Cities a dziko. Megacities

Kukula kwa m'tawuni ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro lofunika kwambiri la m'nthawi yathu. Mizinda lalikulu kwambiri mpaka posachedwapa linaikidwa mwapadera mu dera European ndi chitukuko chakale cha Asia - China, India ndi ku Japan.

mazana awiri a mizinda: 1800-2000

Mpaka m'zaka XVIII, palibe mzinda sizinawakhudze pakhomo la anthu miliyoni, kupatulapo Rome akale: pa chimake cha anthu ake anawerengera anthu 1.3 miliyoni. Mu 1800 panali mzinda umodzi wokha ndi anthu oposa 1 miliyoni - Beijing, ndipo mu 1900, akhala 15. tebulo limatchula khumi mizinda ikuluikulu kwambiri mu dziko mu 1800, 1900 ndi 2000 ndi ziwerengero lolingana anthu.

Mavoti 1800 amasonyeza zaziwerengero wolowezana. Pakati pa khumi ndi mizinda yambiri ikuluikulu, anayi ndi Chinese (Beijing, Canton, Hangzhou ndi Suzhou).

Patapita nthawi chipwirikiti cha ndale pa Mafumu Qing, China wakhala nthawi yaitali mtendere kuwonjezeka zaziwerengero. Mu 1800, Beijing anakhala mzinda woyamba pambuyo Rome (pa nsonga ya Chiroma), amene anthu kuposa anthu 1 miliyoni. Kenako iye nambala wani mu dziko; Constantinople analinso ikuchepa. Ndiye pali London ndi Paris (wachiwiri ndi wachisanu, motero). Koma mu masanjidwe dziko waona m'tawuni Japanese mwambo popeza Edo (Tokyo) akuyamba XIX m'ma anthu pafupifupi hafu miliyoni, pafupi ndi anthu Paris, ndipo Osaka ali pamwamba khumi.

Kudza ndi kugwa kwa Europe

Mu 1900, kukula kwa chitukuko European zimaonekera. The m'mizinda ikuluikulu ya dziko (9 10) a chitukuko Western pa mbali zonse za Atlantic (Europe ndi USA). The anayi waukulu matauni madera ku China (Beijing, Canton, Hangzhou, Suzhou) mbisoweka pa mndandanda, motero kutsimikizira kuchepa kwa ufumu Chinese. Chitsanzo china cha mgwirizano anakhala Constantinople. Tikawonetsetsa mizinda ngati London kapena Paris, unakula mofulumira: pakati pa 1800 ndi 1900 anthu ake chinawonjezeka ndi nthawi 7-8. Greater London inkakhala anthu 6.5 miliyoni, omwe kuposa chiwerengero cha anthu a m'mayiko monga Sweden kapena Netherlands.

Kukula kwa Berlin kapena New York anali chinanso. . Mu 1800, New York, limodzi ndi anthu 63 zikwi alibe likulu kukula, ndi tauni yaing'ono; zaka zana kenako, anthu chake kuposa 4 miliyoni. A m'mizinda 10 mu dziko, yokha Tokyo - anali kulongosola za kuthetsa European.

The vuto zaziwerengero kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XXI

Pakutha zaka mazana makumi awiri mizinda ikuluikulu padziko lonse munali anthu okhala 20 miliyoni. Tokyo akadali kukuza kumlingo kuti mzinda wakhala agglomeration ambiri chachikulu mu dziko, ndi anthu a anthu 5 miliyoni kuposa chiwerengero cha New York. Sam New York, omwe nthawi yaitali pamalo pamwamba, panopa pa chachisanu ndi chiwerengero cha anthu ndi pafupifupi mamiliyoni 24 anthu.

Ngakhale mu 1900 khumi waukulu agglomerations m'tawuni nimodzi cabe anali kunja dera European, momwe zinthu zikusinthira ndi kwathunthu anyamata, popeza palibe khumi megalopolis ambiri sikuli kwa chitukuko European. The khumi mizinda ikuluikulu kwambiri zili Asia (Tokyo, Shanghai, Jakarta, Seoul, Guangzhou, Beijing, Shenzhen ndi New Delhi), Latin America (Mexico) ndipo Africa (Lagos). Mwachitsanzo, mu Buenos Aires, limene mpaka pano pa chiyambi cha XIX atumwi zinali mudzi, anapita 6 TH malo okwana anthu a anthu 11 miliyoni mu 1998.

Kuwonjezereka koŵirikiza m'zimene Seoul, kumene chiwerengero cha anthu pa za m'ma hafu pasiti chawonjezeka ndi nthawi 10. Africa Sub-Saharan ali mwambo m'tauni ndipo kokha pa chiyambi cha ntchito imeneyi, koma pali kale Mipikisano miliyoni mzinda wa Lagos lili ndi anthu a anthu 21 miliyoni.

Biliyoni 2.8 anthu m'matawuni 2000

Mu 1900 10 okha% ya earthlings ankakhala m'mizinda. Mu 1950 iwo anali kale 29%, ndi 2000 - 47%. M'tawuni anthu dziko chawonjezeka kwambiri kuchokera ku 160 miliyoni mu 1900 miliyoni 735 mu 1950 biliyoni 2.8 mu 2000

kukula Urban ndi chodabwitsa konsekonse. Mu Africa, kukula kwa ena midzi kuwirikiza kawiri pa zaka zimenezo zinali zotsatira za kukula zachiwawa chiwerengero cha anthu ndi tima emigration akumidzi. Mu 1950, pafupifupi m'dziko lililonse mu sub-Saharan Africa, chiwerengero cha anthu okhala m'tawuni analipo pansipa 25%. Mu 1985, zinthu izi waliteteza yekha mu magawo atatu a mayiko, ndi m'mayiko 7 chiwerengero cha nzika adalakika.

Town ndi Dziko

Mu Latin America, Komano, mizinda anayamba kalekale. Zinafika pachimake zoyambirira za XX atumwi. The m'tawuni akadali ochepa, ochepa a mayiko osauka a ku Central America ndi ku Caribbean (Guatemala, Honduras, Haiti). M'maiko kuli anthu ambiri kuchuluka kwa m'tawuni limafanana ndi anthu a m'mayiko olemera a Kumadzulo (75%).

Zimene zikuchitika ku Asia ndi ukasintha osiyana. Mu Pakistan, mwachitsanzo, 2/3 ya anthu akukhala m'madera akumidzi; India, China ndi Indonesia - 3/4; mu Bangladesh - kuposa 4/5. M'mudzimo kwakukulukulu chogwidwa. Ambiri, anthu amakhala kumidzi. Ndende ya m'tawuni yochepa m'madera ochepa a ku Middle East ndi zigawo mafakitale Asia East (Japan, Taiwan, Korea). Zikuoneka kuti mkulu kumidzi anthu kachulukidwe zimasokoneza kutchinjiriza ndi potero chindiletsa mizinda kwambiri.

Zikamera wa megacities

anthu Urban M'kupita ndi wambiri mu agglomerations chachikulu. Mu 1900, chiwerengero cha mizinda ndi anthu anthu oposa 1 anali wofanana 17. Pafupifupi onsewo inali mkati chitukuko European - kwambiri ku Ulaya (London, Paris, Berlin), mu Russia (St. Petersburg, Moscow) kapena yake nthambi North America (New NY, Chicago, Philadelphia). The kuchotserapo yekha ndi mizinda ingapo ndi kale malo ndale ndi mafakitale wa dziko ndi mkulu anthu kachulukidwe: Tokyo, Beijing, Calcutta.

Patangopita zaka makumi asanu, mu 1950, malo m'tawuni zasintha kwambiri. Mizinda yayikulu kwambiri ya dziko akadali a dera European, koma Tokyo alamuka 7 malo 4. Ndipo chizindikiro wodziŵa za kuchepa kwa West ndi kugwa kwa Paris ku 3 malo 6 (pakati pa Shanghai ndi Buenos Aires), komanso London ndi malo ake kutsogolera mu 1900 chiwerengero 11 mu 1990.

Mzinda ndi nyumba zauve wa World Chachitatu

Mu Latin America ndipo ngakhale ambiri mu Africa, komwe chisamaliro cha dziko lapansi anayamba mwadzidzidzi, mizinda kwambiri kwambiri mavuto. Luso chitukuko awiri katatu kwanthawi kumbuyo mlingo wa kuchuluka kwa anthu; mizinda liwiro tsopano ndi kukulitsa Chinthu: mathamangitsidwe patsogolo sayansi ndi kudalirana kuchepetsa kungachititsenso ntchito zokwanira watsopano, pamene masukulu ndi mayunivesite iliyonse okwanira chaka pa msika ntchito mamiliyoni omaliza latsopano. Moyo mu mzinda wa mtundu uwu ndi zinadzala ndi zokhumudwitsa kuti kudyetsa zandale.

Pakati pa agglomerations 33 ndi anthu oposa 5 miliyoni mu 1990, 22 anali ochokera m'mayiko osauka. M'mayiko mzinda osauka amakonda kukhala waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse. kukula zimabwezera chisokonezo chotere kumatanthauza mavuto mizinda ngati nyumba zauve maphunziro ndi shanties, zomangamanga zimamuchulukira ndi aggravation mavuto anthu, monga ulova, upandu, osatetezeka, mankhwala ozunguza bongo ndi zina zotero D..

Komanso kufala kwa megacities: Zakale Tsogolo

Imodzi mwa mbali chidwi kwambiri pa chitukuko ndi mapangidwe m'mizinda, makamaka m'mayiko zochepa otukuka. Malinga ndi tanthauzo la UN, ndi midzi ndi anthu osachepera 8 miliyoni. Kukula kwa nyumba zazikulu m'matauni ndi chodabwitsa watsopano komwe kwachitika pa m'ma hafu pasiti. Mu 1950, mizinda iwiri yokha (New York ndi London) anali mu gulu ili. Pofika mu 1990, m'mizinda ya dziko m'gulu midzi 11: 3 inali ku Latin America (Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires ndi Rio de Janeiro), 2 North America (New York ndi Los Angeles), 2 - mu Europe (London ndi Paris), and 4 - mu Asia (Tokyo, Shanghai, Osaka ndi Beijing). Mu 1995, 16 la 22 Mega-mizinda m'mayiko zochepa otukuka (12 Asia, 4 Latin America ndi 2 Africa - Cairo ndi Lagos). Ndi 2015, chiwerengero kuchuluka kwa 42. Pakati pawo, 34 (ie 81%) ndi m'mayiko chimanga chosakhwima ndi 8 yokha - otukuka. Cities a dziko lokhalamo anthu ambiri (27 mwa 42, mlandu omwe anafawo) akupezeka Asia.

Chopanda malire mayiko kutsogolera chiwerengero cha mizinda Anthu ali China (101), India (57) ndi US (44).

Lero, Europe yaikulu mzinda - Moscow, kumene kunachitika 15 ndi anthu 16 miliyoni. Kenako Paris (29 TH malo ndi miliyoni 10.9) ndi London (32th ndi miliyoni 10.2). Tanthawuzo la "mzinda" Moscow anaona kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX, pamene kalembera wa 1897 olembedwa 1 miliyoni anthu a m'tauni.

Ofuna Mega-mizinda

agglomerates ambiri posachedwa anawoloka eyiti miliyoni chotchinga. Pakati pawo -. Hong Kong City, Wuhan, Hangzhou, Chongqing, Taipei-Taoyuan, etc. Mu US, ofuna utsalira mawu alionse. Iwo agglomerates pa Dallas / Fort Worth (6.2 miliyoni), San Francisco / San Jose (5.9 miliyoni), miliyoni 5,8 Houston, mzinda wa Miami, Philadelphia.

Total wosaiwalika wa miliyoni 8 mpaka kugonjetsa 3 yekha American mizinda - New York, Los Angeles ndiponso Chicago. Chiwerengero chachinayi yaikulu kwambiri ku United States ndipo woyamba mu Texas ndi Houston. mzinda ili pa malo 64 mndandanda wa midzi yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse. Chiyembekezo mu United States ndi kukula akadali conurbations ochepa. Zitsanzo za mabungwe oterowo ndi Atlanta, Minneapolis, Seattle, Phoenix ndi Denver.

Chuma ndi umphawi

Tanthauzo la mizinda Hyper zimasiyanasiyana Africa ku Africa ndi ku mayiko ena. Zimasiyana zaziwerengero mbiri, chikhalidwe cha ntchito zachuma, mtundu wa nyumba, khalidwe la zomangamanga, kukula, mbiri ya kuthetsa. Mwachitsanzo, m'mizinda ya Africa, palibe kale, ndipo mwadzidzidzi iwo anamukwiyira anasefukira ndi kuchuluka yaikulu yothandizira anthu m'njira osauka a kumudzi (makamaka alimi), komanso kuti mukulitse chifukwa mkulu zachilengedwe kuwonjezeka. kukula kugunda wawo uli pafupi kawiri pafupifupi dziko.

Mu Asia East, kumene anthu kachulukidwe zedi mkulu, ndi conurbation yaikulu, nthawi zina kuphimba dera lalikulu kwambiri ndi zikuphatikizapo zopezera midzi yoyandikana nayo, zinali chifukwa zinthu zinasintha zachuma.

Pa megacities Indian kudela ngati Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi, Dhaka ndi Karachi, amakonda kukuza likuvutika osauka kumidzi, komanso chonde kwambiri. Mu Latin America, chithunzicho ndi yosiyana: mizinda kwachitika kuno kale kwambiri ndipo mochedwa kuyambira 1980; mbali yofunika zitasintha zikuoneka kuti achita malamulo structural kusintha.