CHP: mawu olembedwa. Tikaphatikiza kutentha ndi mphamvu (CHP)

Mwa kundipatsako kwa kutentha ndi magetsi ndi chimodzi mwa ntchito zikuluzikulu za boma. Komanso, popanda mbadwo wa magetsi ndi kosatheka kuyerekezera chitukuko cha opanga ndi processing makampani, popanda zomwe chuma sangaonekerenso mfundo.

Njira imodzi kuthetsa kuchepa mphamvu ndi kumanga matenthedwe magetsi. Decoding akuti ndi losavuta: ndi otchedwa kuphatikiza kutentha ndi mphamvu ndi za mtundu wina ambiri zomera matenthedwe mphamvu. Mu dziko lathu, ali sizachilendo, monga iwo ntchito mafuta okumba pansi (malasha), kumene makhalidwe amalowerera amafuna wodzichepetsa.

Features

Ndicho chimene CHP. Chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti mfundo ndinu kale bwino. Koma zimene zimaonetsa amacitila ndi mphamvu? Ndipotu, si mwangozi pamene iwo anasankha?

chakuti iwo amapanga osati magetsi komanso kutentha zomwe umaperekedwa ogula mu mawonekedwe a madzi otentha ndi nthunzi. Tikumbukenso kuti magetsi ndi byproduct, monga nthunzi zomwe zimalowa dongosolo Kutentha, imazungulira woyamba chopangira mphamvu jenereta. Kuphatikiza makampani awiri (a kukatentha ndi amagetsi) ndi zabwino chifukwa n'zotheka kuchepetsa mafuta.

Komabe, kumabweretsa m'malo zonyozeka "dera yogawa" HPP. Decryption ndi losavuta: chifukwa siteshoni m'mawa osati magetsi, zomwe ndi zomvetsa osachepera akhoza kusamutsidwa pazaka zikwi makilomita, koma mkangano kutentha kutengerapo madzimadzi, sangathe adzaikidwa pa mtunda wautali m'mudzimo. N'zosadabwitsa kuti pafupifupi onse matenthedwe siteshoni mphamvu anamanga pafupi yomweyo ya m'mudzi, omwe anthu mkangano ndi linawala.

tanthauzo zachilengedwe

Chifukwa chakuti pomanga zomera mphamvu n'zotheka kuchotsa ambiri a mzinda wakale wa kukatentha, omwe amagwira nawo ntchito zoipa kwambiri za zachilengedwe za m'dera (a kuchuluka yaikulu utsi), khalidwe mpweya mu mzinda zina n'kotheka kuonjezera dongosolo la udzakwaniritsidwa. Komanso, latsopano zomera CHP kulola kuthetsa milu zinyalala ku mzinda zonyasa.

Atsopano kuyeretsa zida mosavuta kuyeretsa mpweya ndi mphamvu dzuwa la chotero njira zedi mkulu. Choncho, mphamvu kumasulidwa ku kuyaka wa tani mafuta ofanana kwa buku lake, limene linatuluka pa yobwezeretsanso matani awiri pulasitiki. Ndipo "zabwino" zokwanira kwa zaka zambiri kudza!

Nthawi zambiri, pomanga CHP zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta okumba pansi, monga tanena kale pamwambapa. Komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwapa, izo anakonza kulenga nyukiliya zomera mphamvu, umene kuikidwa mu mwakhama kufika m'chigawo cha Far North. Popeza kotunga nkhuni povuta, mphamvu nyukiliya ndi okhawo odalirika nthawi zonse mphamvu gwero.

Kodi n'chiyani?

Pali CHP (zithunzi ndi m'nkhani), mafakitale ndi "nyumba" magetsi. Monga mukhoza ndikuganiza ku dzina, mafakitale magetsi kupereka magetsi ndi kutentha kwa makampani akuluakulu mafakitale.

Nthawi zambiri inamangidwa pa siteji ya pomanga chomera, n'kupanga ndi izo zomangamanga limodzi. Motero, "banja" mitundu mukumangidwa pafupi m'maboma wopusa mumzindawo. Mu zolinga mafakitale kutentha anasamutsidwa mu mawonekedwe a nthunzi otentha (zosaposa 4-5 km) zinachitikira Kutentha - ndi madzi otentha (20-30 km).

Information za malo zipangizo

Zipangizo waukulu amakampani awa mayunitsi chopangira mphamvu, amene atembenuke mphamvu mawotchi mu magetsi ndi boilers ali ndi udindo kwa kupanga nthunzi, amene akutembenukira jenereta flywheels. The zikuchokera ikuphatikizapo chopangira mphamvu wagawo chopangira mphamvu yokha ndi jenereta synchronous. Trubino backpressure 0,7-1,5 MN / m2 kupereka zolinga amene kupereka kutentha mphamvu ndi maofesi mafakitale. Zitsanzo ndi kachulukidwe 0.05-0.25 MN / m2 ntchito ogula zoweta.

mafunso Mwachangu

Mfundo zonse kutentha kwaiye kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndiko basi kuchuluka kwa magetsi amene akupangidwa ndi CHP (mawu olembedwa mawu akuti mukudziwa kale), izo zimatengera katundu matenthedwe. Mwachidule, m'chaka ndi chilimwe, kupanga ake yafupika pafupifupi ziro. Choncho, unsembe backpressure yekha ntchito yobweretsa mphamvu mafakitale, limene mtengo mowa kwambiri kapena zochepa yunifolomu pa nthawi yonse.

Unsembe wa mtundu condensing

Pankhaniyi, kuti akakwaniritse kutentha ogula ntchito otchedwa "kusankha nthunzi", ndi china chirichonse kutentha zambiri chabe anataya, anamwazikana mu chilengedwe. Kuchepetsa kutaika kwa mphamvu, zolinga zimenezi ayenera ntchito ndi osachepera amasulidwe kutentha mu unit condensing.

Komabe, kuyambira m'masiku a Soviet Union anamanga okwerera awa, malinga mode amapanga hybrid: iwo ungatithandizire monga ochiritsira condensing CHP, koma chopangira mphamvu jenereta ndithu angathe kugwira ntchito mu mode kauntala.

mitundu Universal

Nzosadabwitsa kuti amalima ndi condensation nthunzi analandira kufala pazipita chifukwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira zosiyanasiyana. Choncho, kamodzi iwo n'zotheka kuti pafupifupi paokha kulamulira katundu magetsi ndi matenthedwe. Ngakhale kufunika kutentha sayenera (mu nkhani ya chilimwe makamaka otentha) anthu adzakhala aziwapatsa magetsi akadali zithunzi (West CHP ku St. Petersburg).

"Kutentha" zosiyanasiyana CHP

Mukhoza kumvetsa, kutentha m'badwo zomera mphamvu ya mtundu uwu ndi kwambiri m'goli chaka chonse. Choncho mozungulira 50% ya madzi otentha kapena nthunzi ntchito magetsi a ogula, ndi zina kutentha chonyamulira ntchito kupangira magetsi. Iwo amagwira ntchito kotero South-West CHP ku St. Petersburg.

Kutentha linanena bungwe nthawi zambiri ikuchitika kudzera ziwembu awiri. Ngati ntchito panja chimake, ndi nthunzi koopsa kwa chopangira mphamvu amapita mwachindunji ogula. Ngati opaleshoni asankhidwa kale chatsekedwa dera coolant ndi umaperekedwa pambuyo kudutsa ndi kuzizira kutentha. Kusankha chiwembu anatsimikiza zochokera zifukwa zambiri. Woyamba amaganizira mtunda kuchokera chinthu imapereka ofunda ndi magetsi, chiwerengero cha anthu ndi nyengo. Choncho, South-West CHP ku St. Petersburg, ntchito mu dera chatsekedwa, monga lili dzuwa kwambiri.

Zochita za mafuta ntchito

Thiabendazole angagwiritsidwe ntchito olimba, madzi ndi mafuta gaseous. Popeza CHP zambiri anamanga pafupi ndi midzi yaikulu ndi midzi kawirikawiri amakhala ndi ntchito zokwanira mitengo yofunika kwambiri, mpweya ndi mafuta mafuta ake. Kugwiritsa ntchito mofanana mu dziko lathu okha ndithu khala ngati ndi zinyalala, chifukwa si onse okwerera okonzeka ndi kothandiza zipangizo zamakono mpweya kukonza.

Kuti kuyeretsa machitidwe utsi, ntchito misampha wapadera particulate kanthu. Angafalitsire particles olimba mokwanira mkulu mpweya kumanga chubu pa mamita 200-250. Monga ulamuliro, onse ophatikizana kutentha ndi mphamvu (CHP) ali pa mtunda kwambiri ndi madzi (mitsinje ndi madamu). Ndipo chifukwa ntchito machitidwe yokumba, kuphatikizapo mamembala ake nsanja yozizira. Direct-otaya madzi ali osowa kwambiri, zinthu zenizeni kwambiri.

Features cha gasi

Yima kunja mpweya CHP. Kutentha ogula ikuchitika osati ndi mphamvu yomwe kwaiye ndi moto LPG, komanso pamene kutentha kuchira mpweya kuti Motero anapanga. Mwachangu kachitidwe ngati zedi mkulu. Mu zina, CHP angagwiritsidwe ntchito, ndi zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya. Izi makamaka zofala m'mayiko ena Arab.

Pali, maofesi awa maudindo awiri: kupereka ya magetsi ndi anthu ndi madzi mafakitale, monga imodzi kuchita ntchito desalination wa madzi nyanja. Ndipo tsopano yang'anani zolinga zikuluzikulu za dziko lathu ndi maiko oyandikana.

South-West, St. Petersburg

Mu dziko lathu wotchuka kukhala Zapadnaya CHPP, limene lili mu St. Petersburg. Iwo mayina monga JSC "South-West CHPP". Kumangidwa kwa chinthu lamakono anathamangitsa ntchito zingapo:

• Malipilo a kuchepekedwa amphamvu mphamvu ikukhudzana amene chinalepheretsa intensification wa mwambowu nyumba.
• Kusintha kudalirika ndi mphamvu dzuwa la dongosolo m'tawuni wonse, monga mbali iyi ya St. Petersburg anali ndi vuto. CHP adzakhala pang'ono kuthetsa vutoli.

Koma siteshoni amadziwika chakuti oyamba mu Russia anayamba akwaniritsa zofunikira kuyeza kwambiri zachilengedwe. boma mzinda allocated malo mahekitala pa 20 kwa ankapitabe latsopano. chakuti dera kubwerera, otsala a chigawo Kirov inaperekedwa kwa yomanga. Mu malo amenewo anali kusonkhanitsa lakale la phulusa ndi TPP 14, ndipo chifukwa m'dera sanali oyenera nyumba, koma bwino kwambiri ili.

Unayambitsidwa mu mochedwa 2010, ndi mwambo panafika anthu pafupifupi onse a utsogoleri mzindawo. The awiri zatsopano dongosolo basi kuyamba boilers.

Murmansk

Murmansk chikudziwika ngati tsinde la zombo wathu mu nyanja ya Baltic. Komabe, iwo amakhala ndi mavuto nyengo, zomwe akusokoneza zina zofunika pa dongosolo lake mphamvu. N'zosadabwitsa kuti Murmansk TPP kwakukulukulu ndi wapadera kwambiri luso chinthu, ngakhale mu dziko lonse.

Iye anapatsidwa mu 1934, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo akupitiriza nthawi zonse kupereka anthu ndi kutentha ndi magetsi. Komabe, Murmansk HPP anali ochiritsira magetsi mu zaka zisanu. Woyamba mamita 1.150 wa Kutentha ndi anaikidwa yekha mu 1939. Chinthu atapanda wotsika Tulomskaya HPP, umene pafupifupi kwathunthu chimakwirira zosowa za magetsi mzindawo, choncho mpata mwaulere ena kutentha kupanga kwa nyumba Kutentha mzinda.

siteshoni amakhala ndi chakuti chaka chonse ntchito mu mode moyenera, monga kutentha kwake ndi "mphamvu" m'badwo pafupifupi wofanana. Komabe, mu kumalo ozizira usiku TPP mu nthawi zina pachimake wayamba ntchito kwambiri mafuta ndi kupangira magetsi.

Novopolotsk siteshoni, Belarus

Kulengedwa ndi kumanga nyumbayo ili inayamba mu August 1957. Latsopano Novopolotsk CHP anali kuthetsa vutolo si mzinda kutentha, komanso kupereka magetsi ikumangidwa ku dera limodzi la fakitale lapansi. Mu March 1958, ntchito yomanga potsiriza anasaina, wotsimikiziridwa ndi kutengedwa.

Choyamba timaika ntchito mu 1966. The chachiwiri unayambitsidwa mu 1977. Ndiye Novopolotsk CHP kanali koyamba akweza pachimake mphamvu chawonjezeka 505 MW, ndipo kenako anaika gawo lachitatu la zomangamanga ndipo anamaliza mu 1982. Mu 1994, siteshoni wakhala umasamutsidwa ku liquefied gasi.

Pakali pano, ndi wamakono amakampani kale ndalama za 50 miliyoni madola US. Zoterezi infusions ndalama chidwi, kampani osati wakhala anasamutsa kwathunthu kwa mpweya, komanso analandira ndalama yaikulu mtundu zida zatsopano kuti adzalola siteshoni kutumikira kwa zaka zambiri.

anapezazo

Oddly zokwanira, koma lero ndi achikale CHP alidi chonse ndiponso tsogolo okwerera. Kugwiritsa converters zamakono Zosefera, mukhoza kutenthetsa madzi, kuwotchedwa pafupifupi onse zinyalala limene limatulutsa m'deralo. Izi amakwaniritsa ubwino wa patatu:

• Kutsitsa ndi kuchotsa zonyasa.
• City afika magetsi wotchipa.
• Iwo vutoli ndi Kutentha ndi.

Komanso, m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja zikuoneka yomanga siteshoni matenthedwe mphamvu, amene adzakhala imodzi m'madziwo desalination mbewu. Timadzi timeneti ndi abwino kwambiri ulimi wothirira, ng'ombe-kuswana maofesi ndi zomera mafakitale. Mwachidule, uwu sayansi ya m'tsogolo!