Dongosolo la zachuma mitundu ya zamalonda: makhalidwe ndi tebulo

Mu yakale magawo chitukuko anthu kuti anthu afika funso lomwelo: chimene, amene ndi kuchuluka kwa kubala, anapatsidwa osauka. dongosolo la zachuma mitundu ya zamalonda lakonzedwa chabe kuthetsa vutoli. Ndipo aliyense wa kachitidwe kuvumbitsira njira zawo, yense wa iwo ali ndi ubwino ndi kuipa.

Lingaliro la nkhani zachuma

dongosolo la zachuma - dongosolo la njira zachuma ndi asapita kupanga zomwe zachitika m'dziko makamaka. Mu lingaliro ili amatanthauza aligorivimu, njira yokonza anthu mafakitale, amene adzatenge pamaso ubale wolimba pakati pa alimi pa dzanja limodzi ndi ogula - pa ena.

The zili malingaliro a "nkhani zachuma" ndi "mitundu ya zamalonda" amadalira kwambiri pa yeniyeni sukulu sayansi. Mwachitsanzo, ena masukulu, ziyesedwa ndipo anafotokoza mothandizidwa ndi mfundo zazikulu za citukuko, ena - kudzera khalidwe la anthu wachitatu tikunena kachitidwe kawo, ndi zina zotero ..

Njira yaikulu ndi izi mu dongosolo lililonse zachuma:

• kupanga;
• yogawa;
• kuwombola;
• mowa (katundu).

Kupanga chilichonse cha dongosolo cha ndalama zochokera chuma yoyenera. Komabe ena zinthu akadali amasiyana machitidwe osiyana. Ndi mmene Gona ndi zachuma, kasamalidwe limagwirira, olimbikitsa alimi, ndi zina zotero N..

dongosolo la zachuma mitundu ya zamalonda

Zikusonyezanso mu kusanthula chodabwitsa chilichonse kapena lingaliro ndi kufanizitsa ake.

Mbali mitundu zamalonda, ambiri, ndi kudziwa asanu magawo zofunikira poyerekeza. Ali:

• luso ndi chuma magawo;
• chiŵerengero cha cholowa cha kulera boma ndi dongosolo msika lamulo;
• Mugone m'munda wa chuma;
• magawo chikhalidwe (ndalama kwenikweni, nthawi free, umoyo ndi chitetezo, etc ...);
• njira ya ntchito kwa dongosolo.

Pachifukwa ichi, chuma masiku ano mitundu zinayi zofunika zamalonda:

1. miyambo
2. Lamulo inakonzedwa
3. Market (bizinesi)
4. wosanganiza

Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane kusiyana mitundu yonse Chrixitu.

dongosolo Traditional zachuma

M'nyengo ya anthu wosazindikira mu dziko zayamba dongosolo loyamba zachuma ozikidwa pa ulimi ang'onoang'ono. Lero, mtundu chikhalidwe nkhani zachuma ndi pafupifupi sanapezeka (kupatula m'madera ena a Latin America, Asia ndi Africa, komanso ena m'mayiko wachitatu padziko lonse).

Dongosolo lino, chuma amakhala ndi kusonkhana nyama komanso ulimi otsika zokolola zochokera njira yaikulu, ntchito yamanja ndi luso achikale. Trade ali bwino kwambiri, kapena sunayambe konse.

Mwina mwayi okha a dongosolo la zachuma ofooka (pafupifupi ziro) kuipitsidwa ndi kochepa anthropogenic katundu pa chilengedwe.

Lamulo anakonza dongosolo zachuma

Anakonza (kapena centralized), chuma ndi mtundu mbiri ya kasamalidwe. Masiku ano iye sanapeze mu maonekedwe ake angwiro. Poyamba anali ndi khalidwe la Soviet Union, komanso maiko ena a ku Ulaya ndi ku Asia.

Masiku ano, nthawi zambiri kuti izi zolakwa chuma dongosolo, lomwe ndi ofunika ponena:

• chosowa cha ufulu tidaipanga (gulu "monga chimene chimachititsa" kubala wotumidwa kuchokera pamwamba);
• kusakhutira ndi ambiri zofuna chuma ogula;
• kusowa aakulu a katundu;
• zikamera wa akatangale (monga nkwachibadwa kwa item yapita);
• kulephera mwamsanga ndi mogwira mtima timathandiza zomwe atsopano patsogolo sayansi ndi luso (kotero kuti chuma chafika nthawi sitepe kumbuyo mpikisano ena msika lonse).

Komabe, panali dongosolo zachuma ndi ubwino wake. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi kuthekera kuonetsetsa bata chikhalidwe aliyense.

nkhani zachuma Market

Market - ndi zovuta ndi Mipikisano faceted nkhani zachuma, zomwe ndi mmene mayiko ambiri m'dzikoli masiku ano. Imatchedwanso pansi dzina osiyanasiyana: ". Bizinesi" Mfundo yofunika kwambiri ya dongosolo ndi mfundo za anthu azikhala, free bizinesi komanso mpikisano wathanzi msika zochokera okwanira ndi akumufuna. Apa izo chogwidwa ndi chuma payekha, ndi kuwalimbikitsa chachikulu ntchito mafakitale waima phindu ludzu.

Komabe, ndi chuma ichi - ndi opanda ungwiro. Market mtundu wa nkhani zachuma alinso ndi zovuta zake:

• wosiyana kufalitsa ndalama;
• lochitira chikhalidwe ndi chiopsezo cha chikhalidwe siyana zina za nzika za dziko;
• dongosolo Kusakhazikika, amene kumaonekera monga zodziwitsa mavuto pachimake mu chuma;
• zolusa, molapitsa yokumba kwa zachilengedwe;
• kusoŵa ndalama za maphunziro, sayansi, ndi mapulogalamu ena omwe si phindu.

Kuwonjezera awa, chuma komanso secrete wachinayi - mtundu wosanganiza wa nkhani zachuma zimene boma ndi gawo payekha ali ofanana kulemera. M'magulu amenewa, ntchito za boma chuma ndi kuchepetsedwa kuchirikiza kwambiri (koma opanda pake) mabizinezi, ndalama za sayansi ndi chikhalidwe, kulamulira ulova, ndi zina zotero N..

dongosolo la zachuma mitundu ya zamalonda: zitsanzo za m'mayiko

Mpaka tione zitsanzo za maiko omwe yodziwika ndi chimodzi kapena kachitidwe kena zachuma. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, tebulo apadera anapereka m'munsimu. Mitundu ya zamalonda kuti akadandaule zochokera yogawa awo m'mayiko ambiri. Tikumbukenso kuti tebulo ndi zotengera malingaliridwe kwambiri, monga mu maiko ambiri masiku ano zingakhale zovuta bwino ganizilani zimene kachitidwe iwo ali.

Kodi mtundu wa nkhani zachuma mu Russia? Makamaka, MSU pulofesa A. Buzgalin yodziwika chuma yamakono ya Russia monga "masinthidwe a bizinesi mochedwa." Nthawi zambiri, nkhani zachuma a dziko anaganiza lero kuganizira kusintha, ndi msika mwachangu kukula.

pomaliza

Onse oyendetsera zachuma ndi mayankho atatu mafunso chachikulu cha chuma: "kodi, momwe ndi amene kubala" chuma masiku ano mitundu zinayi zofunika iwo: ndi miyambo, lamulo chafika, msika ndi dongosolo losanganikirana.

Ponena za Russia, tinganene kuti boma la mtundu wa nkhani zachuma ndi mu kamwazi. Dziko ali kusintha pakati pa lamulo ndipo chuma masiku ano msika.