Environmental Kafukufuku. Engineering ndi chilengedwe Kafukufuku kuti amangire

Engineering kafukufuku kwa kumanga ndi imodzi mwa magawo zofunikira ntchito, ndi mamangidwe a zochitika za m'mbuyomo. Pamenepo siteji, akatswiri Kutanthauzira makhalidwe a mtunda, nthaka katundu, n'zotheka ntchito anthu kapena zina nyumba ndi zipangizo. Zotsatira Final atengedwa mu nkhani pamene osauka njira luso yomanga anakonza. Nayenso Kafukufuku zachilengedwe ndinu gawo la kafukufuku mwatsatanetsatane za malo enieni komanso kutumikira monga gwero la mauthenga chitukuko ndi kutsimikiza ntchito yomangayo. Makamaka, deta ya maphunziro amenewa nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha zolembedwa zachilengedwe ndi ukhondo.

Zolimbana ndi malamulo lamulo la maphunziro zachilengedwe

malamulo Basic malinga ndi zomwe anazindikira ntchito zinthu zimene pokhazikitsa chakudya cha SNIP. Akatswiri anayamba zofunika chikalata, amene angathe kuchitidwa zomangamanga ndi chilengedwe Kafukufuku kumanga nyumbayo. SP 11-102-97 Mwachitsanzo, inaŵerengeredwa makampani ntchito yokonza ndi kafukufuku ndi mabungwe kuti ntchito m'munda wa zomangamanga ndi mamangidwe.

Malamulo malamulo ntchito za makampani chidwi munda ndi mawu a mbali malamulo komanso mwaukadaulo. Ndipotu popanda zikalata bwino anaphedwa pa zotsatira za kafukufuku, palibe kampani adzatha kukhala mwalamulo woyenera yomanga. Monga ulamuliro, kufufuza chilengedwe chifukwa cha kafukufuku mwatsatanetsatane mpata kukonzekera malipoti ndi malingaliro katswiri pa mitundu yambiri ya mayesero malingana zofunika ntchito. Ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi kutukula ndipo okonza akalandireko kwa mabungwe kafukufuku thandizo la makhalidwe nyengo ndi woipa maziko a zoipitsa. Koma si maphunziro onse amene anachitika ku gawo la maphunziro a chilengedwe.

The zikuchokera ntchito kafukufuku

Base kufufuza bwino ndiyo otchedwa zipangizo ndi mabuku zambiri za mmene chilengedwe m'deralo. Mu Pophunzira makhalidwe a zipangizo poyerekeza angagwiritsire ntchito zinthu zofanana, amene ntchito chofanana zachilengedwe. Komanso, zamakono limakupatsani kugwila mitundu angapo. m'dera Izi zikuphatikizapo kafukufuku ndi kutanthauzira kwa zipangizo Azamlengalenga, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito multispectral ndi makina ounikira kuwombera.

Kumene, malo apadera wotanganidwa ndi kafukufuku mpweya ndi malo wonse mwa mawu a kuipitsa. Masiku ano khalidwe zachilengedwe Kafukufuku mocheperapo popanda ziyenera wa cheza vuto, thupi zoipa zotsatira pa topezeka, zochepa chabe pamalangizo mpweya kuipitsidwa, etc. chuma Hydrological komanso imvera kuphunzira mbali zosiyanasiyana zasayansi. gulu la kusanthula n'kofunika kuti chitukuko cha ntchito zogona nyumba ndi yomanga maofesi a ulimi komanso.

Collection zipangizo kufufuza

Akatswiri kusonkhanitsa zipangizo kuti kupereka mfundo za mmene zinthu zachilengedwe dera ncholinga kaphatikizidwe zina ndi kusanthula. Mwachindunji omanga mudziwe analandira zogwirizana pafupifupi magawo onse a ntchito pa maziko a kamangidwe ndi kusankha liza ndi denga. Pankhaniyi, si onse zambiri zopezera njira ya mayesero latsopano zasayansi. Ena zipangizo akhoza kuwapeza miyala ya Akuluakulu abomawa wamba ntchito chitetezo. Makamaka, ili likhoza kukhala pakati kafukufuku nyengo ndi polojekiti chilengedwe, komanso maziko a kamangidwe ndi kafukufuku mabungwe malo.

Pankhani zotsatira latsopano kafukufuku wa zomangamanga ndi kafukufuku zachilengedwe idzagwiritsa deta, kusanthula ndi kafukufuku wa zigawo zikuluzikulu za m'dera chilengedwe. Zikuphatikizapo nthaka, malo, zoogeographic ndi zikalata zina zimene zimasonyeza makhalidwe ndi maonekedwe a zigawo zikuluzikulu zachilengedwe m'madera yeniyeni.

kuzipenya njira

Kawirikawiri njira kuzipenya lisanafike mitundu zikuluzikulu za ntchito m'munda kafukufuku. Pa nthawi yomweyo, zomangamanga ndi kafukufuku zachilengedwe panthawi imeneyi limodzi ndi decrypting masiku chizindikiro tebulo, kuphatikizapo malongosoledwe a zinthu payekha mtunda, kuyan'anila zotsatira ndi kusintha calibration lapansi. Ntchito yaikulu ya kuzipenya yolozera ndi kupeza magawo kachulukidwe ndi Mkhalidwe ndi makhalidwe a zigawo za zinthu za chilengedwe.

Mu gawo ili la deta pa pansi ndi madzi pamwamba, malo Geological chikhalidwe nthaka, nyama ndi zomera zolengedwa, zochitika anthropogenic, etc. Komanso Kafukufuku chilengedwe mtundu zimenezi zingaphatikizepo chitukuko ndi malo kudziyesa. Ankachita anyalanyaza m'madera ulendo wa lotayako, landfills, akasinja septic, akasinja yosungirako ndi zina zikanavulaza cha kuwonongeka.

yomanga

Pa nthawi imeneyi a Akuti zomangamanga ndi miyala zinthu alili. Iwo ri zikuchokera ndi digiri ya permeability dothi, miyala anafufuza ndipo anazitsimikizira ndi kukhalapo zotheka zigawo zikuluzikulu madzi zosagwira ndi kugwirizana hayidiroliki pakati utuluke madzi pamwamba ndi aquifers.

Pa nthawi imeneyi, makamaka zimaonekera mbali ya kafukufuku, amene converge Geological ndi kafukufuku zachilengedwe gawo. Oyeza ntchito kusankha nthaka, madzi mobisa ndi nthaka kudziwa mipweya ndikupeza zili zinthu osafunika. Pomwepo yomanga ili alignments kuti kutenga perpendicular malo ake ku zinthu malire geomorphology.

Nthaka Kafukufuku zachilengedwe

phunziro nthaka angathe kuchitidwa m'mikhalidwe yosiyana. Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu ndi kudziwa momwe ntchito yomanga zidzakhudza nkhalango ndi zaulimi pafupi malo nyumba. Mukumwa nthaka akhoza kuchitika kwa kusanthula chinanso kuthekera malawi pa akhala akutayirapo dothi malo osungira zinyalala. Mosiyana Kafukufuku chilengedwe kumangira kafukufuku nthaka akhoza kuchitikira kukhala ntchito malo kapena malo bongo.

Magawo koyamba mitundu deta ya dothi atsimikiziridwa zochokera deta ndi zasayansi kusanthula zipangizo anasonkhana. Kachiwiri, si koyenera kusonkhanitsa zitsanzo mwachindunji malo kumanga tsogolo kapena kaikidwe ka zinthu zina. Khalani ndi kusanthula zitsanzo, amene ali pa kutaya wa cadastre malo.

Kafukufuku njira zoipa thupi

Mu kuphunzira malo kuipitsidwa wapadera ndende Chinthu ntchito, zomwe limatchula chikhalidwe zachilengedwe m'derali. Kuti mudziwe maziko maiko oyandikana cha kudetsedwa akhoza amatengedwa zitsanzo zokwanira nthaka ili kunja m'dera nkhani za ntchito m'dera anthropogenic. Kupereka ndi zinthu zapadera pa nthawi zochepa chabe pamalangizo ali m'gulu la zomangamanga ndi chilengedwe Kafukufuku kumanga nyumbayo. SP 11-102-97, makamaka chifukwa osankhidwa maziko zitsanzo kumbali mumawomba mphepo kwabasi kugwilizana ndi mtunda kuchokera midzi. Komanso, kusankha mfundo ali udzakhazikitsidwe mamita osachepera 500 kuchokera mumsewu.

Pomaliza

Ngakhale cholinga yopapatiza kafukufuku chilengedwe, chopereka kwambiri za tsogolo la kapangidwe ndi kumanga pa malo makamaka. Malinga ndi makhalidwe yomanga chinthu, amaphunzitsidwa akhoza kudziwa katundu wa m'deralo ndi muyezo angapo. Miyambo ndi kafukufuku mabuku zachilengedwe, zomwe mtengo kungakhale mozungulira 10-15 zikwi. Opaka. Izi ndi zothandiza ngati mukufuna kumanga nyumba zawo kapena malo mafakitale. Mwini Motero lidzatha kupenda osati chikhalidwe zachilengedwe a m'derali, komanso kusonkhanitsa mudziwe hydrology, nthaka ndi zinthu miyala. Khalidwe la mudziwe analandira zimadalira yamtunduwu wa bungwe inapemphedwa kafukufuku ntchito.