake wofanana ndi wa actinides ena, monga zotsatira zopezera zinthu zatsopano mu Laboratories.

lawrencium

Chemical mchitidwe banja la actinides ndi chiwerengero atomiki 103, monga ena ambiri ofanana, chinapezeka chongopeka. isotopes khola la Lawrence kumeneko. Kwa nthawi yoyamba iye anali wokhoza kuti lithe asayansi American, lotsogoledwa Ghiorso, mu 1961. Zotsatira experimental sizikanakhoza kuchitika, koma chinali pachiyambi dzina la mchitidwe anasankha akanali yemweyo. Information za isotopes ndi kupeza sayansi Soviet pa Institute olowa kwa Research nyukiliya mu Dubna. Iwo ali iwo ndi walitsa wa americium inapita ayoni oxygen. Amadziwika kuti Lawrence phata limatulutsa mpweya wa poizoni ndi theka moyo pafupifupi theka yokha. Mu 1969, asayansi ku Dubna anakwanitsa kufika isotopes zina za mchitidwe wa. Sayansi ku yunivesite ya Berkeley ndachititsa latsopano mu 1971. manambala awo misa ranged kuchokera 257 mpaka 260, ndipo kunapezeka kuti khola kwambiri isotope ndi theka moyo wa maminiti atatu m'litali. Chemical katundu wa lawrencium amafanana a actinides ena lolemera - kuti chakhadzikitsidwa ndi kuyesa angapo sayansi.

Rutherfordium

Lonena zinthu mankhwala dzina la asayansi amene muyenera ndithudi kutchula izi. Rutherfordium ali siriyo nambala 104 ndipo ali mbali ya gulu chachinayi cha dongosolo nthawi. Choyamba transuranic mchitidwe kulenga gulu anakwanitsa asayansi ku Dubna mu 1964. Zimenezi zinachitika mu California mpweya atomu bombardment mtima. Mbali zatsopano chatsimikizidwa kuti dzina la sayansi Rutherford ku New Zealand. Mu chikhalidwe, Rutherford anapeza. The isotope yaitali ankakhala ali ndi theka moyo wa masekondi makumi asanu mphambu zisanu yaitali. Othandiza ntchito mbali iyi ya tebulo nthawi palibe.

Seaborg

Kupezeka kwa zinthu mankhwala wakhala mbali yaikulu ya sayansi ntchito Albert Ghiorso ku United States. Seaborgium iwo analandira mu 1974. Ichi ndi chinthu mankhwala ku gulu ndi chimodzi tebulo zodziwitsa ndi nambala atomiki a 106 ndi kulemera 263. Anapeza chifukwa cha bombardment mpweya maatomu californium mtima. Dongosololi kunapezeka chabe maatomu ochepa, choncho kuphunzira zambiri za katundu wa mchitidwe wa kunali kovuta. Mu chikhalidwe, za nyukiliya zitsulo seaborgium zimachokeradi, kotero si chidwi sayansi.

Boriy

Lonena zinthu mankhwala dzina la sayansi, ndi ponena izi ofunika. Boriy amatanthauza gulu chiwiri kwa nthawi dongosolo la Mendeleev. Ilinso ndi chiwerengero atomiki a 107 ndi kulemera 262. Nthawi yoyamba ilo mu 1981 ku Germany, mu mzinda wa Darmstadt. Asayansi Armbrust ndi Munzenberg anaganiza dzina pakufuna kulemekeza Niels Bohr. Kukonzekera mchitidwe kwachitika chifukwa cha bismuth atomu bombardment chromium mtima. Boriy amatanthauza zitsulo transuranic. ndi maatomu ochepa chinapezeka mu kuyesera, amene singakwane Kuphunzira bwinobwino. Amene ali chosasimbika mu chikhalidwe, Boriy chofunika yekha mu chimango cha chidwi sayansi, chimodzimodzi monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa Rutherford, analenganso chongopeka zasayansi.