Electrolysis ndi chiyani? The anode ndi cathode. ndondomeko Physico-mankhwala

Kwa nthawi yaitali anthu chiyani sakwanitsa zochuluka zinthu koyera mawonekedwe ufulu. Monga Mwachitsanzo:

• zitsulo;
• alkalis;
• chloro;
• haidrojeni;
• hydrogen peroxide;
• organic chlorine ndi ena.

Analandira mwina zili mkulu zosafunika, kumene kunali kosatheka kuti amuchotsepo, kapena apanga konse. Koma kugwirizana ndi kofunika kwambiri chifukwa ntchito mafakitale ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Koma anatulukira njira monga electrolysis, ntchito za tinthu lingamutsatire wakhala mwake. Lero ntchito osati kwa kaphatikizidwe, komanso njira zina zambiri.

electrolysis ndi chiyani? Monga izo zimachitika, ena mwa magawo ankangounjikika, kodi mwayi waukulu njira imeneyi, kuyesetsa kumvetsa Inde nkhaniyo.

electrolysis ndi chiyani?

Kuti tiyankhe funso limeneli, choyamba tiyenera kumvetsa ndi terminology ndi zina zazikulu mfundo thupi ndi mankhwala.

1. DC - anatsogoleredwa mtsinje wa ma elekitironi unachokera kwina kulikonse kwa magetsi.
2. Electrolyte - mankhwala, njira ya chimene chingathe kuchititsa ndi magetsi.
3. Maelekitirodi - mbale zipangizo zina, inakula, amene pochitika magetsi mwa okha (anode ndi cathode).
4. The redox anachita - njira imene pali kusintha mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa ophunzira. Ndiko kuti, ena ayoni oxidize ndi kuonjezera kufunika kwa mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni, pamene ena yafupika, kutsitsa izo.

Mukalongosola onse mawu awa, mukhoza kuyankha funso la chimene ali electrolysis. Izi ndondomeko redox chikukhudza kudutsa panopa mwachindunji kupyolera njira electrolyte ndipo anathetsa amasulidwe zinthu zosiyanasiyana pa maelekitirodi lapansi.

Easy unsembe, imene tingati electrolyzer kumatanthauza zigawo ochepa:

• magalasi awiri ndi electrolyte ndi;
• gwero panopa;
• maelekitirodi awiri inakula.

makampani amagwiritsa ntchito zambiri zovuta kuposa makina kamangidwe, kulola kupeza ambiri mankhwala - electrolysis osambira.

electrolysis ndondomeko ndi mwachilungamo zovuta, umamumvera malamulo angapo ongolankhula ndi chimaposa monga mwa dongosolo ndi malamulo. Kuti molondola kulosera za mapeto malamulo onse ndi ndime zotheka kuti anaphunzira.

Maziko ongolankhula kwa ndondomekoyi

The malamulo ofunika lalikulu limene linkakhala electrolysis - malamulo a Michael Faraday - ndi wasayansi wotchuka, wodziwika kwa ntchito yake mu munda wa magetsi ndi njira zonse m'munsili.

Onse malamulo amenewa awiri, omwe akufotokoza akamanena za njira mu electrolysis lapansi.

Lamulo loyamba

Woyamba lamulo la Faraday, chilinganizo chimene analembedwa mamita = Maf * Δt, chiri motere.

Misa mankhwala akatulutsidwa pa elekitirodi ndi mwachindunji njila kwa magetsi, zomwe wopyoza electrolyte lapansi.

Ndondomeko ikusonyeza kuti mamita - ndi unyinji wa chuma, I - panopa mwamphamvu, Δt - nthawi imene ndi imfa. Kuphatikizanso ndi phindu la K, ndilo lotchedwa electrochemical lofanana nalo ndi. Khalidwe limeneli zimadalira chikhalidwe cha pawiri yokha. K numerically wofanana ndi unyinji wa thunthu kuti adzamasulidwa pa elekitirodi mwa electrolyte pamene tikudutsa wina unit wa woyang'anira magetsi.

Lamulo lachiwiri la electrolysis

Lamulo lachiwiri Faraday, chilinganizo chimene - mamita = M Ine Δt / N * F, chiri motere. Zofanana electrochemical wa pawiri (k) mwachindunji njila kwa misa molar, ndi inversely njila kwa valence wa thunthu.

Chilinganizo pamwamba ndi zotsatira za kusiya zonse United. Iwo analanda akamanena za lamulo lachiwiri la electrolysis. M - molar misa mankhwala, I - mwamphamvu panopa zapita kwa ndondomeko lonse, Δt - okwana electrolysis nthawi, F - Faraday mosaleka, N - ma elekitironi kuti nawo mbali. chiwerengero chawo ndi wofanana ndi mtengo wa ion, ndi kutenga nawo mbali mu ndondomeko.

malamulo Faraday pothandiza amadziwa electrolysis, ndi kuchuluka zokolola poyesetsa kulemera, chifukwa chifunirocho ndicho kulosera ndi kulimbikitsa njira ya ndondomekoyi. Oterewa maziko ongolankhula cha masinthidwe a.

Lingaliro la anode ndi mitundu yake

Nkofunika ali maelekitirodi ndi electrolysis. Dongosolo lonse chimadalira zinthu zomwe anapanga, chikhalidwe chawo yeniyeni ndi katundu. Choncho, tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane aliyense wa iwo.

Anode - kuphatikiza kapena elekitirodi positive. Ndilo kuti amamangiriridwa ku "+" mzati wa gwero mphamvu. Chotero, izo kuchokera njira electrolyte kudzalimbikitsa ayoni zoipa kapena anions. Iwo oxidize pano, kukhala digiri apamwamba makutidwe ndi okosijeni.

Choncho, tingapeze chithunzi pang'ono kuti kudzakuthandizani kukumbukira njira anodic: ndi anode "kuphatikiza" - anions - makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Choncho pali mitundu iwiri yaikulu ya elekitirodi malinga limene adzatembenuza mankhwala makamaka.

1. The insoluble kapena inert anode. mtundu zimenezi ndi monga ndi elekitirodi amene zimangokolezera kusamutsa ma elekitironi ndi njira makutidwe ndi okosijeni Koma si ankadya osati kusungunuka. anodes amenewa anapangidwa kuchokera graphite, iridium, pulatinamu, mpweya ndi zina zotero. Kugwiritsa maelekitirodi awa, zitsulo akhoza kupangidwa mu mpweya koyera (mpweya, wa hydrogen, chlorine ndi zina zotero).
2. The sungunuka anode. Pamene njira zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni iye kusungunuka ndipo kwambiri zotsatira za electrolysis lapansi. Zipangizo zofunika ntchito yomanga mtundu wa elekitirodi: faifi tambala, mkuwa, cadmium, kutsogolera, tini, nthaka ndi ena. Kugwiritsa anodes zimenezi chifukwa electrorefining njira zitsulo, electroplating, ❖ kuyanika zoteteza ndi dzimbiri, ndi zina zotero.

Akamanena za njira zikuchitika pa elekitirodi zabwino yafupika kuti zimatulutsa ayoni kwambiri electronegative momveka angathe. Ivot n'chifukwa chiyani anions zidulo hydrogen ndi ion hydroxide, ndiyeno madzi, ngati yankho. Mpweya munali anions mu amadzimadzi electrolyte njira, zambiri pa anode si akatulutsidwa, kuyambira madzi zikuchititsa kuti msanga, mpweya.

The cathode ndi makhalidwe ake

The cathode - ndi elekitirodi zoipa mlandu (chifukwa kudzikundikira ma elekitironi pa izo pamene magetsi). N'chifukwa chake iye akusuntha ayoni ndithu mlandu - cations kuti akukumana ndi ovuta, ndiko kuti, kuchepetsa mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni.

Palinso zogwirizana kumbukirani chiwembu cathode "opanda" - cation - kuchira. Ngati mfundo cathode ndi monga:

• zitsulo zosapanga;
• mkuwa;
• mpweya;
• mkuwa;
• chitsulo;
• aluminium ndi ena.

Ndi pa elekitirodi izi zifika zitsulo ayambe zinthu woyera, umene ndi imodzi mwa njira zikuluzikulu yopangira iwo m'mafakitale. Komanso nkotheka ndi kulanda ma elekitironi ku anode kuti cathode, ndipo ngati choyamba - sungunuka, ayoni ake ndi kuchepetsedwa pa elekitirodi negative. Apa pali kubwezeretsa cations kuti haidrojeni mpweya H _2. Choncho, cathode - ndi imodzi mwa mbali zofunika kwambiri chiwembu wonse wa electrolysis zinthu.

electrolysis wa chimasungunula

Ku maganizo a ndondomeko mankhwala pansi kulingalira ali aone kuti pali ake. Ndi n'zotheka kuimira dera lonse pa pepala ndi kulosera zotsatira zake. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri muyenera kulabadira - kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa chilengedwe m'madzi ndi mtundu wa anode ndi (sungunuka kapena ayi).

Ngati kuli kofunika kupeza mankhwala zotsatirazi: soda ndi zamchere lapansi zitsulo, alkalis, zotayidwa, beryllium, anions mpweya mpweya munali sangathe ndiye kukhala funso za electrolysis wa njira electrolyte. Zidzangosungunuka, chifukwa mukatero chofunika kugwirizana sizigwira ntchito. N'chifukwa chake mu makampani zambiri lithe zinthu pogwiritsa iwo youma anhydrous kuphatikizapo hydroxides.

Ambiri, kusungunula electrolysis aone kuti pali ndi wosavuta ndi muyezo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati tilingalira ndi kulemba kwa iodide potassium view adzakhala zotsatirazi:

KI = K ^{+ +} I ^-

The cathode (K) "-" K ⁺ K + 1 E = ⁰

The anode ^{(A) "+": 2I - -} 2e = I ₂ ⁰

Njira Zotsatira: KI = K + Ine _2.

Mofananamo, electrolysis adzakhala kulemba zitsulo aliyense kaya elekitirodi umatha.

Electrolysis wa amadzimadzi njira

Pankhani electrolyte njira, zotsatira za ndondomeko adzakhala yosiyana. Ndipotu, madzi kukhala ophunzira yogwira. Komanso amatha dissociating mu ayoni ndi akatulutsidwa maelekitirodi lapansi. Choncho, Zikatero zofunika elekitirodi angathe ayoni. Kuposa mtengo zake zoipa n'chozama, wamkulu mosavuta makutidwe ndi okosijeni zambiri mofulumira kapena kuchepetsa.

Electrolysis wa amadzimadzi njira umamumvera malamulo angapo amene ayenera kulowezedwa.

1. Anodic njira: akatulutsidwa yekha anions zidulo wa hydrogen (kupatula fluoride wa hydrogen). Ngati ion mpweya kapena ion fluoride, ndiye madzi adzakhala oxidized kumasula oxygen.
2. Njira cathodic: electrowinning zitsulo mndandanda electrochemical (kuti ndi Ponena za zotayidwa) pa cathode sangathe kubwezeretsedwa chifukwa mkulu ntchito mankhwala. Izi zimapangitsa madzi kumasula wa hydrogen. Zitsulo ku zotayidwa kuti haidrojeni kubwezeretsedwa imodzi ndi madzi ndi zinthu zophweka. Anthu amene ali monga wa hydrogen mu mndandanda electrochemical (otsika ntchito), mosavuta kukumana kuchepetsa ndi zinthu zophweka.

Ngati mutsatira malamulo amenewa, titha amasonyeza electrolysis aliyense ndi kuwerengera zokolola. Mu nkhani ya anode dera sungunuka zimasiyanasiyana ndipo chimakhala zovuta.

salt electrolysis

pasukuluyi ntchito kupeza zitsulo wangwiro ndiponso gasi, chifukwa sayansi yosavuta ndi chuma zaphindu. Komanso, mankhwala kubwera ndi digiri yapamwamba ya chiyero, chimene chiri chofunika.

Mwachitsanzo, electrowinning zamkuwa mwamsanga kupeza mu mawonekedwe woyera ku njira ya mchere iliyonse. The zambiri ntchito mkuwa sulphate kapena mkuwa sulphate (II) - CuSO _4.

Monga Sungunulani kapena njira ya mchere akhoza yotengedwa zitsulo woyera, umene ndi lofunikira pafupifupi m'magulu onse a Magetsi ndi zitsulo zomangamanga.

Meaning ndi ntchito ndondomeko

Electrolysis - ndondomeko zofunika kwambiri. Pa maziko ake ali zili zofunika luso ntchito, monga:

1. zitsulo kuyenga.
2. Electroextraction.
3. Electroplating.
4. Electrosynthesis.
5. Ntchito zokutira odana ndi dzimbiri ndi ena.