Damasiko zida - ndichiyani? Damasiko zitsulo: makhalidwe. Chinsinsi cha wakale Damasiko zitsulo

Anabadwa wothwanima damask
Yachitsulo zofewa, molimba zitsulo.
Ndipo izo zitakhala zochuluka mphamvu kuposa lupanga,
Ndipo pa tsamba - unatengera mwauzimu.

(Alexander Simonov, "Damasiko lupanga")

Kuwakokera ku nthano

Aliyense akudziwa kuti nthano - si chidwi m'mbiri, umene inu mukhoza kutenga ana, komanso kasupe wa nzeru, mochenjera intertwining chitsanzo ndi zochitika m'mbiri komanso nthano.

The nkhani za ngwazi zamphamvu ndi Ankhondo mfulu zambiri anakumana ndi mawu monga "Damasiko zida." Amphamvu ndi bravest ngwazi anapanga zochuluka zawo ndi manja damask zitsulo. Kodi uwu ndi mtundu wa zitsulo? Zimene bwino? Chifukwa mtengo okwera mtengo kwambiri, ndipo anali ofunika kwambiri? Ambiri, zida Damasiko - ndichiyani? Zida zodzitetezera, zishango, visor? Mwina zitsulo ichi - chitukuko chinsinsi kumizidwa mu blacksmiths anaiwalika, alendo, ndi kuyesera kapena mphatso yochokera kumwamba?

Kodi nthawi yathu ndipo ngati anayamikira, monga Kale, zida Damasiko? Tanthauzo la mawu akuti "damask", chiyambi ndi ntchito zitsulo izi zafotokozedwa m'nkhani ino. Ife adzafotokoza zinsinsi zonse za zitsulo moona lowoneka bwino, chimene chiri mochitika ndithu weniweni.

Zida za ngwazi yotchuka

Damasiko zida - ndi dzina lakale la zida bladed. Ndipo si zida, monga Zingaoneke koyamba. Yerekezerani ndi analogues wa mawu "zida" m'zinenero amapasa Polish (bron) ndi Czech (zbrane) zikutanthauza kuti ndi chida cha chitsulo, monga damask lupanga, lupanga, mpeni, Chigawenga kapena lupanga.

Zoterezi odziwika nthano otchulidwa, ngwazi onse Ilya Muromets ndi Dobrynya Nikitich, Korol Artur ndi Svyatogor, anali losagonjetseka chida damask zitsulo, chifukwa amene ankatengedwa ankhondo losagonjetseka. Tanthauzo la mawu akuti "damask" zosavuta - izo anaumitsa zitsulo.

Chinsinsi cha chilengedwe ndi

Chinsinsi cha wakale Damasiko zitsulo lagona kutali kale, ndipo yeniyeni mu 1421, pamene dziko pafupi ndi mzinda Russian wa Yaroslavl anagwa chitsulo kugwa kwa miyala yochokera. A chidutswa yaikulu zitsulo amene wagwa kuchokera kumwamba, ankaona mphatso kwa milungu ndipo ankadya osiyana chida. Access ku zitsulo zakuthambo anali ochepa blacksmiths wotchuka ndi masamba ku mipeni damask zitsulo lao asilikali osankhika.

lodziwika bwino wapadera

Malupanga, ochiritsira linapanga ku chitsulo zidutswa ndi itatha yoyamba unakhota nkhonya 2-3 anatumikira monga damask muyaya. Iwo mosavuta kudula kudzera chishango chitsulo kapena kunyenga mdani zida. Ndi zosadabwitsa kuti, ngakhale mphamvu imathamangira, Damasiko zitsulo masamba anali ndinapirira kwambiri ndipo anawerama pa madigiri 90-120 popanda kutaya kukhulupirika kwake. Choncho, ozizira chida yosavuta mdani mu nkhondo, ngati si tupilos, izo kuduladula powomba ngati galasi wosweka, pamene Damasiko zida anakhalabe liziyenda ndi lakuthwa. Malinga ndi nthano, lupanga la damask anapereka golide mmene kulemedwa tsamba, ndipo kulemedwa kwambiri!

zitsulo lowoneka

Ngakhale kuti kugwa kwa miyala yochokera kunali kwakukulu, ndi amisiri azitsulo ndi mosamala kwambiri, m'matangadza wapadera zitsulo akatha. kenako kusanduka ku Damasiko zida lodziwika bwino chida zakale, chifukwa chimene adagonja zipambano zambiri. Information za chida zozizwitsa anadutsa pakamwa m'kamwa, kuchokera wakale wamng'ono.

Popeza ndiye kuti papita zaka zambiri, koma amunamuna zida Damasiko, mtengo umene pa zaka yekha adzakulitsidwa, sanapereke anthu ena. masamba unatengera linapanga ku zitsulo, anaimba epics, nthano, nthano. Nazi zitsanzo zochepa chabe, monga nthano otchulidwa damask ndi zida zonse za izo:

• m'buku la Vladimir Yofiira Sun ndi chimodzi mwa zida amasewera damask zikuthwanima, kumenyana ndi "mdani chaotayika";
• mu "The nthano za Tsar Saltan" lomwe linalembedwa ndi Pushkin, amalonda, kuwonjezera golide ndi siliva, anabweretsa damask;
• Ivan mwana wamba a Umapeza osadziwika Chudo-Yudo, snesya mutu damask wake lupanga;
• mu nthano za Zopatsa kwa ndalama Kunkapezekanso Aladdin poizoni chiopsyezo apaulendo ndi Bulat;
• m'bale Ivan, ispivshy madzi puddles ndi n'kukhala mwana, Mlongo Alyonushka okuthandizani kuti: "Mipeni akuchitiridwa lakuthwa, iwo akufuna kuti aphe ine ...";
• Finley-mlenje mu nthano za maphwando a godmother anachenjeza kuti akufuna kupha damask lupanga lakuthwa;
• mu buku la "Dona enchanted Forest" Velimir protagonist pofunafuna mfiti zoyipa ku Damasiko zitsulo lupanga kudula kudzera njira mu mitengo;
• Bogatyr Eruslan Lazarevich damask lupanga mabala waukulu ndi wamphamvu pa mutu wa njoka wonyenga.

Kuwonjezera nkhani ya zakale, mawu akuti "Damasiko Zida" nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu ndakatulo ano ndi prose. tanthauzo lake ndi lofunika kwambiri mu mabuku, motero, chifukwa olemba ano damask alipo lero. Ndizo zosiyana, amene zoyesayesa opulumutsidwa chidziwitso cha zida hyperacute:

• Viktor Prischepenko ( "kwambiri ndi mkono").
• Andrew Shabel'nikov ( "Lupanga damask wolimba Teuton").
• SERGEY Semenov ( "kukwera chinjoka").
• Ninel Koshkin ( "Kodi malo anu mthunzi?").
• SERGEY Stepanov ( "ukali wa Normandy").

Chuma cha India

Woyamba chongopeka analenga damask anaphunzira kuchita mu India. Ndipo mkulu wa zitsulo yopanga chinsinsicho zinawukhira kuti Iran ndi ku Central Asia. Komabe, m'madera amene damask zitsulo, makhalidwe amene kuposa zonse zimene timayembekezera, amatchedwa mosiyana. Mu India, iwo unali "VTC" ndipo mu Asia ndi Iran - "Farand", "Taban", "Khorasan".

Persian katswiri ndi lotanthauzira mawu Al-Biruni, amene ankakhala Ages Middle ndipo anali kudziwa pafupifupi m'mbali zonse za kafukufuku pa nthawi, analemba lonena za Bulat. Akanakhalabe yachokera kwa wakale masiku ano. Al-Biruni analemba kuti: "damask zida analandira ndi kusungunuka zinthu ziwiri kuti kusungunula omangidwa ndi kusakanizidwa pamodzi mpaka homogeneity Chifukwa ndi masamba awiri yofiira kuti ndi wofunika lalitali.".

Damasiko zida mosavuta kuzindikira ndi chitsanzo khalidwe wokonzedwa. Iwo akamagwira crystallization ndi original carbons kanali ngati nkhani. Komanso, kuchokera damask masamba zitsulo ndi amazipanga lakuthwa. Mwachitsanzo, iwo mosavuta kuligaŵa kuponyedwa pa nsonga ya apamwamba mpweya mpango minofu.

Luso Damasiko amisiri azitsulo

Ambiri damask zida opangidwa ku Syria, Damasiko. Damasiko zitsulo mipiringidzo wozungulira ku Syria litapita ku India ndi ku Damasiko blacksmiths kale linapanga kwambiri chida wosangalatsa. Daggers, sabers ndi malupanga anali ofunika kwambiri kuposa golide ndi chizindikiro cha chuma ndi chitukuko.

Mtengo wa Indian damask anakula exponentially. Ndi amisiri Siriya kulemba osiyanasiyana zitsulo, ndi angapo kulipira analenga welded Bulat, amene lero amatchedwa Damasiko zitsulo, ndipo kwambiri kwambiri.

Kamodzi Siriya nkhondo mmodzi wa asilikali Khan Togluk - Tamerlane, anadza ku maiko anagonjetsa blacksmiths onse, ndipo anawaika Samarkand. Komabe, mu ukapolo ambuye ntchito zoipa kwambiri. Ndipo pa nthawi blacksmithing lawola. Ana a ojambula zithunzi Siriya unafala m'dziko lonse lapansi, ndi njira yopanga Damasiko zitsulo ndi zida zonse za izo potsiriza adzasiyidwa.

Mapazi a amalonda wakale

Pali umboni kuti zitsulo ndi ofanana kwambiri damask ndi, anapangidwa Japan. Masamba, kunja kwa dziko kuti anali kusinthasintha chomwecho ndi durability, zida m'nkhani akunja.

Pamene kuwonjezera zamalonda zitsulo kum'maŵa ndi malupanga, daggers ndi ku mipeni damask zitsulo anali mu Russia. Magwero mbiri pali zizindikiro zosonyeza kuti amisiri azitsulo Russian anagula chuma kupanga zida zodula kwambiri.

Damasiko zida, mtengo umene unali lalitali m'mayiko amene anatsogolera malonda East, anayamikira kwambiri England. Izi anali umboni ndi malipoti a English Royal Academy anailemba 1795 ndipo anasunga lero. Iwo kufotokoza zochitika kugwirizana ndi kugula bullion bladed zofufuza zitsulo.

Komabe, chinsinsi cha kupanga chozizwitsa zitsulo ankasunga kwambiri kulondera. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa: pambuyo pa zonse, kalelo sinali Laboratories mankhwala ndi kusanthula choncho amapeza chilinganizo wangwiro Damasiko zitsulo kunali kosatheka. Zonse zikuchitika ndi diso, ndi zoyerekeza Molingana ndi zikuchokera anali chinsinsi kwambiri kulondera. Ochepa odalirika komanso amadziwa bwino chopangidwa Damasiko zida. Tanthauzo la mawu akuti "damask" koma kugwirizana ndi zida zabwino khalidwe ndi asilikali zinachititsa mantha.

Kufala kwa achinyengo

Kwa zaka zambiri, ndi amisiri azitsulo a ku Ulaya anayesetsa recreate osachepera Damasiko zitsulo, koma analephera. Iwo sakanachitira mwina koma kuphunzira mmene kupanga zida onyenga zitsulo kwa amene kunja ankawoneka ngati damask, koma makhalidwe ena sanapite poyerekeza aliyense ndi zida woona wa nthano.

Mu 18-19 zaka TH, ulimi wa linapanga Damasiko zitsulo chinafala Italy, Germany, Spain, Bulgaria ndi France. Zida za izo, makamaka German ndipo Spanish, anali mwamphamvu wotchuka chifukwa cha maonekedwe okongola, kuphatikiza galasi mapeto zosiyanasiyana wokongola. Khalidwe la onyenga damask zida kumanzere kwambiri wolakalakika. Chifukwa zida anapangidwa kuchokera wamba mpweya zitsulo wa otsika khalidwe.

Kulengedwanso ku mibadwo ya mdima

Panapita zaka zingapo ku Russia analenga damask zitsulo, umenenso kapangidwe kake, anali pafupifupi buku machenjerero kalelo. Ziwiri mtundu kubalana wa zitsulo lodziwika bwino panokha chinkhoswe migodi injiniya, wasayansi ndi metallurgist, ndipo ganyu Major-General - Pavel Petrovich Anosov. Iye ndi luso Russian, ndi patriot a dziko lakwawo, amene anakulira nkhani ya ngwazi, anakhutira kuti Damasiko zida - ndi losagonjetseka chida.

Zonsezi zinayambira 1828 pamene dipatimenti migodi analangiza mutu wa Zlatoust chomera (Chelyabinsk dera) Anosov kuwulula chinsinsi cha mphamvu zitsulo kopitilira muyeso mkulu ndi kukhala chilinganizo cha damask zitsulo. Development ndi zatsopano, mndandanda wa kupambana kapena kulephera inatenga zaka zoposa 10. Phunzirolo lili mkati, ofufuza woyamba ntchito maikulosikopu kuphunzira zitsulo, ndiponso m'malo masamba gilding galvanization.

Anosov ziziwayendera chitsulo miyala ndi graphite, kulumikiza osiyanasiyana chitsulo, zitsulo amasungunuka mu mpweya ndi zingalowe ndi - mawu, ayesa.

Kumapeto kwa 1838 Pavel Petrovich akadali anakwanitsa kufika zitsulo unatengera - kuponya Bulat, ayi otsika mu dongosolo khalidwe wakale kum'maŵa. Mu 1839, ku ingots wake zitsulo ndi mankhwala anapita ku chionetsero mu St. Petersburg. Ndipo kale mu 1841 Anosov analemba imodzi mwa ntchito zake zofunika kwambiri - "Pa Bulat", umene asankha kuti Demidov Prize.

Zikomo kuti munthu uyu umneyshemu Damasiko zida, phindu limene ankamutama mu nthano zakale, watha kukhala ndi maloto mumangire.

Anosovskiy Bulat

ndi damask, kulengedwanso Anosov chiyani? Malinga ndi katundu wawo mankhwala osiyana ndi chitsulo cha chitsulo kuchuluka kuchuluka kwa zili chimasanduka osiyana ndi magawo zinali zofanana kwambiri ndi chitsulo chosungunula. Komabe, mosiyana inductile, Chimaona chitsulo damask anali lililonse limatisokoneza ndi zambiri malleable chotero yovuta kwambiri ndipo ndinavutika. Kupeza apamwamba damask, kunali koyenera kuti mosamalitsa kutsatira njira yopanga. Apo ayi, akuchitira zosayenera angapatutse zitsulo imeneyi mwakhama zitsulo wamba.

Atamwalira Anosova chinsinsi cha kupanga apamwamba Damasiko zitsulo anataika kachiwiri. Mwina icho basi saona kuwafunsa mafunso ochititsa manyazi, kapena mwina zinachitika chifukwa chosasamala. Komabe, patapita recreate Anosovskiy Bulat cholinga inventor ndi metallurgist Dmitriy Konstantinovich Chernov.

Anakhala zosiyanasiyana kwambiri zatsopano mwa kusakaniza chitsulo nizkosernoe ndi flake graphite mu kufanana osiyana. Chifukwa, Chernov analandira zitsulo unatengera, koma anapeza kuti kulipira zojambula kusiyiratu. Wasayansi anazindikira kuti chikhalidwe chachikulu kwa chilengedwe cha zida damask - kusankha kutentha pomwe pa kulipira. Ngakhale anayesa kuti zitsulo wotchuka iye analephera.

Chinthu ndi molybdenum?

Ndi posachedwapa, pa ntchito yomanga zonse anapezeka tsamba la Japanese Damasiko zitsulo, wopangidwa m'ma 12. Mankhwala kusanthula zida chipenyere wina wa zinsinsi za makhalidwe wapadera wa nkhaniyi. Asayansi aphunzira molybdenum zitsulo - ductile kusintha refractory zitsulo zomwe mu mawonekedwe awo achilengedwe sanalembedwepo. Zida zamakono makampani molybdenum yaitali ntchito ngati dopant kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chitsulo. Izi kumawonjezera mphamvu ndi kulimba kwa chida.

N'zokayikitsa kuti Japanese wakale ankadziwa molybdenum. Ambiri mwina, chitsulo miyala, limene iwo anapanga zida zopezeka wambirimbiri elementi mankhwala.

Chinsinsi sikunathetse!

Pakali pano, steels masiku ano damask kwambiri kuposa. Komabe, iye ndi mmodzi wa zitsulo langwiro kwambiri kwa kupanga mipeni.

Ngati mudzapempha, mungapeze mmisiri-wosula wokhoza kuti alimbikire mpeni damask. Ndipotu moyo pali nthano ...

Chitsanzo cha tsamba nthawi zonse wapadera,
Pa zina si ofanana, monga munthu.
Lupanga wankhondo - ndi mnzake, ndi mlongo ...
Mmenemo - kupweteka kwa nkhondo ndi ndakatulo mtendere.

(Alexander Simonov, "Damasiko lupanga")