Flemish kupenta. Flemish kupenta njira. Flemish sukulu ya kupenta

Chakale luso, motsutsana ndi chi kayendedwe avant-garde, nthawi zonse kugonjetsa mitima ya anthu. Mmodzi wa ambiri omveka ndi wolemera zokumana ndi munthu amene anakumana ndi ntchito za oyambirira amisiri Netherlandish.

Flemish kupenta amakhala ndi Kuzindikira, chipolowe cha mitundu ndi mitu ikuluikulu kuti akuyendera nkhani.

M'nkhaniyi, ife osati kulankhula za limatchula za zikuchikazi, komanso alidziwe njira ya kulemba, komanso oimira ambiri zodziwika lapansi.

kupenta Baroque

Mbiri ya penti kwathunthu zimasonyeza kusintha mu moyo ndale komanso a anthu. Choncho mokondwera ndi mavuto a frescoes wakale taphunzira mdima ndi nkhani akufa kwa Ages Middle.

Baroque ( "takambiranazi, intemperate") akuimira kuchoka ku mbalume wakale ndi wotopetsa. Iwo anatenga maganizo tsiku lonse ndi khalidwe la nthawi.
Pakati pa chiwembu, komanso lonse la Baroque, ndi munthu. Koma khalidwe la fano tikamva lenileni, kuzikwanitsa. Komanso, pali kwathunthu Mitundu watsopano monga moyo, malo, mtundu wanyimbo zithunzi.

Tiyeni tione zimene kwenikweni osiyana Flemish kupenta kwa ena masitaelo Western.

Flemish ndi Dutch kupenta?

Anthu ndi zaluso European, amadziwika ndi chinthu monga chithunzi Flemish. Ngati inu muyang'ane mu buku lina, timaphunzira kuti Flemish - nzika ya Flanders, zimene pamapeto, ndi masiku ano Belgium. Koma pamene izo zifika pa ojambula zithunzi za nthawi imeneyi, tikuona kuti ambiri a iwo Dutch.

Pali funso chachilengedwe: kodi pali kusiyana pakati pa Flemish ndi Dutch kupenta? Ndipotu, zonse ndi wosavuta. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, ndicho mu 1579, m'zigawo kumpoto kwa Netherlands anamasulidwa ku mchikakamizo cha Spanish korona. Tsopano Holland wapanga mderali.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti chikhalidwe m'dziko achinyamata amayamba kukula pa mitengo chidwi. zaka zake zagolide sizinakhalitse, koma atumwi. Koma ntchito ya ambuye monga Peter Paulo Rubens, Anton Van Deyk, Yakob Yordans, ndi amisiri ena angapo, anali maluwa luso dziko Dutch. Kenako, m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, dziko ayamba kutengera mphamvu ya chikhalidwe French. Choncho, ngakhale amene adzadziwire sangalankhule.

Flemish ojambula zithunzi za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri tidakali a mbali ya kalembedwe kuti kusiyanitsa iwo kwa mabwana Dutch ku mbali zina za dziko.

Choyamba, iwo kuzindikira zolinga momveka bwino moyenera Italy, amene tikambirana ina. Chachiwiri, pali zithunzi pakati imene inalipo si nthano chabe kapena chipembedzo zithunzi ndi nkhani za tsiku ndi tsiku pa moyo wa nzika wamba.

Choncho zikuoneka kuti Flemish kupenta - ndi gawo oyambirira mu chitukuko cha luso Dutch. Koma mbali yaikulu ya nthawi iyi ndi dziko Dutch amajambulapo maluwa okongola, wopepuka chikoka yachilendo.

Pobwereka ku Italy mndandanda wa njira tikambirana pansipa, ife tabadwa maziko mapangidwe kalembedwe chosiyana, koma si monga mwa worldview awo.

Mphamvu ya ambuye Chitaliyana

Monga momwe tionere kutsogoloku, Flemish ndi Dutch zojambula za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, ali kwambiri ndi amisiri Italy. Tili nthawi lidzayamba pambuyo Lucas galimoto Leyden ndi Pieter Bruegel Wamkulu. Otsiriza, makamaka pa m'nthawi amatchedwa "osauka" kuti nzika za zojambula ndi zithunzi za anthu otchulidwa.

Koma patapita yasintha mu mapu andale a Netherlands, anayamba nyengo zatsopano. Flemish kupenta, zimapezeka otaya osiyana, akuyamba ulendo wake amanyadira golide nthawi Rubens.

Bologna School, manericheskoe kuti, Karavadzhizm - mumaganiza awa anachokera Italy ku mayiko ena a ku Ulaya. Inali pa yovuta imeneyi ndi kukana lenileni la mfundo akale. Tsopano, mu kupenta ndi ochuluka ayamba kulamulira wakale otchulidwa m'nthano, zithunzi moyenera moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi Dutch akadali lifes ndi kusaka.

mitundu aakulu chidwi tsatanetsatane otchulidwa yowala ndiponso yomveka bwino, zithunzi mtundu wanyimbo, mokometseredwa ndi uzitsine nthabwala - izi ndi mbali chabe ya makhalidwe chibadidwe Flemish kupenta. Makamaka iye waima motsutsana ndi ambiri European luso zotsatira zake coloristic.

ambuye Dutch kusewera ndi njira ya chiaroscuro, chitsanzo chitayiko ndi mitundu yowala ndi zikoti zambiri. Satenga nthawi ovomerezeka mitu ndi kukhala nawo mu mtundu wanyimbo kapena kubweretsedwa ku burlesque a. khalidwe lawo moyo ndi kupuma. Tipitirize timudziwe bwino angapo aluso. Mudzaona nkhani mmene limaonetseratu pa nsalu zokha ayi awo.

History amadziwa zitsanzo zambiri za kupenta, pamene zilandiridwenso ndi kalembedwe ntchito za achinyamata aluso kufooketsedwa ndi kusokonekera kwa chikhalidwe ndi maulamuliro anthu. Choncho, chikoka cha ambuye Italy kunali kamphepo kayaziyazi kumene anamasulidwa ku zochita za kontrreformatsionnogo Netherlands.

zida kupenta

Monga ofufuza amati, njira ya Flemish kupenta poyamba abale Van Eyck. Koma luso mbiri yakale amaumirira chakuti ambiri ambuye Italy ntchito njira zomwezi kale kwambiri. Tiyeni tipite mu vicissitudes wa Championship, ndi kulankhula za sayansi yokha.

Nsalu yokutidwa poyamba woyera zomatira phunziroli. Iye woyesedwa mosamala kwambiri, chifukwa anali woyera kuwala mthunzi pa chithunzi m'tsogolo. Komanso, ena utoto ntchito zigawo woonda kwambiri, kulola pansi kulenga zotsatira inimitable chowala kuchokera mkati.

Ngati njira zina zambiri kupenta, Flemish ali zinayendera bwino zochita. Poyamba analenga "board" - dongosolo la chithunzi m'tsogolo. Zinali sewero akhakula, izo anamulasa ndi singano pamodzi kutalika kwa maphunziro fano. Pambuyo ntchito malasha ufa preform mosamala primed ikumasuliridwa pepala.

Pambuyo anasamutsa sewero ndi chitsogozo cha malire ake tsogolo la chithunzi silingamveke mafuta kapena tempera. A wosanjikiza woonda kuwala bulauni ❖ kuyanika anali kusunga mkati chiwalitsiro chitsanzo.

Pomwepo adadza gawo la "utoto akufa" (ozizira ndi wotumbululuka mitundu amene amayambitsa chidwi). Ndipo itha ndondomeko ya ntchito mwaluso za mitundu yowala ndi wolemera kuti tisangalatse alendo wamba ndi luso okonda maphunziro chiyambireni.

ambuye karavadzhizma

Mu XVI ndi XVII zaka Flemish sukulu ya kupenta amaloŵamo zotsatira za kalembedwe makamaka luso European. Karavadzhizm - mbiri ya Italy mbuye Mikelandzhelo De Caravaggio. Iye ankakhala ku Roma ndipo anali mmodzi wa ambuye Europe yaikulu Baroque. akatswiri a masiku ano amakhulupirira kuti wojambula tate wa Kuzindikira ndi chithunzi.

Iye amagwira ntchito mu njira chiaroscuro (kuwala mthunzi), imene kusiyana zosiyana m'madera mdima wa chithunzi m'tsogolo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti sanapezeke sewero aliyense Caravaggio. Iye anagwira ntchito mwachindunji pa kutsirizitsa ntchito njira.

Zojambula za m'ma 17 ku Italy, Spain ndi Netherlands analandira zinthu zatsopano monga kamphepo kayaziyazi. Mu njira chotero Italy ntchito de A 'Fiori ndi Gentileschi, ndi Msipanishi Ribera, Dutch ojambula zithunzi Hendrick wabweletsela Brugghen ndi Barbyuren.
Karavadzhizm analinso ndi mphamvu pa magawo a ntchito za ambuye monga Peter Paulo Rubens, Diego Velasquez, Zhorzh De La ulendo ndi Rembrandt.

Wadding karavadzhistov bwanji kuya kwake ndi chidwi tsatanetsatane. Tiyeni tikambirane zambiri za zojambulajambula Dutch amene anagwira ntchito njira imeneyi.

Ganizo loyamba kwambiri anatenga Hendrick wabweletsela Brugghen. Iye ali mu m'ma XVII, anapita ku Roma, kumene anakumana ndi Manfredi, Gentileschi ndi Saraceni. Iwo unali wa ku Netherlands anayamba sukulu Utrecht ya penti ndi njira imeneyi.

Ziwembu ndi zojambula ziriri, iwo yodziwika wofatsa nthabwala akuonetsedwa zithunzi. Hendrick wabweletsela Brugghen akusonyeza kuti mphindi osiyana wa khalidwe la moyo, komanso kupendanso ndi naturalism chikhalidwe.

pofuna kukwaniritsa sukulu anapita Honthorst. Iye anatembenukira kwa nkhani za m'Baibulo, koma chiwembu imangidwa ndi ogula mawonedwe wa Dutch XVII atumwi. Choncho, zojambula wake, tikuona chikoka bwino njira chiaroscuro. Iwo amagwira ntchito mchikakamizo cha karavadzhistov anam'bweretsera kutchuka Italy. Magawo wake polemba chinenero Kandulo, ankalandira dzina lakuti "usiku".

Mosiyana ndi sukulu Utrecht, Flemish amisiri monga Rubens ndi Van Dyck sanakhale amphamvu mbali karavadzhizma. kalembedwe Izi amalembedwa ntchito zawo monga gawo osiyana mu mapangidwe kalembedwe munthu.

Adrian Brouwer ndi David Teniers

Kwa zaka zambiri, kujambula Flemish ambuye wayamba kusintha kwakukulu. Timayamba taphunzira aluso ku magawo ina, pamene panali kuchoka zojambula yaikulu kuti akapulumuka akulimbana nkhani.

Choyamba, Brouwer ndi Teniers Wamng'ono ndipo pambuyo maziko a zilandiridwenso kuyika zithunzi za ku moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa Dutch wamba. Choncho, Adrian, kupitiriza amajambulapo maluwa okongola Pieter Bruegel, ndi kusintha pang'ono njira kulemba ndi cholinga cha zojambula wake.

Iye anafotokoza mbali kwambiri woipa wa moyo. Valais zithunzi iye akufunafuna mu mdima alendo utsi ndi malo odyera. Komabe, chithunzi Brouwer bwanji mawu ake ndi kuya khalidwe. chithunzicho wamunthu umaphimba zilembo zazikulu mu kuya, wosasamalira kwa woyamba dongosolo akadali lifes.

nkhondo A pa masewera a dayisi kapena makhadi akugona wosuta kapena chadzaoneni kuvina. Amenewa ndi nzika chidwi zojambulajambula lapansi.

Koma posachedwapa ntchito Brouwer kukhala yofewa, iwo ndi nthabwala chimapambana pa grotesque ndi osadziletsa. Tsopano nsalu zokha ayi muli maganizo ndi akatswiri kusonyeza pang'onopang'ono mayendedwe kufungatira m'nkhaniyi.

Ochita kafukufuku amanena kuti pa zaka za m'ma XVII Flemish ojambula kuyamba kukula osaya poyerekeza ndi mbadwo wakale aluso. Komabe, ife monga kuona kusintha mawu akuti wowala wa anthu lachinsinsi la Rubens ndi Jordaens burlesque ndi moyo chete wamba Teniers Wamng'ono.

inawo, makamaka lolunjika pa mphindi osasamala zikondwerero m'mudzimo. Iye anayesera kusonyeza kuti ukwati ndi mapwando a alimi yosavuta. Motsindika makamaka mbali kunja, ndi idealization wa moyo.

Frans Snyders

Pamene Anton Van Dyck, amene tikambirana kenako, Frans Snyders anayamba kuphunzitsa ndi Hendrik galimoto Balen. Komanso, analinso ndi Mlangizi Piter Breygel Wamng'ono.

Poona ntchito za mbuye, timakumana ndi mbali ina ya luso, lamphamvu ku Flemish kupenta. Snyders zojambula sankaoneka ngati zojambula a m'nthawi yake. Mu France anatembenuka kupeza kagawo kakang'ono ndi mutuwo pamwamba pa mbuye chosaneneka.

Iye anali bwino mu chifanizo cha moyo ndi nyama. Monga zojambulajambula wojambula-nyama ankakhala anaitanidwa ojambula zithunzi zina, monga Rubens, kwa chilengedwe cha mbali zina za katswiri wake.

Mu ntchito ya Snyder wakhala anasintha pang'onopang'ono kuchokera lifes akadali mu zaka zoyambilira kwa zithunzi za kusaka m'nthawi zam'tsogolo. Ndi kusakonda onse zithunzi ndi mafano a anthu ali ndi izo apo pa nsalu zokha ayi lapansi. Pamene iye anatuluka ndi vutolo?

Ndi yosavuta, Frans Janssens anaitana kulenga zithunzi za alenje, Jordaens anzanu wa ambuye munalidi gulu.

Choncho, tikuona kuti luso m'ma 17 ku Flanders amasonyeza gawo sakanikira a kusinthika kuchokera ku njira zawo zakale maganizo. Iye anabwera osati yosalala ngati mu Italy, koma wapereka dziko zachilendo ndithu zolengedwa za ambuye Flemish.

Yakob Yordans

Flemish zojambula m'ma 17 yodziwika ufulu poyerekeza ndi nthawi yapita. Pano mukhoza kuona kuti moyo zithunzi ndi moyo, komanso chiyambi cha nthabwala. Makamaka, Yakob Yordans zambiri analola kuti pang'ono burlesque mu zojambula wake.

Ntchito yake, iye anafika pamwamba kwambiri ngati portraitist, koma koma anakhala pafupi kwambiri mu kufala kwa khalidwe m'chithunzi'chi. Choncho, munthu nkhani yake yaikulu - "The chikondwerero Nyemba King" - zochokera fanizo la nthano mawu otchuka, nthabwala ndi mawu. Mu zojambula awa amaonetsera pachilumbachi mokondwera, chakuya moyo wa anthu Dutch za m'ma XVII.

Ponena za luso Dutch wa kupenta nthawi imeneyi, ife amatchula dzina la Peter Paulo Rubens. Zinali mphamvu zake zinaonetsera ntchito za ambiri mwa ojambula zithunzi Flemish.

Jordaens komanso anagwa tsoka ili. Pakuti nthawi zina ankagwira ntchito mu situdiyo ya Rubens, kupanga zina zachidule zithunzi. Komabe, kunapezeka bwino kwa Yakobo njira tenebrizm ndi chiaroscuro.

Ngati inu muyang'ana pa katswiri wa Jordaens, kuyerekeza ndi ntchito za Peter Paulo, tiona chikoka bwino mtsogolo. Koma Yakobo zojambula ndi mitundu zambiri ofunda, ufulu ndi softness.

Peter Rubens

Kukambirana katswiri wa Flemish kupenta, osanenapo Rubens. Peter Paulo mu moyo wake unali otchuka mbuye. Iye ankaona katswiri wa mitu achipembedzo ndi m'nthano, koma palibe talente zochepa luso akuwonetseredwa mu luso la malo ndi chithunzi.

Iye anakulira m'banja yagwera mu disfavour chifukwa cha antics wa bambo wake paunyamata wake. Posachedwa mbiri yawo abwezeretsedwa pambuyo pa imfa ya makolo, Rubens ndi mayi ake anabwerera ku Antwerp.

Apa, mnyamata yatsala kupeza yogwirizana kofunika kutero, tsamba la wotchuka de A Lyalen. Komanso Peter Paulo anakumana ndi Tobias, Verhahtom Van Noort. Koma chikoka wapadera pa iye Unikirani anathandiza Otto Van Veen. Ndi wojambula unachita mbali yofunika kwambiri kutchukitsa mbuye tsogolo la kalembedwe.

Otto ankakonda olemba chakale, nthano, zikufotokozeredwa ntchito za Horace, ndipo anali connoisseur la Italy Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Makhalidwe a umunthu wake Van zimakupiza ndipo anapereka wojambula wamng'ono.

Patatha zaka zinayi kuphunzira ntchito mukadali pasukulu pa Otto Rubens kutenga munalidi gulu kucheza ndi amisiri, engravers ndi Osema amatchedwa "munalidi gulu la Luka Woyera." Maphunziro, malinga ndi mwambo yaitali mabwana Dutch, anali ulendo Italy. Petro Paulo analalikira kuphunzira ndi kukopera katswiri bwino za chi.

N'zosadabwitsa, zojambula za Flemish ojambula zithunzi mbali yake amafanana ndi njira zina mabwana Italy wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

Mu Italy, Rubens amakhala ndi kugwira ntchito kwa wofuna kuthandiza kudziwika ndi wokhometsa Vincenzo Gonzaga. Nthawiyi ofufuza wake zilandiridwenso kuitana Mantua, chifukwa mzindawu dzina lake Peter Paulo woyang'anira.

Koma mpando akuzigawo ndi kufuna ntchito Gonzaga sanali Rubens. M'kalatamo analemba kuti monga bwino akanagwiritsa ntchito Vicenzo chithunzi amisiri ntchito. Patapita zaka ziwiri, mnyamata wapeza ogula ndi malamulo ku Rome.

Kupambana yaikulu ya nyengo ya Aroma anali kupenta wa Santa Maria mu Vallicella, ndi guwa la obisika mu Fermo.

Atamwalira amake, Rubens anabwerera ku Antwerp, kumene Pasanapite mbuye wapamwamba-analipira. Malipiro iye adzalandira pa bwalo Brussels, anatilola kumakhala kalembedwe chachikulu, ndi msonkhano waukulu, akaphunzire zambiri.

Komanso Peter Paulo anali kugona ndi Order ya Ajezwiti, amene anakulira ngati mwana. Kwa iwo analandira malangizo kwa mkati mwa Antwerp Mpingo wa St. Karla Borromeya. Apa iye akupanga bwino wophunzira - Anton Van Dyck, amene tikambirana pansipa.

Theka lachiwiri la moyo wake Rubens anakhala mu utumwi zamtendere. Asanamwalire, iye anagula Nyumbayi kumene bulu, nasenza zokongola ndi chifanizo cha moyo m'mphawi.

Mu ntchito ya wojambula chachikulu ichi ankatsatira makamaka Titian ndi Brueghel. Ntchito wotchuka ndi zojambula "Samson ndi Delila", "ndi Mvuu kusakasaka", "The kugwirira ana aakazi a Leucippus".

Rubens kunathandiza cholimba pa zojambula European Western, kuti mu 1843 pa Green Square mu Antwerp chipilala anaukitsidwa kwa iye.

Anton Van Dyck

The khoti portraitist, mbuye wa mitu lanthano azipembedzo kupenta, wa zojambula za kalembedwe Baroque - onse makhalidwe Antona Van Dyck, wophunzira bwino a Peter Paulo Rubens.

Painting njira ya ambuye anapanga pa kuphunzitsa ndi Hendrik galimoto Balen anam'patsa kuphunzira. Iwo unali wa zaka yomwe wojambula izi amalola Anton mwamsanga kufuna kutchuka m'deralo.

Pa khumi ndi zinayi, iye analemba mwaluso woyamba fifitini anatsegula shopu yake yoyamba. Kotero ali wamng'ono Van Deyk Antwerp amakhala wotchuka.

Pa seventini Anton kuvomereza munalidi gulu la Luka Woyera, pamene iye anayamba kuphunzira pa Rubens. Kwa zaka ziwiri (1918 ndi 1920), Van Deyk analemba pa matabwa a satini zithunzi za Yesu Khristu, ndi khumi ndi awiriwo Atumwi. Today ntchito zimenezi ndi m'mamyuziyamu ambiri a dziko.

Luso penti Antona Van Dyck anali amakonda kwambiri mitu achipembedzo. Iye analemba mu msonkhano wake wotchuka wa Rubens zojambula "Coronation korona" ndi "chipsopsono cha Yudasi".

Kuyambira 1621 akuyamba nthawi ya ulendo. Poyamba, wojambula wamng'ono zochokera ku London, ndi King James, pambuyo popita ku Italy. Mu 1632, Anton anabwerera ku London, kumene Charles Ine amaganiziranso wake knighted ndipo amapereka malo a bwalo zojambulajambula. Apa iye ankagwira ntchito mpaka imfa yake.

zojambula ake anasonyeza mu zakale wa Munich, Vienna, Louvre Museum, Washington, New York ndi enawo ena ambiri padziko lonse.

Choncho, lero ife tiri ndi inu, owerenga wokondedwa, taphunzira za Flemish kupenta. Muli lingaliro mbiri ya mapangidwe ake ndi njira yopanga zojambula. Ifenso anakumana mwachidule ndi wamkulu ojambula zithunzi Dutch nyengo.