Fort "Alexander 1" ( "kukhomedwa '): kufotokoza, mbiri, momwe ndingayendere

Zaka zoposa 10 zapitazo, tsiku April mu 2004, anthu a St. Petersburg anadabwa kwambiri ndi uthenga anapeza. Mmodzi wa ku Kronstadt forts, ndicho linga "Alexander 1" kwa nthawi yaitali anali chinsinsi zoopsa mu womata galasi vial. Chotengera akale lalembedwa ndi kalata Latin "T" ndi chinkhanira ndi odula yachifumu ya manja chachilendo akukhavukira madzi.

kupeza

amene anapeza digger vial mu masiku angapo iye anayesera kuti agulitse, kuika zogulitsa pansi pa dzina la "mliri mu mayeso chubu." Ndipo, ndithudi, izo mofulumira kwambiri anachita chidwi mu Akuluakulu abomawa. The ampoule kunachotsedwa.

Koma mmene inakula nyanja linga ndi ampoule ndi okhutira ndi loopsali?

za mliri

Lalikulu ndi loyamba mu mbiri ya mliri anthu anali mu 6 m'ma BC mu Europe, mu ulamuliro wa Mfumu Justinian I. Pofika m'ma 14, mliri kachiwiri unaonekera, popeza kuyenda kenako ndi nyanja ku Asia ku Ulaya, njira, njira ya erasing mzinda pansi. Iye anawuka Russia. Ndiye kuchokera "Makoswe" anafa 75 miliyoni. Man.

A chachitatu cha mphamvu mliri ake zinachitika m'ma XIX. Mu Russia, za tsokali yayandikirayo. ankadziwa ndipo anayesa yokonzekera.

Kupanga loyamba odana ndi nthenda ya mankhwala anaganiza kugwira kunja kwa mzinda wa St. Petersburg, koma m'tsogolo, poopa kuti kachilombo koopsa koyambitsa akhoza kumasuka, kuphunzira anacoka, linga "Alexander 1". Ngakhale tsopano n'zovuta kuti pali: m'chilimwe pa madzi, ndiponso m'nyengo yozizira - ayezi pa mazira Gulf wa Finland.

Ali linga "Alexander 1"

Izi ndi chidwi kwambiri. Mu gombe kum'mwera kumadzulo kwa Kotlin chilumba mu Gulf wa Finland, 5 Km from Kronstadt ndi anasiya linga "Alexander 1". Pafupifupi zaka 200 zapitazo Dipatimenti Navy anaganiza kulimbikitsa gulu kum'mwera kwa forts wa Kronstadt. Mu 1838 anayamba kukhala kumbuyo linga kutsogoleredwa ndi injiniya msilikali Van der Weyden. Mu maonekedwe ake ndi ofanana ndi kamangidwe ka nyemba kukula 90 × 60 mamita. 150 mfuti ili pa madenga atatu linga chitetezo anapereka pa 360⁰. Mkati moti ankatha polutysyachny asilikali.

"Alexander 1" - ndi linga mu Kronstadt, anamanga zaka zoposa 10. Mu maziko ake anali yagoletsa larch 12-mita milu, amene adatenga kuposa 5000. A malo therebetween munali mchenga ndi miyala. Lakunja njerwa khoma, alimbane ndi lubwe, anali ndi makulidwe a 3 m. midadada lubwe wodula ndi makonda pamalo pa Fort. Oposa 1.5 rubles anali allocated kwa chuma cha boma kumanga nyumbayo.

Mu 1842, 14 August, Mfumu Nicholas ndinali wodzipereka ulendo linga "Alexander 1".

Kufotokozera za linga

Mu 1845, July 27, unachitika kutsegula wamkulu ndi akuyatsa linga, anapatsidwa dzina lakuti "Alexander Ine». Zingapo forts - "Paulo Ine" "Peter Ine" "Kronshlot" batire "Constantine", ndipo pamodzi ndi "Ine Alexander" - munamutcha chopinga chachikulu m'njira ya zombo mdani ndi kuteteza fairway zida zankhondo moto.

Pa linga anaikidwa wamphamvu mfuti 11 inchi, ndi njira zonse kuti anali ncho. Koma pano pali chododometsa: chake pafupifupi 200 wazaka "moyo" ndi linga sanali moto nthawi umodzi.

Mu 1860, mkubwela kwa mphamvu zida, 3-phazi khoma sanathe kutetezedwa. Choncho, mu 1896 nduna ya nkhondo yosainidwa lamulo kupatulapo kwa malinga ndi forts "Ine Perth", "Kronshlot» ndi «Alexander Ine». Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo latsopano chinsinsi tsamba anali zogwirizana ndi mbale wakupha chinamasulidwa mu linga moyo.

Maonekedwe a zasayansi

Pofuna kupewa mliri ndi kunkhondo ku January 1897 ndi lamulo la Nicholas II linakhazikitsidwa ntchito yapadera, lotsogoledwa ndi nduna Finance Witte ndi Prince wa Oldenburg. kalonga yemwe anali ndalama zolipirira choyezera, ndiponso anapeza lakutali ndi akumidzi malo - linga "Alexander 1". Mu chaka chomwecho, izo chilolezo kwa commandant wa Kronstadt linga , ndi nduna ya nkhondo. Pambuyo pake, linga kunditumiza ku ulamuliro "wa Institute of Experimental Medicine." Zinali chitsanzo: koyamba woyang'anira anali allocated kafukufuku ku maselo mlingo anthu. Analogues wa bungwe zoterezi ukhali: ngakhale mu Russia, kapena dziko.

Icho chinali choyamba ndipo okha Russia Mliri Laboratory: ndiye Kronstadt anthu ngakhale mphepo ikuwomba kunja mantha, ndi labu yokha analitcha "linga la Mliri."

Mu Middle Ages kuchiza nthenda ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana: akupukuta ndi vinyo wosasa, adyo. Ntchito mankhwala zosowa: achule mtima, njoka khungu ndi nyanga ya chipembere. Imatengedwa kwambiri zikutanthauza mbuzi fungo. Madokotala pa nthawi kuika zachilendo chikopa kumaso kuti adziteteze matenda. Zakhala anapeza kuti amene zowawa kamodzi matenda, zilibe kupweteka kwa nthawi yachiwiri. anthu awa akusamalira odwala ndi kuchotsa mitembo akufa.

Inali pa nthawi imeneyi, padziko lonse anayamba malo kutsegula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a matenda osiyanasiyana opatsirana: Louis Pasteur ku France anayamba katemera ndi matenda a chiwewe ndi tizilombo ta matenda; Robert Koch ku Germany kuika zatsopano awo oopsa ndi tubercle Bacillus; Ilya Mechnikov ntchito pa chiphunzitso cha chitetezo chokwanira. Ndipo potsiriza, mu 1894, ku French ndi bacteriologists Japanese Yersenom A. ndi K. Kitasato Yersinia pestis anatulukira.

zaka 4 zitatha izi linga "kukhomedwa 'muli ndi zasayansi. Izi litapita madotolo ndi mabanja awo, ndodo. Adaperekedwa ndi anaika zida wapadera. ndi ochepa okha a anthu akanakhoza kufika kwa linga, ndi kugwirizana Kronstadt ndi zasayansi anakhalabe ndi Sitima kakang'ono - "Nyongolosiyo". Zinali wapadera yoyenda yokha pakati, amene anali zonse zofunika moyo wathunthu.

Mu zasayansi madokotala wapadera anali otanganidwa osati kupanga katemera odana ndi mliri: kuchokera osiyana mliri foci zonse anapulumutsa zitsanzo za matenda oopsa. Madokotala tsiku lililonse kumvetsa wakupha tosaoneka kusintha ndi ungwiro mankhwala atsopano. Posachedwapa panali katemera motsutsana Nthenda yofanana ndi tayifodi, kafumbata ndi kolera. Koma mliri owopsa anakhalabe chete.

Vivarium ndi katemera

Linga inali Vivarium, M'chipindamo munali nyama mayeso: mbira nkhumba, anyani, akalulu ndi makoswe. Malinga ndi Maulendo a m'nthawi, linga anabweretsa ngamira ndi mphalapala. Koma nyama zikuluzikulu yotulutsa katemera kunali kavalo. Mu gawo lachiwiri imakonzedwa makola, lomwe linaikidwa 16 akavalo. Ambiri a iwo kwa zaka zingapo, iwo zinayenda katemera mliri.

Kuti katemera mu magazi nyama anali jekeseni wofooka, koma tizilomboto moyo. thupi limayamba kulimbana zochita zawo ndi kukhala chitetezo chokwanira. Ndi chifukwa cha magazi izi zimawapangitsa katemera, kupitiriza kuwaza anthu odwala. Chiopsezo madokotala ndi asayansi amene ankagwira ntchito pa linga, analungamitsidwa: mankhwala iwo apanga, ambiri asiya mliri. Mu 1908 iye anasiya kolera ku St. Petersburg, mu 1910 - mliri m'dera Volga, Far East, Odessa ndi Transcaucasia mu 1919 - Nthenda yofanana ndi tayifodi mu Petrograd.

Amalipiritsa nkhuku

Mu 1904, 7 January, St. Petersburg anadabwa kwambiri ndi imfa ya mutu achinyamata a zasayansi wapadera, Dr. VI Turchinovich-Vyzhnikevicha, anafa mliri wa makoswe. Poyembekezera amapha Vladislav Ivanovich yokha kuitanitsa unachita kutenthedwa. zofuna zake otsiriza zinakwaniritsidwa.

Patatha zaka 3, anafa dokotala wina, Maniul Schreiber, ngati nthendayo. Kudwala dokotala amene kuligaŵa mtembo Schreiber ndi anzake anali kufotokoza za "Makoswe." Mpaka pano, palibe amene akudziwa mmene madokotala ambiri asiya moyo wawo katemera, ndi kumene mapulusa awo ali obalalika.

The anthuyo anavala forte kwa moto mitembo matenda nyama, ndi anthu unachita kutenthedwa.

Kodi mu nsupa ya

Pa Institute of Medicine Experimental ili phulusa urn VI Turchinovich-Vyzhnikevicha, anasamutsira ku linga mu 1920, pamene zasayansi wapadera chinatsekedwa.

Ampoule, anapeza mu 2004, anayambitsa imatengedwa wamng'ono oonetsera zinthu zamakedzana. Mwinamwake katemera odana ndi mliri, koma tikhoza kunena kuti sindingakhoze. Kodi kalata "T" ndi fano pa chinkhanira galasi? Pa palibe umboni, ngakhale yachokera Institute a.

Kudziwa zimene udzathiridwa mu mbale, ndi kofunika kutsegula ndi kafukufuku. Ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri, ndipo palibe wina ankafuna kuchita. Ngati inu kutsegula ampoule, izo sizitha za m'mbiri, kotero iye anatumizidwa pa alumali mu Museum. Moyandikana izo lili ndi botolo ofanana anapeza zaka 15 zapitazo, komanso ndi madzi osadziwika.

Potseka linga

Mu 1918, linga unatha, zida anawachotsa ndipo anatumizidwa ku Saratov, kulenga mabungwe "tizilombo toyambitsa matenda."

Mu 20 ntchentche pa "kukhomedwa 'wasoŵa pa labu. Linga anali doused ndi palafini ndi moto kuti lichotse matenda.

Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World linga kamodzinso anaima utumiki wa Dziko Lathu. Pali anapangidwa "shuga rvushki" yaing'ono koma chofunika mbali ya m'migodi m'madzi.

Mu ulamuliro wa Khrushchev looters mu linga unadulidwa n'kugwira chitsulo onse, ndipo ndi pamene izo zinafika chikuoneka pano. Kuchokera looting wathunthu anapulumutsidwa ndi mbiri zoopsa.

Fort "Alexander 1" - momwe kumeneko?

Chilimwe chilichonse pa Fort amathera "mokalipa chipani" - kuichotsa discos. M'bwalo wayikidwa okamba lalikulu, kusintha zotsatira kuyatsa. Alendo kufika linga pa madzi, pa bwato.