Dongosolo US chisankho: akawadzudzula, atsogoleri a chipani, mbali dera. Kachitidwe masankho a Russia ndi United States (mwachidule)

The chisankho cha Pulezident - ndi nthawi yaikulu chochitika, mosasamala za dziko limene zidzachitika. Panthaŵi yovuta kusankha tsoka mamiliyoni, ndipo nthawizina anthu mabiliyoni. Pamene chisankho cha Pulezident umachitika mu mkhalidwe waukulu ndi wamphamvu zotere United States, kapena Mwachitsanzo, mu dziko lathu, ku Russia, mwambo umenewu ndi dziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa mphamvu yaikulu kachitidwe mayiko ena onse ndi kusankha geopolitics padziko lonse. Mwina n'chifukwa chake njira ya zochitika ayamba kutsatira ngakhale anthu kutali ndale.

M'nkhani ino tikukamba pa chisankho adziwitse mu United States. owerenga tiphunzira za kufanana awo ndi kusiyana ndi zoterezi mu dziko lathu. Komanso, ife kufotokoza mmene poyela US, ndipo amanena ndi ubwino ndi kuipa.

The mfundo chipangizo

Choncho mmene ntchito yomanga chisankho mu United States? Mphamvu mu United States lagawidwa nthambi zitatu:

• malamulo;
• khothi;
• pakampani.

Ichi ndi kachitidwe kawo ofanana ndi athu. Oimira mphamvu zokonza malamulo ndi wamkulu amasankhidwa kudzera kukavota, ndi a zamalamulo, ndiponso mwina kupatsidwa (malingana ndi boma boma).

US Congress - ndicho malamulo thupi, kuti lagawidwa Nyumba ya oimira ndi Senate. Woyamba zikuphatikizapo anthu 435 amene amasankhidwa kwa zaka 2. The Senate amasankhidwa ndi anthu 2 lililonse boma kwa zaka 6.

Chisankho mu United States mwachidule zikuwoneka - pulezidenti ndi wachiwiri wa Pulezidenti amasankha ndi koleji masankho, pamene mavoti anthu. Chiwerengero cha gulu wofanana ndi chiwerengero cha oimira, kupatulapo kwa District ya Columbia. Iye alibe Congressmen, koma ali mavoti atatu visola. Total kukula kwa gulu ndi anthu 538. Zambiri US poyela ndi anapereka m'munsimu.

A mbiri pang'ono

Woyamba pulezidenti chisankho mu United States anali mu 1789. Pa nthawi imeneyo, mtsogoleri anali Dzhordzh Vashington ndipo kwenikweni wosankhidwa pamodzi. Iye anali amphamvu kwambiri ndale chithunzi ndipo anali wotchuka kwambiri pakati oponya voti. Panthawiyo, mayiko 10 okha nawo chisankho.

Chisankho US dongosolo Pulezidenti ndi mosamalitsa malamulo ndi nkhani yoyamba ndi yachiwiri ya Constitution US. Komanso, pali zochita zolimbana malamulo umalimbana patsogolo ndondomeko. Chifukwa, kachitidwe chisankho US Amakhala malamulo otsatirawa:

1. A 1965, amene amalola voti kwa mitundu yonse mosachotsera.
2. Kuyambira 1984 pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo okonzekera adzaponye chisanko olumala.
3. Anatengera mu 1993 malamulo okhudzana ndi boma adzaponye chisanko.

Kuwonjezera pa pamwamba, pali ya miyeso umalimbana kulimbana ntchito achinyengo ndi chinyengo zosiyanasiyana.

Ngati mulibe mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri, chaputala ndi kusinthidwa, awiri okha adzasankhidwa pa mfundo boma (monga mawu a anthu onse pa dziko) - ndi pulezidenti ndi wachiwiri wake. Komabe, chifukwa peculiarities kachitidwe dziko kulamulira, chisankho sali, koma magawo awiri, ndi thandizo la Electoral College.

The College unakhazikitsidwa mu 1787, umunthu wake ndi aliyense boma anasankha nthumwi zapadera, amenenso osankhidwa mutsogoleli wadziko. Mmene kulenga mgwirizano ngati pang'ono chotheka, koma nthawi yomweyo uli ponseponse pa nthawi imeneyo. The College unakhazikitsidwa kuti adzaponye chisanko sanali kuvotera poyera kuopseza umphumphu wa ofuna US, mwachitsanzo, ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira osiyanasiyana ndi zinthu monyanyira. Ndipo ngakhale lingaliro ndi chosiyana pang'ono demokalase, ntchito dongosolo zaka zoposa mazana awiri.

ufulu oponya mavoti

Mu US, dongosolo lotsatira la kulembetsa oponya mavoti. Nawo chisankho adzaponye chisanko okhawo amene anawerengedwa pa kafukufuku wa. Chifukwa chikhalidwe cha dongosolo, adzaponye chisanko ambiri akumanidwa ufulu kuvota Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha kusintha yogona kapena chifukwa cha kulibe. Pankhaniyi, ndi ochepa kwambiri omwe adzaponye chisanko kuthekera ndi kubwerera kwa osankhidwa.

Komanso, ena limati pali chizolowezi cha ambiri achinyamata yosalipidwa mu mndandanda wa adzaponye chisanko, koma ziwerengero enieni sangathe aperekedwa apa, ngati palibe dongosolo centralized wa akaundula anthu.

Zimafunika electors

Monga ulamuliro, ndi odziwika bwino anthu amene akhoza kudaliridwa kuimira zofuna za boma. Nthawi zambiri, electors ndi primaries - makamaka dongosolo visankho US. Nthawi zambiri palinso kanjedza ndale, ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi anthu ena wokhulupirika.

chiwerengero cha electors zofanana ndi chiwerengero cha oimira boma. Nzeru ndi losavuta - anthu ambiri, akuluakulu kwambiri, umene ukugwira ntchito ndi poyela US. Galimoto ndi chiwerengero cha akuluakulu apa ndi ofanana ndi boma lina lililonse lalikulu. Ena amanenera, electors akusankhidwa ndi utsogoleri wa zipani (Republican ndi Democratic), ndipo ena mwa ntchito chisankho mwachindunji ndi kuponya mavoti.

Zimafunika Pulezidenti

M'mayiko ambiri, muyezo kwambiri ndi kukhalapo kwa nzika ya phungu pulezidenti mu Komanso, uyenera kubadwa mu United States. Osachepera zaka nominee ayenera kukhala wolingana ndi zaka 35, ndipo munthu uyu ayenera kukhala America kwa zaka zoposa 14 zaka.

phungu sangakhale pulezidenti kuposa kawiri. Standard ya zofunika, monga ndi kuchita mu dziko lathu, ndi m'mayiko ena ambiri.

chiwembu chisankho

Kuchokera pa masitepe pamwamba, mukhoza kupanga mtundu wina wa chisankho aligorivimu ndi mmene pulezidenti wa dongosolo masankho mu United States. Apa ndi ndondomeko labwino la ntchito:

1. Inatenga pa ndondomeko ya kusankha electors.
2. Kuwina mavoti ambiri.
3. Electors kuvotera wakonzekera makamaka mutsogoleli wadziko.
4. Zotsatira wotumidwa kwa Congress US.
5. Msonkhano wa Congress akuwawerengera mavoti.
6. Wopambana ndi amene ali ndi nambala yambiri ya mavoti.

The US chisankho: Atsogoleri a chipani

Republicans ndi Democrats - awiri wamphamvu kwambiri ndi wamkulu chipani cha United States. Kodi kusiyana kwake?

Democrats - chikhalidwe zochokera phwando. Mwambi awo - kuthandiza strata osauka a anthu, osiyanasiyana ulova ubwino, free chithandizo, lamulo la chilango cha imfa. Lamulo lonse la chipani yowayenera, izo lofotokozeredwa m'njira osiyanasiyana a malamulo mwapang'onopang'ono, thandizo ndi Bajeti.

Republicans zambiri ndiwofatsa. Kutsatira maganizo kuyeza zambiri pa maboma, ndipo izi zimaonekera mu zinthu zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Kugawilidwa kwanthaka zambiri zomveka ndalama bajeti, mlingo pa wakutemwa ndi mphamvu, kuteteza anthu opeza ndi malonda.

Pali zipani zina, koma iwo alibe ndalama zimenezi, palibe thandizo lotereli, ngati awiri a pamwamba. Chiphatso kwa iwo zovuta kupeza Congress ndi mwanjira zopititsa patsogolo awo. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi chisanko cha Pulezident - ankalimbikitsa ndi maphwando amenewa chabe palibe amene zindikirani.

primaries

Ndi zoona, chachikulu. Gulu lililonse unachitikira voti awo kuti wasankha amene adzakhala phungu yekha pulezidenti. Izo zimatengera momwe poyela US. Mwachidule, pali mitundu iwiri ya primaries - onse m'nyumba ndipo panja.

Mbali yoyamba okha mamembala chipani voti, mmene muli kusankha phungu, ndi lachiwiri - kuvota akhoza kuchita chilichonse. Mbali chidwi dongosolo American kuti palibe zikuluzikulu maofesi chipani ndi utsogoleri wogwirizana. M'malo mwake, aliyense boma lili yake Democrat ndi ma Republican.

The ndondomeko kukavota si malamulo m'njira iliyonse ndi lamulo limodzi la dziko, ndi pa chilichonse boma akuchoka yake. Kwinakwake maphwando kusankha ofuna waukulu, ndi zina kuvotera atsogoleri dera.

Momwe zinthu zikusinthira

Tsopano mu 2016, kutanthauza kuti pa mphuno 58th US Pulezidenti. A tsiku lenileni chisankho - pa November 8. The Democrats pa mphindi pali ofuna awiri Pulezidenti - Hillary Clinton, yemwe anali mlembi wa State, komanso Bernard Sanders, amene ndi aphungu a boma. mdani awo amachita Republican Donald Lipenga, billionaire ndi kutsogolera ndi ankakwiya malonda kampeni.

Hillary Clinton ndi woyenera champhamvu cha Democratic Party. Pakuti zinachitikira wake wamkulu mu ntchito ndale ndi boma. Iye amadziwika osati chifukwa chakuti anakwatira 42 Purezidenti wa United States of America, koma ntchito yake Kazembe (New York), komanso nduna za Boma kuchokera 2009 mpaka 2013.

Ntchito ya chisankho, Hillary Clinton lonjezo mwachilungamo amphamvu chuma US. Izi zimaonekera kuchuluka malipiro ophunzirawo pakati, kuwonjezera, ndi kukweza malipiro osachepera ndi Bajeti chikhalidwe.

Bernard Sanders - phungu wachiwiri wamphamvu ku Democratic Party. Iye anabadwa mu 1941 ndipo anayamba ntchito yake ndale mu 1972, pofuna kutenga malo a Vermont kazembe (anataya chisankho). Komanso, mu 1981 iye ankabwerera ndi mndandanda wa zokhumudwitsa, koma Sanders anachita anaikidwa meya Burlington. Iye anasankhidwa kukhala positi katatu, ndipo kenako anayesa kuthyola mu msonkhano ngati phungu woima payekha. Mu 1990, iye analandira izo. Ndiye iye anakhala munthu wa Kongeresi kwa nthawi yaitali, ndiyeno anaikidwa aphungu ku Vermont.

Pulogalamu chisankho cha phungu izi chidwi kwambiri. Sanders - amakonda a unyamata US. Iye chimodzi cha ofuna mutsogoleli wadziko wachilungamo. Mfundo yaikulu ya pulogalamu yake kuti akule kufanana chikhalidwe mu United States kudzera chilengedwe cha inshuwalansi angakwanitse kwambiri, cholimbikitsa kuyang'aniridwa ndi nchito ndalama, kuthandiza osowa ndi kugula za maphunziro apamwamba.

Donald Lipenga - Republican wamphamvu. Zinali munthu ambiri anthu ndi kuyambitsa mpikisano. Amadziwika monga bwino billionaire wabizinesi, ndipo monga anthu TV. Iye nthawi zambiri limakamba kuti atolankhani, iye ali ndi lalikulu kampani ya zomangamanga, unyolo mwa mahotela ndi juga, kuwonjezera, Lipenga walemba mabuku angapo bizinesi.

Wamphamvu pulogalamu chisanadze chisankho cha Donald Lipenga lakonzedwa mbali ndiwofatsa a anthu US. Iye anali mdani woopsa wa osamukawo ndipo analonjeza kuti nkhondo m'mayiko oletsedwa ku Mexico ndi mayiko ena. Komanso ofuna ena amakhulupirira zokhudza kusintha zaumoyo. Motero, akamanena za kusintha kuchepetsa mtengo wa inshuwalansi boma ndi nzika okha. Komanso kulimbikitsa kuthandiza malonda, Zimachititsa chuma ndi maganizo ake pa mfundo yachilendo.

Kuipa US poyela

Kaya kukhala choyenera dongosolo chisankho cha USA, ndi zolemba wotsutsa mmenemo muli zina downsides. The wina odziwika kuti Democrat ndi Republican ndi ndalama kwa bajeti. Komabe, anzanu ena andale alibe mphamvu iyi, monga ayenera mphambu osachepera 5% ya mavoti onse chisankho m'mbuyomo. Ndi uzingopitirira. Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito, ndi chiwembu tingachipeze powerenga za falsification Mwachitsanzo, kufanana stuffing. Ndiko kuti, pamene njira kukavota kutumikira makampani mosavuta chiphuphu otsutsa.

Komanso, mu dziko pali chiwembu choipa kwambiri kuti chimasonyeza lonse US poyela. M'zaka za m'ma 19, icho poyamba ntchito njira imeneyi monga gerrymandered. Izi redrawing m'maboma masankho, amene amalola kudziwa adzaponye chisanko poyesetsa Kupititsa kapena mtundu chiyambi Mwachitsanzo, kotero kuti anthu a maiko ena kuti kuvotera wakonzekera makamaka chifukwa cha zofuna (mtundu, ndale, mogwirizana ndi malonjezo ena).

zitumbuwa

Komabe, US poyela, chiwembu chimene anapereka m'nkhani, ndi ubwino yake. yemweyo aphungu onse Hrs kungakhale kuphatikiza. Othandiza ndi chisankho mu United States kukhala mu njira yakuti ngati ambiri a ophunzira mu njira ya kusankha adzakhala kutsatila malamulo onse, ndiye izo motsimikizika kwambiri kusankha ndiwotani omwe adzaponye chisanko, pa nthawi imodzi kuganizira zofuna za m'madera onse ang'onoang'ono a kumidzi, ndipo anthu a m'mizinda ikuluikulu US, ngakhale pa kusiyana lofunika kwambiri zofuna za nzika.

Thupi lathu

Kachitidwe masankho a Russia ndi US Izo akufanana, poyamba, kuti nthawi tinaganiza ndi ambiri a. Democratic njira - kufanana kwakukulu pakati limati awiri.

Kachiwiri, ndipo mu United States, ndipo ife tiri nako kachitidwe visankho zachokera malamulo a. Komabe, mfundo imeneyi ntchito m'mayiko onse otukuka, koma kwambiri makamaka mu mayiko awiri. Ndife ali ndi ufulu kuvota wa nzika iliyonse amene mfumukazi zaka 18.

Mu poyela m'dziko lathu zimatanthauza chisankho cha akuluakulu a boma Duma, Purezidenti wa mabungwe ena feduro, kuwonjezera, chisankho cha njira ntchito matupi tatchulawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi ya kukavota kwa udindo mabungwe a m'dera lawo komanso oyang'anira tauni.

Chimodzi cha Pulezident akuti m'dziko lathu ndi wofanana ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. The zaka zochepa kwa Pulezidenti - zaka 35, kuwonjezera, ayenera kukhala m'dziko lapansi kwa zaka zosachepera 10. Kukankhira gulu la phungu anthu osachepera 100 kusiya ntchito zawo monga kutolera anasaina miliyoni.

Posankha kopita kumachitika mwa Bungwe la Federation. Dongosololi ikuchitika m'njira yake (masiku masiku kale kuposa 100 ndipo palibe pasanafike 90 msonkhano wa). Mwalamulo yoikidwiratu loponya tsiku Lamlungu lachiwiri la mwezi umene unachitika chisankho m'mbuyomu. mapulezidenti Angathe ali asankha kaya ndi zipani kapena paokha. Kenako, Commission zisankho chapakati adzakhala kulembetsa ofuna amene akwaniritsa zofunikira, kuphatikizapo chithandizo cha nambala ofunikira omwe adzaponye chisanko.

Kuvota imachitika m'madera mwapadera pansi ziyang'aniridwe mwa anthu (uyu wagwidwa zingapo zokhudza osiyana malamulo, malamulo ndi bwino ndipo masiku ano). Anthu amene amabwera ku kafukufuku wa tisaiwale wakonzekera bwino pa voti ndipo ikani yamasika mu wapadera womata bokosi.

Kuwerengera kwa mavoti ikuchitika mu magawo angapo, kuyambira malo kukavota ndi akuluakulu Kupititsa ndi dera adza kwa CEC lapansi. The Commission zisankho chapakati ayenera kulengeza zotsatira masiku 10 pambuyo voti.

kusiyana zikuluzikulu America

The chopambana - ndi kupanda koleji wazakhubela chisanko kapena matupi ofanana kuti m'njira inayake bwanji njira ya kukavota. N'chifukwa chake chisankho athu zambiri demokalase kuposa United States. Ngakhale ulamuliro zolimba a boma ndi m'maiko onse, ndi kuponya mavoti kukhulupirira tsoka ochepa anthu, onse mu United States, sakuvomereza mu Russia.

Inde, chisankho - ichi ndi bureaucracy amphamvu, kuyan'anila kuthekera ndi levers zosiyanasiyana poyerekezera adzaponye chisanko, koma m'mayiko awiriwa kuchita zonse zotheka kuteteza zakusokonenezedwa ndi kutulutsa kuwongolera malamulo ake. Komanso, apa ndi apo anapanga chilengedwe mayanjano zosiyanasiyana, ikuyang'anira chisankho.