France, Toulouse: kufotokoza, zokopa alendo ndi ndemanga

Kumwera kwa France ndi masiku mofulumira osauka chikhalidwe, sayansi ndi mafakitale likulu la dziko - mzinda wa Toulouse.

Kufotokozera za mzinda

Toulouse anthu (kuphatikizapo mabusa) ndi anthu 425 sauzande. chizindikiro ichi amasonyeza mzindawo pa malo chachinayi mu dziko pambuyo Paris, Lyon ndi Marseille. Toulouse (France), yomwe ili pa magombe a Garonne Mtsinje. Ku Nyanja Mediterranean umawalekanitsa iwo makilomita 150, ndi m'nyanja ya Atlantic - makilomita 250.

M'dera lino, kupatula Chifulenchi Chiokitani chilankhulo ndi wamba. maina msewu zinalembedwa mu zilankhulo ziwiri. Alendo ochokera padziko lonse wakhala anakopeka France. Toulouse m'njira imeneyi yotero. Zikwi akayenda mzinda chaka chilichonse kuona zowoneka m'deralo.

Mu dziko la mzinda umenewu unali kutchedwa "mzinda pinki" ndipo onse chifukwa cha mtundu wa njerwa, amene anamanga lonse la nyumba yake. Toulouse (France) angapo mabungwe maphunziro apamwamba - mayunivesite atatu onse, Polytechnic Institute, School Apamwamba of Wabwino Tirhana. Masiku ano, pali ophunzira ophunzira oposa 110,000.

Mu mzinda uwu French bwinobwino ntchito ndege makampani (Airbus ndi "Ariane"), akufotokozera amuzolengedwa, zamagetsi ndi mafakitale luso nkhani. Mu nineties oyambirira a atumwi wotsiriza mu Toulouse anaonekera yapansi. Komanso nzika akunyadira sitediyamu boma, lomwe ndi dera lalikulu wa kalabu mzinda mpira.

Toulouse (France): zokopa

mzinda uno akugwirizira zipilala zambiri mbiri, chikhalidwe ndi zomangamanga. Onsewo ndi chidwi kwambiri alendo, ndipo ine ndiyenera kunena, osati chabe. Ndi ena a iwo ife timathandiza m'nkhani ino.

Mpingo wa Saint-Sernin

Pali mipingo yambiri yakale imene ali ndi maganizo amanyadira France. Toulouse wateteza mmodzi wa makachisi wamkulu wa mzinda, amene anali m'manja mwa Abbey wa St. Saturninus. tchalitchi anali opatulidwira ku ulemu wa woyera, amene anakhalapo kuno m'nthawi wachitatu. Iwo anali bishopu woyamba wa mzinda. woyera A anali canonized pambuyo sankapanga nawo nsembe, ndi chifukwa analandira yoopsa ndi kuphedwa. Iye womangidwa kwa ng'ombe, amene mu- misewu mzinda. Bishop anaikidwa mamembala a Akhristu kwa mpanda Toulouse. Patapita nthawi yaitali, pa manda ake anali anamanga nyumba yopemphereramo yaing'ono. Pafupi ndi manda a kachisi anaonekera chiyambi cha V atumwi.

Ntchito yomanga tchalitchi unatha mu zaka XI-XII. malo apaulendo inamangidwa pafupi ndi izo - ngati alendo. Chifukwa chaichi, ndi njerwa pinki, ndi kutsirizitsa kwa nyumbayi ntchito mwala woyera.

Kalembedwe osakhala a tchalitchi - chibwenzi, koma mkati munakwanisa kuona zinthu za Baroque ndi Gothic. Mu 1096, Papa Urban II opatulidwira mpingo, ngakhale kunali yosatha. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XII anayamba kuoneka nyumba zina za Abbey, ndipo ntchito mu phiko kumadzulo anaimitsidwa.

Mu XIII m'ma mu mawonekedwe a kachisi anaonekera zinthu Gothic, ndipo pambuyo pa kubwezeretsedwa ikuchitika m'ma XIX, nyumbayo kotero nkhanza kusintha, kuti m'nthawi ya wotsatira ankayenera kuti m'maulendo maonekedwe ake apachiyambi.

Pakati mbali yaikulu ya kachisi uyu monga mwala chosema chokongoletsera kum'mwera wapakamwa makonde. Chosema mwala zithunzi, woimira zithunzi m'Baibulo, chokongoletsedwa zipata Port Mezhevill. Kumpoto a tchalitchi anasunga murals wapadera zokhudza m'ma XII. Iwo mozizwitsa anapulumuka pansi pulasitala pa kukonzedwanso zinalephereka, ikuchitika m'ma XIX.

tchalitchi belu nsanja limatuluka mamita oposa 110, ndi carillon, amene korona 18 mabelu.

tawuni ya

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti nyumba mzinda makonzedwe mu mzinda uno musamatchule ofesi meya, osati holo tauni ndi Capitol. Kumapeto kwa XII m'zaka za malo awa anali anamanga nyumba imene anakhala mamembala a mzinda wa zamalamulo - chapter, chotero, nyumbayi linatchedwa Capitol.

nyumba yaikulu imeneyi ili pa lalikulu waukulu mumzinda wotchedwa Malo du Capitole. Nyumba maonekedwe inamangidwa m'zaka za m'ma XVIII ku miyambo kwa mzinda pinki mtundu njerwa.

Pa wapakamwa wa nyumbayi (ndi kutalika mamita 135) lili mizati isanu - iwo mogwirizana ndi chiwerengero cha Mitu m'tawuni. zizindikiro awo anaikidwa pa mipanda nyumba makonde. Yomanga unatsogolera Giyom Kamm, ndipo m'zaka za zana lotsatira ntchito yake anapitiriza ndi Eugene Viollet-Le-Duc, amene Kubwezeretsedwa pafupifupi inawonongedwa mu nyumba moto wodzilemekeza ndiponso ndi nsanja-ndende, ndipo belu nsanja.

France, Toulouse Church Republic

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XIII Domi- Guzman anakhazikitsa dongosolo kumene kumakhala Amonke. mpingo wake woyamba inamangidwa Toulouse.

Lero sizikuyenda kachisi, koma chidwi cha anthu ndi alendo ofanana kwa zomangamanga zachilendo. Iwo makamu zoimbaimba ndi zochitika chikhalidwe. Kwa atsogoleri a chipembedzowo ambiri n'kofunika kwambiri kuti manda a St. Foma Akvinsky - zaumulungu akale ndi mmonke Republic.

Kuwonjezera mpingo, mu zovuta wa agulupa anapulumuka cloister zingapo ndi nyumba. Tidakhala lili pakati mbiri ya Toulouse, pafupi kwambiri ndi Capitol.

Ndi maonekedwe a kamangidwe ka mpingo zikuphatikizapo "Jacobin mtengo wa kanjedza" - makoma wachisomo, kutalika amene alumphe mamita 20; Iwo mogwirizana upwardly ku nthiti makumi awiri ndi ziwiri, zomwe ndi dongosolo denga. M'khonde la zipilala la mpingo kuti anali mmodzi wa Kumwambamwamba, pamene kutalika kwa zinayi tiered octagonal belu nsanja mamita makumi asanu okha.

Mkati mwa Mpingo Mwachitsanzo, mu nyumba yopemphereramo wa St Antonin, mukhoza amasirira murals, ndipo zenera-ananyamuka kuona wapadera othimbirira galasi ntchito zamakono - izo analengedwa mu zaka za m'ma lomaliza. Chipinda kwambiri lalikulu la mpingo kuonedwa kuti refectory, amene ntchito ngati zomera chionetsero lero.

"Space Town"

Pakuti ambiri alendo lero, France ndi wokongola kwambiri. Suburbs (Toulouse ali zambiri zokopa kunja malire mzinda) kupitirira malire kummawa kwa nkhalango wotchuka mutu wotchedwa "Space Town". Iwo chinamasulidwa mu 1997. Pabwalopo mukhoza kutenga ulendo wa chitsanzo m'ziwawa za "Ariane 5" roketi, kutalika - mamita 55, siteshoni danga "Mir" ndi gawo "Union". Chidwi amasonyeza mapulogalamu ikuchitikira tsiku mu planetarium pabwalopo. Pano mukhoza kukaona zisudzo zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, anthu ambiri amachita chidwi ndi pulogalamu yoyeseza chipinda, kumene mungayesere kulamulira spacecraft.

Museum Paulo Dupuy

Mosakayikira, chiwerengero chachikulu cha zipilala chikhalidwe ali France. Toulouse limapereka alendo ake ulendo malo osungira zakale izi. Chimakwirira dzina la tate wake - wokhometsa ndi woyang'anira Paulo Dupuis. Pakuti owonetsera zakale wake, iye anagula nyumba Besson, amene anali wozenga mlandu wa mzindawo. bungwe Cultural kulandira alendo koyamba mu 1905.

Kufotokoza kwa nyumbayi - chopereka chachikulu cha ntchito za Ntchito luso, gulu zithunzi ndi zakale ena. The wamkulu, mwa njira, zinalengedwa Zapakati, ndipo kwambiri "anyamata" alibe mlandu kupeza zaka zana. Collection zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho udzatha ndi chiyambi cha zaka mazana makumi awiri.

Ndithu mbali yaikulu ya nyumbayi khama zamanja ndi mbiri ya Languedoc. Apa mutha kuona kubwezeretsedwa akale mankhwala mkati, amene anali Ajezwiti (chiyambi cha XVII atumwi), mbiya, mipando, zovala dziko. Zosonkhanitsira ntchito za luso analengedwa ndi zitsulo ndi galasi m'misili.

Osanenapo zosonkhanitsira wapadera ulonda, amene ali oposa 130 dongosolo, ndi zodzikongoletsera kunja kwa China.

Chidwi ulendo

Masiku ano, ambiri a m'dziko mwathu muno bwino Toulouse (France). Zokopa, zomwe amakambirana apaulendo kumanzere, kupanga chidwi. Malinga ndi apaulendo, ndi zodabwitsa za mzinda pinki, imene pali chinachake kuwona. Alendo ambiri ngati ulendowu sitima, lomwe limayendetsa alendo malo wosaiwalika. Kutalika kwa ulendo - Mphindi 35, mtengo - 5 yuro. sitima zimapangitsa oyima, ndipo inu mukhoza kupita kulikonse mukufuna ndi kupitiriza fufuzani nokha.

Ambiri amanena kuti pamaso pa ulendo sanadziwe kuti Toulouse anatchuka chifukwa violets ake ndi mafuta onunkhiritsa wa maluwa. Komanso, inu mukhoza kugula kupanikizana, ndipo ngakhale violet mowa wotsekemera. Chaka chilichonse mu February, zikuchitika pano Madyerero a violets. Feedback kwa alendo, ndi stunner.