Dzuwa maselo: luso ndi zipangizo

Anthu Amayamba kusinthana kwa magwero njira ya kotunga magetsi kuti adzithandiza malo oyera ndi kuchepetsa ndalama yopanga mphamvu. Kupanga batire dzuwa ndi njira zamakono mafakitale. Dongosolo magetsi zikuphatikizapo kuunika dzuwa amalandira, mabatire, gulu kulamulira, inverters ndi zipangizo zina anafuna kuti ntchito zina.

Selo dzuwa ndi mbali yaikulu, limene limayamba ndi kudzikundikira komanso kusinthika kunyezimira mphamvu. M'dziko masiku ano chifukwa ogula posankha gulu, pali mavuto ambiri, monga makampani amapereka ambiri mankhwala m'magulumagulu pansi dzina lina.

Pakachitsulo maselo dzuwa

mankhwala amenewa ndi otchuka ndi ogula lero. Chifukwa cha kupangidwa kuika pakachitsulo. M'matangadza ali mu kuya kupanga ambiri zimakhalanso zotsika mtengo. maselo pakachitsulo yerekezerani akutsutsana ndi mlingo wa ntchito ya mabatire zina dzuwa.

yonse ya zinthu

Yopanga maselo dzuwa zopangidwa pakachitsulo ikuchitika mitundu zotsatirazi:

• monocrystalline;
• polycrystalline;
• amorphous.

zosiyanasiyana zipangizo pamwamba ndi mmene maatomu pakachitsulo imakonzedwa mu galasi ndi. Chachikulu kusiyana amakhala zinthu zosiyana chigawo cha dzuwa akatembenuka mphamvu ya kuwala imene mitundu iwiri yoyambirira pafupifupi pa mlingo ofanana ndi apamwamba kuposa mfundo zipangizo za pakachitsulo amorphous.

lero makampani amapereka zitsanzo zingapo la okhometsa dzuwa kuwala. Kusiyana pakati pa iwo ndi zida ntchito Maselo dzuwa. Umagwira ntchito ya mtundu wa zotsimikizira njira ndiponso kuyambira zakuthupi.

mtundu monocrystalline

zinthu izi zigwirizana maselo pakachitsulo olumikizidwa kwa wina ndi mnzake. Mwa njira Czochralski wasayansi anapanga pakachitsulo mpeni kumphasa, womwe wapangidwa ndi timibulu umodzi. The ndondomeko lotsatira ndi yodula theka-mazira ndi Unalimbitsa pa mbale makulidwe a microns 250 300. zigawo woonda ladzala ndi maelekitirodi zitsulo mauna. Ngakhale kukwera mtengo kwa kupanga zinthu zoterozo ankagwiritsa ntchito chifukwa cha mlingo mkulu wa kutembenuka mtima (17-22%).

Kupanga zinthu polycrystalline

Dzuwa luso yopanga polycrystalline ndi kuti osungunula pakachitsulo misa pang'ono ndi pang'ono utakhazikika. Yopanga sikutanthauza zipangizo zodula kapena zapamwamba Choncho, kupeza ndalama pakachitsulo yafupika. Polycrystalline abulusa dzuwa ndi ang'onoang'ono koyefishienti wa dzuwa (11-18%), mosiyana ndi galasi ndi umodzi. Ichi ndi chifukwa m'kati yozizira misa pakachitsulo ladzala ndi thovu ting'onoting'ono grainy, chifukwa mu refraction zina kunyezimira.

Zochitika za pakachitsulo amorphous

Mankhwala amatanthauza mtundu enieni, ngati iwo ali ndi mtundu wa pakachitsulo likuchokera ku dzina la kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi yopanga maselo dzuwa imagwiridwa ndi zipangizo filimu luso. Crystal mu kupanga ndondomeko agonjera ku pakachitsulo Silon wa hydrogen kapena wosanjikiza woonda lomwe lili ndi gawo lapansi. Mabatire ndi mtengo wotsikitsitsa dzuwa, mpaka 6%. Zochitika, ngakhale drawback kukhala m'njira zambiri kuti kuwapatsa ufulu kuima mu mzere ndi mitundu tatchulawa:

• mtengo kuwala mayamwidwe pamwamba nthawi makumi awiri kuposa osakwatiwa-galasi ndi abulusa polycrystalline;
• Iwo ali osachepera wosanjikiza makulidwe a 1 micron;
• nyengo Overcast sikumangotikhudza ntchito yosintha dziko, mosiyana ndi zinyama zina;
• chifukwa cha mlingo mkulu wa kupinda mphamvu ntchito popanda vuto m'malo ovuta.

The atatu pamwamba ananena kuti mitundu ya converters dzuwa wodzilemekeza mankhwala wosakanizidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo ndi katundu wapawiri. makhalidwe awa akwaniritsa ngati micronutrients ali m'gulu la nanoparticles kapena amorphous pakachitsulo. Nkhani chifukwa anali ofanana polycrystalline pakachitsulo, koma akutsutsana nazo zizindikiro latsopano luso.

zipangizo za ulimi wa maselo dzuwa filimu-mtundu CdTe

Kusankha zinthu ndi malinga ndi kufunika kuchepetsa zotsimikizira ndalama ndi kuonjezera makhalidwe luso ntchito. The kaŵirikaŵiri ntchito kuwala kungolandira cadmium telluride. Mu 70s Mu zaka zapitazo CdTe anali ankaona Woyesana chachikulu ntchito malo makampani ano, izo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mphamvu ya dzuwa.

Nkhanizi zimagawidwa monga ziphe chokhala, kotero musati kuchepa mtsutso harmfulness ake. maphunziro Scientific anakhazikitsa kuti mlingo wa zinthu zoipa anamasulidwa mu mlengalenga, ndi chomveka ndipo sayambitsa mavuto zachilengedwe. mlingo Mwachangu ndi 11 zokha%, koma mtengo wa magetsi ku maselo amenewa osandulika, mwa 20-30% poyerekeza wa zipangizo pakachitsulo mtundu.

Aggregators kunyezimira kwa selenium, mkuwa ndi indium

Semiconductors mu chipangizo ndi mkuwa, selenium ndi indium, nthawi zina analola m'malo yotsirizira pa gallium lapansi. Ichi ndi chifukwa ankafuna kwambiri ulimi wa oyang'anira indium lathyathyathya mtundu. Choncho, M'MALO izi anasankha chimake, kuyambira zipangizo ndi katundu zofanana. Koma kwa mbiri dzuwa la m'malo n'chofunikira kwambiri yopanga maselo dzuwa popanda gallium kumawonjezera Mwachangu chipangizo ndi 14%.

Sun catchers polima ofotokoza

Zimenezi zimathandiza ikukhudzana bwanji ndi luso wamng'ono, monga posachedwapa anaonekera pa msika. Wa semiconductors organic kuyamwa kuwala akatembenuka mu mphamvu ya magetsi. Ntchito yopanga fullerenes mpweya gulu, polyphenylene, phthalocyanine mkuwa, ndi ena. Chifukwa ndi wochepa thupi (100 nm) ndi kusintha filimu kuti kupereka koyefishienti wa dzuwa la 5-7%. Mtengo uli waung'ono, koma yopanga maselo kusintha dzuwa zinthu zingapo zabwino:

• kwa kupanga osati anakhala ndalama zambiri;
• luso kukhazikitsa mabatire m'munda wa anaŵerama kusintha kumene kusinthasintha ndi yofunika kwambiri;
• poyerekeza omasuka ndi kupezeka kwa unsembe;
• Kusintha batire palibe mavuto pa chilengedwe.

Chemical etching mu kupanga ndondomeko

Zodula kwambiri batire dzuwa ndi multicrystalline kapena monocrystalline pakachitsulo mbale. Kudzapeza imayenera pakachitsulo magwiritsidwe odulidwa psevdokvadratnye kanjedza, mawonekedwe omwewo amalola wandiweyani bedi mbale mu gawo lotsatira. Pambuyo pa ndondomeko kudula kukhala pa pamwamba zigawo tosaoneka wosweka pamalo amene amayeretsedwa mwa etching ndi texturing kusintha phwando chochitika ray.

Azisonyeza pamwamba njira zofanana akuimira mosintha wabwino microprism zimaonekera ku mbali zomwe kuwala angakaphe kali mbali ya zolosera zina. Tithe kumvetsa kumasulira Kayendesedwe kapangidwe chimawala chuma amachepetsa ndi pafupifupi 25%. The ndondomeko etching ntchito mndandanda wa asidi ndi zamchere mankhwala, koma zosavomerezeka kwambiri kuchepetsa wosanjikiza makulidwe, chifukwa mbale sangakhoze kupirira processing zotsatirazi.

Semiconductors ku Dzuwa

dzuwa maselo luso zikusonyeza kuti mfundo zikuluzikulu za olimba zamagetsi ndi pn-zolumikizanazo. Ngati mbale wina kuphatikiza zamakono madutsidwe wa N-mtundu ndi tsa-mtundu madutsidwe ndi tsa-mtundu, mfundo ya kukhudzana pakati pawo amapezeka pn-zolumikizanazo. Mfundo zikuluzikulu thupi katundu wa tanthawuzo ndi mwayi kutumikira monga chotchinga, ndipo kuphonya magetsi mbali imodzi. Ndi zotsatira izi zimathandiza kukhazikitsa zonse kunachitika ntchito maselo dzuwa.

Chifukwa cha mayamwidwe mbale phosphoric malekezero anapanga N-mtundu wosanjikiza, ozikidwa padziko amafotokozera pa akuya 0,5 microns. Kupanga selo dzuwa lili ndi malowedwe chochepa cha onyamula zizindikiro zosiyana, zomwe uka mchikakamizo cha kuwala. njira zawo mu mphamvu ya m'dera pn-mphambano ayenera kukhala lalifupi, kapena iwo angathe kulipira pamene iwo akumana, osati kupanga alionse a magetsi.

Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi a m'magazi-mankhwala etching

Mu dzuwa dongosolo batire anapereka ndi kutsogolo padziko grille anaika bokosibode panopa ndi mbali kumbuyo, amene ali kukhudzana mosalekeza. Pa zochitika mayamwidwe, ndi dera magetsi pakati pa ndege ziwiri ndipo imafalikira ku nkhope mapeto.

Kuchotsa kutsekedwa, zipangizo ntchito kwa maselo dzuwa, amene amalola kuchita ndi thandizo la plasma-mankhwala, mankhwala etching, kapena umakaniko, ndi laser. njira ya madzi mankhwala oopsa amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Etching imagwiridwa imodzi chifukwa okwana zakhala zikuzunza m'miyoyo mbale pakachitsulo pamodzi. Zotsatira za ndondomeko amadalira nthawi ya mankhwala, zikuchokera zikutanthauza kukula kwa mabwalo a chuma, ndi ndege akulowera ion ndi zinthu zina.

Kugwiritsa antireflection ❖ kuyanika

Mwa kutsatira kapangidwe ndi pa chinyezimiro mchitidwe pamwamba yafupika 11%. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chakhumi chabe kunyezimira anasonyeza pamwamba ndipo sanapange nawo mapangidwe magetsi. Kuchepetsa kupweteka kumeneko ku mbali yakutsogolo kwa mchitidwe wa TACHIMATA ndi malowedwe zozama za nyemba kuwala popanda kuwalitsa iwo kumbuyo. Asayansi, kutenga nkhani malamulo a Optics, kudziwa kapangidwe ndi makulidwe a wosanjikiza, kotero kupanga ndi unsembe wa kotero TACHIMATA maselo dzuwa kuchepetsa kunyezimira kwa 2%.

Contact metallization a mbali kutsogolo

Amafotokozera pamwamba lakonzedwa kuyamwa pazipita kuchuluka cheza anatsimikiza ndi chofunika kuti ooneka enieni ndi sayansi makhalidwe a zitsulo ntchito. Kusankha kamangidwe ka kutsogolo kwa akatswiri anaganiza awiri mavuto otsutsa. Kuchepetsa zomvetsa kuwala amapezeka mu mizere n'kakang'ono ndi dongosolo lawo pa mtunda wina ndi mzake. Kupanga batire dzuwa ndi wokulirapo mauna kumabweretsa chakuti mbali mlandu alibe nthawi kuti afike ndi kukhudzana atayika.

Choncho, asayansi yovomerezeka mtengo wa patali ndi makulidwe a lililonse mzere zitsulo. Kwambiri woonda n'kupanga malo otsegula pamwamba pa membala chifukwa kungolandira cheza, koma osati kuwononga panopa. njira yamakono ya ntchito metallization MUKACHULUKIDWE osindikizira yosindikiza. Pamene ambiri zakuthupi ndi wolungamitsidwa siliva phala. Chifukwa ntchito zinthu auka Mwachangu ndi 15-17%.

Metallization kumbali kumbuyo kwa chida cha

zitsulo wokutira mbali kumbuyo kwa chipangizo kumachitika mu ziwembu awiri, omwe amachita ntchito yake. Woonda wosanjikiza mosalekeza pamwamba lonse, kupatula zina mipata sputtered zotayidwa ndi dzenje ladzala ndi phala siliva, amene atenge mbali ya kukhudzana ndi. Olimba wosanjikiza zotayidwa akutumikira ngati galasi chipangizo mbali kumbuyo la milandu ufulu kuti akhoza kutayika mu nsinga dangling wa crystalline latisi. Woterowo ❖ kuyanika 2% zambiri mapanelo dzuwa ntchito mphamvu. Ogula ndemanga kuti zinthu izi ndi cholimba kwambiri ndipo alibe kwambiri zimadalira nyengo mitambo.

Yopanga mapanelo dzuwa ndi manja awo

Mphamvu kundipatsako kwa dzuwa aliyense kuyitanitsa ndi kukhazikitsa kunyumba, chifukwa iwo ndalama lero okwanira. Choncho ambiri mbuye amisiri ndi kuchidziwa yopanga mapanelo dzuwa kunyumba.

Purchase photovoltaic zida chifukwa chololera msonkhano akhoza kukhala pa Internet pa malo osiyanasiyana. phindu zimadalira chiwerengero cha mbale ntchito ndi mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, otsika-mphamvu zida, ku Watts 63 kuti 76 kuti mbale 36 ali 2350-2560 rubles. ankalemekeza. Komanso kupeza zinthu ntchito culled zifukwa kupanga chifukwa chilichonse.

Posankha mtundu photoelectric kutembenuka adzakhala kuganizira mfundo yakuti maselo polycrystalline zambiri kugonjetsedwa ndi nyengo mitambo ndi muzichichita zosavuta monocrystalline koma ndi moyo wamfupi. Monocrystalline ndi dzuwa apamwamba mu nyengo dzuwa, ndi iwo adzakhala yaitali.

Kukonza kupanga mapanelo dzuwa kunyumba, muyenera kuwerengera katundu okwana zipangizo zonse adzakhala zoyendetsedwa ndi inverter za m'tsogolo, ndi kudziwa mphamvu chipangizo. Choncho nambala ya maselo dzuwa, pamene amaganizira mbali ya gulu la. Ena ojambula zithunzi monga n'zotheka kusintha mu malo ndalama zolipirira ndege, malingana ndi msinkhu wa yachisanu ndi yozizira - kuchokera makulidwe a chisanu.

zipangizo zosiyanasiyana ntchito popanga ndi nyumba. Nthawi zambiri zotayidwa kapena zosapanga perekani ngodya ntchito plywood, tinthu bolodi ndi zina. The gawo mandala unapangidwa wopanda feteleza kapena wamba galasi. Sales kale soldered maselo dzuwa ndi ochititsa kugula ngati Ndi bwino monga ntchito wosalira msonkhano. Mbale si zakhala zikuzunza m'miyoyo chimodzi pa zina - pansi angapereke microcracks. Solder ndi kamwazi ntchito kale. zinthu Soldering mosavuta, kuwayika iwo mwachindunji kumbali ntchito. Kumapeto muyeso wa mbale ndi welded kuti busbars pa (onse akuwauza), ndiye linanena bungwe "opanda" ndi "kuphatikiza".

Akagwira ntchito mayesero ndi kusindikizidwa gululi. ambuye yachilendo mankhwala ntchito Mwaichi, koma ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri kwa amisiri wathu. converters amamwa losindikizidwa ndi silikoni, ndi mbali kumbuyo TACHIMATA ndi varnish zochokera akiliriki.

Pomaliza tiyenera kunena kuti ndemanga ambuye amene anapanga maselo dzuwa ndi manja awo, zonse zabwino. Kamodzi ndalama pa kupanga ndi unsembe wa chopatsilira, banja mofulumira kwambiri malipira iwo ndi kuyamba kusunga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu mphamvu.