GUM ndi Maulendo Opita Kumtunda ku Moscow: ndondomeko, mbiri ndi zomangamanga

GUM, yomwe inali pakatikati pa Moscow, mpaka 1953 idadziwika kuti Upper Trade Rows. Nyumba yake ndi chofunika kwambiri chokhazikitsidwa ndi boma. GUM ndi imodzi mwa masitolo akuluakulu ku Ulaya. Ili ndi gawo lalikulu - gawo lonse la likulu. Chipinda chachikulu cha nyumbayi chikuyang'anizana ndi Red Square.

Ntchito yomanga GUM yamakono ikuimira zaka 1890-93. A.N. Pomerantsev ndikumanga nyumbayi, ndi V.G. Shukhov - injiniya wake.

Kodi Mitsinje ya Upper Trade inayamba bwanji ku Moscow?

Chaka cha chilengedwe sichingatheke. Poyang'anitsitsa zolemba za m'zaka za zana la 17, kugula kumsika ku Red Square kunali pakati pa malonda ogulitsa ndi ogulitsidwa mumzindawu. M'zaka zimenezo, pakati pa Ilyinka ndi Nikolskaya inali nyumba yaitali yamanyumba iwiri, yomwe imadziwika kuti Maulendo Akutsika Kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi iye anali chikumbutso cha Minin ndi Pozharsky. Kumbuyo kwa nyumbayo kunali mabenchi ambiri aang'ono, omwe nthaŵi zambiri ankatentha pamoto wa Moscow. Mawilowa anali makamaka m'nyengo yozizira. Chifukwa chachikulu chake chinali kugwiritsa ntchito adindo a mavuni okonzedwa kuti azitenthedwa ndi chisanu. N'zosangalatsa kuti pa moto waukulu umene unachitikira mu 1812, kotala ndi mabenchi pazifukwa zina zidapulumuka.

Nyumba yatsopano

Nyumba yatsopano ya mabwalo okwera kumsika ku Moscow anamangidwa mu 1815. O. Beauvais anakhala womangamanga wake. Nyumba yomanga nyumbayo inagawanika kukhala mbali zosiyana ndi eni ake. Nthawi itakwana yoti awonongeke, zinakhala zosatheka kupeza chilolezo kuchokera kwa eni onse. Chifukwa cha kusowa kukonzanso, nyumbayi inasokonezeka kwambiri moti tsiku lina mkazi, akuyesa kuvala m'sitolo, adathyola mwendo wake, akugwa pansi, kuvunda ndi nthawi.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa kampani yogwirizana

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, dziko lathu likadakhala ndi mphamvu zamakampani komanso zachuma, Boma la Moscow-General adaganiza zowononga nyumba yakale ndi kumanga yatsopano. Komabe, eni eni kachiwiri sanatsutsane ndi pempholi, chifukwa linaphwanya ufulu wawo wa phindu. Kuwonjezera apo, kwa wogulitsa malonda, ngakhale nthawi yochepa kwambiri yopanda pake yowopsya kuwonongeka. A eni nyumbayo adaganiza kuti apange ntchito yapadera, yomwe imapangitsa kuti akuluakulu a mzindawo azikhala osayenera. Mzinda wa Moscow Duma sungavomereze nawo, kotero nkhaniyo inakokera. Mothandizidwa ndi Gavana Wamkulu wa ku Moscow mu 1880, eni nyumbayo adakakamizika kupanga kampani yogwirizana, yotchedwa "High Rows Rows."

Ku Moscow, zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi pambuyo pake, mu 1886, komiti inakhazikitsidwa kuti ikonze mgwirizano, wokonzedweratu kuyendetsa ntchito yomanganso nyumba yakale. Emperor adavomereza yekha chigamulochi, pambuyo pake adayambira pa ufulu wolowa pansi. Mu August 1888, mgwirizano womwe unkayembekezera kwa nthawi yaitali unapezeka. Awiri mwa magawo atatu a eni ake adalowa mu Sosaite, ndiye gululo linasankhidwa. Kukula kwa ndalama za ndalamazo kunali rubles 9,408,400. Ndalama, mtengo wamtengo wapatali umene unali ndi ruble 100, unaperekedwa kwa ndalama zonse.

Project A. Pomerantsev

November 15, 1888 mpikisano wa All-Russian unayamba. Kuchokera kudziko lonse, polojekiti yaperekedwa kwa nyumba yatsopano ya Maulendo Akumtunda. Mabitolo akale anayamba kugwetsa tsiku lomwelo. Zonse zokwana 23 zinaperekedwera ku komiti, ndipo ntchito ya A. Pomerantsev inazindikiridwa kukhala yabwino. Cholinga cha womangamanga uyu chinakwaniritsa zofuna zazikulu za mpikisano. Chuma ndi zowonjezereka zinagwirizanitsidwa mu Mizere Yogulitsa Pamtunda ya Pomerantsev ku Moscow. Makhalidwe awo amangopitirirabe. Nyumbayi inkawoneka ngati nyumba yakale.

Zomangamanga zingatanthauzidwe ngati nthano-Russian. Makampani opita kumtunda ku Moscow, malinga ndi mapulani a A. Pomerantsev, anaphatikiza nyumba ziwiri. Pakalipano imodzi imadziwika kuti GUM, ina inamangidwa mu Miyendo Yoyamba Yamtundu. Zapulumutsanso mpaka lero. Nyumbayo ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa GUM. Icho chimabwera kumapeto kwa msewu. Ilyinka. Choncho, kuzindikira kuti GUM ndi Maulendo Akutsika Kwambiri sizolondola kwenikweni.

Ntchito yomanga nyumbayi ndi yotsegula

Msonkhano wapadera wa kukhazikitsa maziko a magulu atsopano a Kumtunda unachitikira mu Meyi 1890. Anthu ofunika analipo pa iwo - oimira boma ndi malo oyang'anira mzinda. Ntchito yomanga nyumbayo inamalizidwa mu 1893. Mzere wamakono wamalonda ku Moscow kuyambira panopa unali nyumba yaikulu yokhala ndi nyumba ziwiri, komanso malo ogulitsa pansi pamsewu omwe anali ndi zipangizo zotentha komanso magetsi.

Tsiku la kutsegulidwa kwa malo ogulitsira malonda - December 2, 1893. Pa nthawiyi, nzika za mumzindawu zinagwiritsira ntchito molebenso, kenako Sergei Alexandrovich, Grand Duke, limodzi ndi mkazi wake Elizaveta Petrovna adayang'anitsitsa ntchitoyo. Malo okwera pamalonda ku Moscow sakhala chabe chinthu chochita malonda. Pansi pa galasi lamatabwa la nyumbayi kunabwerera ku banja lonse pamapeto a mlungu umodzi kukayang'ana nyumba imodzi yokongola komanso yokongola ku Moscow. Chithunzi chofotokozedwa pamwamba, chimatchula 1893.

Mizere Yatsopano Yogulitsa Zamalonda

Mipando Yowona Kwambiri Yogulitsa (GUM yomanga) inali nthano zitatu, yokhala ndi ndime zitatu zapitazo. Mavesi ophatikizana - minda yamatabwa yamatabwa yomwe ili ndi mamita 16 aatali. Mkati mwa nyumbayo munali maholo atatu.

Monga kale, malo ogulitsa anagawidwa pakati pa eni ake. Komabe, kuyambira pano izi ndi salons, osati mabenchi. Malo ogulitsira omwe anali m'nyumba yatsopanoyi anaperekedwa kwa makampani otchuka kwambiri. Nzosadabwitsa, chifukwa mtengo wake unali wotsika kwambiri pochita lendi m'nyumba yosangalatsa monga Mipando Yogulitsa Kwambiri ku Moscow. Zojambula zawo zinakopa chidwi, ndipo kukongoletsa mkati kunali pamwamba. Anamaliza mwangwiro, akuwala ndi magalasi, atapangidwa ndi zinyumba zamtengo wapamwamba, iwo ankakantha malingaliro. Panali madera 322 pa malo atatu pa nyumbayi. Amatha kugula mtundu uliwonse wa chakudya kapena katundu. Kwa malonda ochuluka, malo osungiramo nyumbayo anali opangidwa.

Mu chipinda kuti akope ogula ambiri, ogulitsa anayamba kupereka zina zowonjezera. Mwachitsanzo, ku Mtsinje wa Kumtunda, nthambi ya International Moscow Bank yaonekera. Ndiponso, zodzikongoletsera ndi kujambula zokambirana, salon ya tsitsi, positi ofesi, ofesi ya mano inayamba kugwira ntchito pano. Kutsegula kwa malo odyera kunachitika mu 1895.

Zofunika kwambiri

Masiku akale, m'masitolo ang'onoang'ono, wogulitsa amalengeza kwa wogula mtengo wa mankhwala enaake. Kawirikawiri mtengo unali wopitirira muyeso, kotero ogula anagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti agwetse pansi. Tsopano, kwa nthawi yoyamba, iwo anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito malonda a mtengo, chifukwa chimene anthu adasiya zosangalatsa zawo. Komanso ndikukondweretsa kuti ndi Malo Opita Kumsika ku Moscow (wokonza mapulani - Pomerantsev) - sitolo yanyumba yomwe kwa nthawi yoyamba ku Russia buku la madandaulo ndi zifukwa zinawonekera. Potsiriza, pakuchita, lamuloli linayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito, malingana ndi zomwe wogula nthawi zonse ali wolondola. Kumalo okwera kumsika, zovala zatseguka, ndipo desiki yothandiza inayamba kugwira ntchito. Anayamba kukonza masewera ndi mawonetsero, madzulo.

Mtsinje Wapamwamba wa Malonda Pambuyo pa October Revolution

Pambuyo pa chisinthiko mu 1917, masitolo ogona mnyumbamo adasinthidwa. Anatsekedwa, kenaka anatsegulidwanso mogwirizana ndi malingaliro a Lenin. Komabe, malonda mu arcade pambuyo pa nationalization anayamba kuchepa. Izo zinatha pokhapokha patatha 1918. Kumanga kwa Mtsinje Waukulu wa Zamalonda ku Moscow (GUM) tsopano wayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana. Nthaŵi ina, maulendo apamwamba ankalowetsa madesiki, ndipo akuluakulu a boma ankadzaza malowa. Kukumanga kwa Mizere Yogula Mitengo ku Moscow kwakhala malo osasangalatsa. Choyamba, kutentha kunatsekedwa mmenemo, ndiyeno malo osungira zinthu pansi pa madzi anasefukira ndi madzi, chifukwa chakuti nyumbayo inasowa magetsi.

NTHA nyengo

M'zaka za m'ma 1920, makampani omwe anali a boma adayamba kufalitsa ndalama. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, opanga angathe kugwiritsira ntchito gawo lawolo. Zaka izi zimadziwika m'mbiri monga nthawi ya ndondomeko yatsopano ya zachuma (NEP). Makampani ambiri anachotsedwa. Mizere yapamwamba yamalonda inagawana zotsatira izi. Nyumbayi mu 1921 inakhazikitsa State Department Store (yomasulira - GUM). Komabe, panthawi imeneyo ndimeyo sinali malo abwino kwambiri omwe anali atadziwika kale. Inde, ndikugulitsidwa ku GUM makamaka zipangizo zaofesi.

Malo ogulitsa m'zaka za m'ma 1930 ndi 1940

Izi ziyenera kunenedwa kuti nsanja zapamwamba zamalonda monga sitolo sizinathe nthawi yaitali. Kale mu 1930s. Malowa adasinthidwanso ku maofesi, komanso kwa makampani, kuphatikizapo USSR Council of People's Commissars, yomwe idagwira ntchito mpaka chaka cha 1995. Mogwirizana ndi ndondomeko yowonongeka kwa Moscow, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1935, Red Square iyenera kuwonjezeka. Kuti tichite zimenezi, kunali koyenera kuwononga GUM. Komabe, polojekitiyi sinayambe kugwira ntchito. GUM inapulumuka pa Nkhondo Yaikulu Yachikhalidwe. Zinachokera kuno Yu B. Levitan, May 9, 1945, adapatsa a Russia uthenga wabwino wodzipereka kwa Germany.

Mu 1947, vuto lina linasokonekera pa nyumbayi. Pa Red Square panthawiyi anaganiza zoika chipilala choperekedwa ku chigonjetso mu nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. GUM, monga oyambitsa bizinesiyi amakhulupirira, amalepheretsa kukhazikitsidwa kwake. Komabe, nyumbayi idapulumuka mwadzidzidzi. Pa Red Square chophimbacho sichinawonekere.

Kutsitsimutsidwa kwa GUM

Mu 1953 chitsitsimutso cha GUM chinayamba. Iyo inali nthawi ya khwushchev. Kenako anasankha kumasula GUM ku mabungwe omwe anali nawo. Kumanganso kwa nyumbayi kunayamba. Zida zamalonda, makina, zomangamanga zinatumizidwa kuchokera ku mizinda yambiri ya USSR. Mbali imodzi ya masitolo inatsegulidwa ntchito isanathe.

GUM yotsitsimutsidwa inakhala sitolo yaikulu kwambiri ku USSR. Anapeza katundu wambiri. Sitoloyi inayambitsa mipando yaikulu. Zovala za apolisi zimayendetsa gululo. Zonsezi zinali ndi zipatala 11 mu dipatimenti yosungiramo katundu, komweko anagulitsa zovala zopangidwa bwino, zovala, nsalu, zovala, nsalu, mipando ndi ma carpets, katundu wa pakhomo, zidole ndi zolemba, zipewa ndi zotsalira, kulttovary. Chiwonetsero chonse cha sitolo chinali zinthu zopitirira 30 zikwi.

Kumanganso kwina

GUM pakati pa zaka za 1960, inenso inangowonongeka, koma nyumbayi inakhalanso ndi mwayi. Sitolo ya deta inangopulumuka, komanso inakhala imodzi mwa zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse mutalowa nawo m'masitolo otsatirawa: Belgrade, Molodezhny, Prague, Simferopol, Crystal ndi Leipzig. Ntchito yomangidwanso ya GUM inamalizidwa mu 1985. Mu 1987, Eliseevsky anapanga gawo la sitolo.

Zaka 100 za mapangidwe a kampani yogwirizana

Mu 1993, chikondwerero cha zaka makumi asanu ndi chimodzi cha kampani yojambulidwa "Supreme Rows Rows" chinakondweretsedwa. Kwa sabata phwandoli linapitiliza pa nthawiyi. Ziwerengero zambiri za sayansi ndi chikhalidwe, komanso anthu amalonda anachitapo kanthu. Mu GUM masiku awa khomo lalikulu (kuchokera kumbali ya Red Square) linatsegulidwa.

Gulu la Masitolo lero

Masiku ano sitolo yanyumba ndi malo akuluakulu ogula ndi zosangalatsa, zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zatsopano. Posachedwapa, Nyumba ya Chiwonetsero inamangidwanso. Kuwala kwa usiku kunakongoletsedwa ndi chigawo chachikulu cha GUM. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 2006, sitolo isanayambe kutsogolo kwa sitolo m'nyengo yozizira. Pafupi alendo aliyense amene abwera ku Moscow, akufuna kukachezera Maulendo Akumtunda Kwambiri (GUM). Mndandanda wa nyumbayi umasonyeza mzimu wa Russia, ndipo mkati mwanu mukhoza kupeza zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa.