Fupa ngati chiwalo: mawonekedwe, katundu, ntchito

Thupi monga chiwalo chimalowa mu dongosolo la ziwalo za kuyenda ndi kuthandizira, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe apadera, wokonza makina ndi zitsulo. Amamangidwa makamaka ndi minofu yapadera ya mafupa, yomwe imaphimbidwa kunja ndi periosteum, ndipo mkati mwake muli mafupa.

Mfundo Zazikulu

Pfupa lililonse monga chiwalo lili ndi kuchuluka kwake, mawonekedwe ndi malo m'thupi la munthu. Zonsezi zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakula, komanso zosiyana siyana zomwe zimachitika mafupa m'moyo wa thupi la munthu.

Pfupa liri lonse lili ndi magulu angapo a magazi, kukhalapo kwa malo enieni, komanso makonzedwe abwino a zomangamanga. Zonsezi zimagwirizana chimodzimodzi ndi mitsempha yomwe imakhala yopanda phokoso ili.

Chikhalidwe

Thupi ngati chiwalo limaphatikizapo zigawo zingapo zomwe zili ndipadera, koma, chofunika kwambiri pakati pawo ndi minofu ya mafupa, yomwe imatha kuonedwa ngati chitsanzo cha chiwalo cha pakati pa thupi.

Mbali yaikulu ya iyo ili pakati pa mbale ndi mkati mozungulira mbale ndipo ndi zovuta za mbale ndi mazira. Chotsatiracho ndi chigawo cha mafupa ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazidziwitso zake zokonzekera kapena zochepa.

Kunja, fupa liri lonse liri ndi zigawo zingapo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa tsamba lokha. Kudzera mwazigawozi zimadutsa mitsinje yapadera yomwe imakhala ndi mitsempha yomweyo. Pamphepete mwa malo ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa, mafupa ophwanya mafupawa ali ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera ndizitsulo zamkati zomwe zimayandikana, zomwe zimakhala ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zosiyana zomwe zimapangika m'maselo.

Mphepeteyi imakhala yodzaza ndi chimbudzi chotchedwa endostom, chomwe chimakhala chochepetsetsa kwambiri, chomwe chimaphatikizapo maselo osakanikirana osteogenic.

Osteons

Osteon imayimilidwa ndi makapu a mafupa omwe amawoneka bwino kwambiri, omwe amawoneka ngati mapuloteni osiyana siyana, ozungulira mkati mwa wina ndi mzake ndi kuzungulira njira ya Havers, yomwe imatuluka mitsempha ndi mitsempha yambiri. Nthawi zambiri, mafinya amaikidwa kufanana ndi fupa lalitali, pomwe akudzoza kangapo.

Chiwerengero cha mafupa amtundu uliwonse ndipa fupa lililonse. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, chikazi monga chiwalo chimaphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa 1.8 pa 1 mm² iliyonse, ndipo gawo la kanema la Havers panopa ndi 0.2-0.3 mm².

Pakati pa nyamakaziyi muli mapepala apakati kapena osakanikirana, omwe amayendetsa mbali zonse ndikuimira mbali zotsalira za mazira okalamba omwe atha kale. Kapangidwe ka fupa monga chiwalo chimapangitsa kuyendayenda kosatha kwa njira za chiwonongeko ndi zovuta za mafupa osteon.

Mipata ya bony ili ngati mawonekedwe, ndipo ossein fibrils imalumikizana mwa iwo mokwanira komanso mofanana. Pakati pa mbale zowonongeka zimapezeka m'magazi osteocytes. Mapangidwe a maselo a mafupa, pang'onopang'ono kufalikira m'matumba ambiri, kupita kuntchito za ma osteocytes oyandikana nawo ndi kutenga nawo mbali pamagulu osiyanasiyana. Motero, amapanga dongosolo la lacunar-tubular, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

Mafuta a osteon amaphatikizapo zowonjezera 20 zowonjezera mafupa. Mafupa a anthu amatha mitsuko imodzi kapena iwiri ya njira ya microcirculatory kudzera mumtambo wa osteon, komanso mitundu yambiri ya mitsempha ya mitsempha ndi mapuloteni apadera a mitsempha, omwe amaphatikizapo ndi interlayers ya minofu yosakanikirana, kuphatikizapo zinthu zosiyanasiyana zamtundu winawake monga mafupa a m'magazi, maselo osokoneza bongo ndi ena ambiri.

Njira za osteons zimakhala ndi mgwirizano wochuluka pakati pawo, kuphatikizapo malo ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso periostium chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa njira zenizeni zowonongeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anastomosis ya mitsempha ya fupa ipangidwe.

Pantaloon

Mapangidwe a fupa ngati chiwalo amasonyeza kuti amachokera kunja ndipadera ya periosteum, yomwe imapangidwira kuchokera kumagulu ogwirizana komanso amkati. Otsatirawa amakhala ndi maselo omwe amakhalapo kale.

Ntchito zazikulu za periosteum zimaphatikizapo kutenga nawo mbali pa kukonzanso, komanso kupereka chitetezo ndi trophic ntchito, yomwe imapezeka kudzera mu ndimeyi m'mitsuko yambiri ya magazi. Choncho, magazi ndi fupa zimagwirizana.

Kodi ntchito za periosteum ndi ziti?

Pustule imakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi fupa lakunja, ndipo malo okhawo ndi malo omwe kanyumba kameneka kamapezeka, komanso ligament kapena tendon ya minofu. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mothandizidwa ndi periosteum, magazi ndi fupa zimakhala zochepa kuchokera kumatenda ozungulira.

Mwiniwake, amaimira woonda kwambiri, koma panthawi imodzimodziyo, filimu yamphamvu, yomwe imakhala ndi minofu yowopsya kwambiri imene mitsempha ndi mitsempha ya magazi ndi mitsempha zilipo. Ndikoyenera kuzindikira kuti mapetowa aloŵa mu fupa la fupa kuchokera ku periosteum. Mosasamala kanthu kuti fupa la nasal kapena lina likulingaliridwa, periosteum imakhudza kwambiri njira za kukula kwake mu makulidwe ndi zakudya.

Mkati mwazomwe mumapangidwe ndi malo omwe mafupa amapangidwa, ndipo pokhapokha iwo sagwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira malire, omwe amakhudza kumvetsetsa kwake kwakukulu. Ngati fupa limatayika pang'onopang'ono, pamapeto pake limatha kukhala lotheka komanso lotha. Pochita opaleshoni iliyonse pamapfupa, mwachitsanzo m'maphunja, periosteum iyenera kusungidwa mosalephera kuonetsetsa kuti ikukula bwino komanso kukhala ndi thanzi labwino.

Zochitika zina zomangidwa

Pafupifupi mafupa aliwonse (kupatulapo madera ambiri omwe akuphatikizapo mafupa, kuphatikizapo mafupa amphongo) ali ndi malo owonetsera omwe amatsimikizira kuti amatha kufotokozera ena. Malo oterowo m'malo mwa periosteum ali ndi mapepala apadera a articular cartilage, omwe amamangidwa ndi fibrous kapena hyaline.

Mkati mwa mafupa ambiri, mafupa amapezeka, omwe ali pakati pa mbale za mankhwala otupa kapena amapezeka mwachindunji, ndipo akhoza kukhala wachikasu kapena wofiira.

Ana obadwa kumene, komanso fetus, ndi mafupa ofiira okhawo omwe alipo m'mapfupa, omwe amachititsa kuti thupi likhale lozungulira komanso limakhala ndi maonekedwe ofanana a magazi, ziwiya, ndi minofu yapadera . Msuzi wamtundu wofiira umaphatikizapo ma osteocytes ambiri, maselo a mafupa. Mozag wofiira wa fupa ndi pafupifupi 1500 cm³.

Mwamuna wamkulu yemwe kale anali ndi mafupa, fupa lofiira limatengedwa ndi chikasu, lomwe limaimira makamaka maselo apadera a mafuta, ndipo nthawi yomweyo ndi bwino kudziwa kuti mafupa okhawo omwe ali m'kati mwake amalowetsedwa.

Osteology

Kodi mafupa a munthu ndi otani, momwe kusakanikirana kwa mafupa kumachitika, ndi njira zina zilizonse zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa nazo zimachitika, osteology imakhudzidwa. Chiwerengero chenicheni cha ziwalo zofotokozedwa mwa munthu sichitha kudziwika bwino, chifukwa chimasintha mu ukalamba. Ndi anthu ochepa okha amene amazindikira kuti kuyambira ali mwana mpaka okalamba, anthu amavutika kwambiri ndi mafupa, imfa ya minofu ndi njira zina zambiri. Kawirikawiri, moyo wonse ukhoza kukhala ndi mafupa osapitirira 800, omwe amakhalapo 270 - ngakhale nthawi yobereka.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ambiri mwa iwo amakhala pakati pawo, pamene munthuyo ali akadakali ndi unyamata. Mu mafupa a munthu wamkulu ali ndi mafupa 206 okha, ndipo pambali pa nthawi yonse yomwe munthu amakhala wamkulu akhoza kuoneka ngati osasunthika mafupa, zomwe zimachitika ndi maonekedwe osiyanasiyana ndi ntchito za thupi.

Mitsempha

Mafupa a miyendo ndi ziwalo zina za thupi, pamodzi ndi mankhwala awo, amapanga mafupa a munthu, omwe ndi zovuta za mawonekedwe akuluakulu, omwe amagwira ntchito yofunikira kwambiri ya zamoyo zimaganiziridwa makamaka ndi maselo okhaokha. Sayansi yamakono yamakono imasonyeza mafupa olimba, omwe amaimiridwa ndi mafupa, ndipo amafewa, omwe amaphatikizapo mitundu yonse ya mitsempha, ziwalo zam'mimba ndi ziwalo zapadera.

Mafupa ndi ziwalo, komanso mafupa aumunthu onse, akhoza kugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana m'thupi. Choncho, mafupa a m'munsi otsetsereka ndi thunthu amakhala ngati chithandizo chamtundu wofewa, pamene mafupa ambiri ali ndi levers, chifukwa amamangiriza minofu yomwe imapatsa ntchito. Zonsezi zimatithandiza kuti tizitchula kuti mafupawo ndi chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri cha minofu ya munthu.

Mfupa ya munthu ndi zomangamanga zotsutsana ndi mphamvu yokoka. Pogwiritsidwa ntchito, thupi la munthu liyenera kuponyedwa pansi, koma chifukwa cha ntchito zomwe zimanyamula maselo a mafupa ndi mafupa onse, thupi silinasinthe.

Ntchito za mafupa

Mafupa a chigaza, pelvis ndi thunthu zimatetezera kuvulala kosiyanasiyana kwa ziwalo zofunikira, mitengo ikuluikulu kapena ziwiya zazikulu:

• Tsamba ndi chidebe chokwanira kwa ziwalo zogwirizana, masomphenya, kumva ndi ubongo;
• Mng'oma wamtunduwu umaphatikizapo chingwe cha msana;
• Nthata imateteza mapapo, mtima, komanso mitengo ikuluikulu yamitengo ndi zitsulo;
• Mafupa a mavitapu amatetezedwa ku chikhodzodzo, kachilomboka, komanso ziwalo zosiyanasiyana za m'mimba.

Mafupa ambiri mwa iwo omwe ali ndi mafupa ofiira, omwe ndi ziwalo zapadera za hematopoiesis ndi chitetezo cha mthupi cha thupi laumunthu. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mafupa amatetezera kuwonongeka, komanso amapanga mikhalidwe yabwino kuti azisasitsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za magazi ndi trophic.

Kuonjezerapo, payenera kuonetsetsa kuti mafupa amatenga mbali mwachindunji mthupi, chifukwa ali ndi zinthu zambiri zamtundu, zomwe zimakhala ndi mchere wa calcium ndi phosphorous. Choncho, ngati calcium yowonongeka imalowa mu thupi, pafupifupi maola makumi awiri ndi awiri (50) oposa makumi asanu (50%) a chinthu ichi adzaphatikizidwa mafupa.

Development

Mapangidwe a fupa amachitika chifukwa cha osteoblasts, ndipo pali mitundu yambiri ya ossification:

• Osatha. Zimayendetsedwa mwachindunji m'magulu ogwirizana a mafupa oyamba, mafupa oyambirira. Kuchokera pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ossification mpaka pachiyambi cha ziphuphu zomangika, njira yotsekemera imayamba kufalikira kumbali zonse. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono zimakhalabe ngati mawonekedwe a periosteum, omwe fupa limayamba kukula.
• Perichondral. Zimapezeka pamtunda wa ziwalo za m'mimba ndi kutenga nawo mbali mwachindunji pa perichondrium. Chifukwa cha ntchito ya osteoblasts yomwe ili pansi pa perichondrium, minofu ya mafupa pang'ono pang'onopang'ono imachokera pamtunda ndipo imapanga mafupa ochepa kwambiri pang'onopang'ono.
• Nthawi ndi nthawi. Zimapezeka phindu la periosteum, imene perichondrium imasintha. Mmbuyomo ndipo mtundu uwu wa osteogenesis umapita limodzi.
• Endochondral. Zimapangidwira mkati mwazitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono mafupawa amawononga kanyumba kakang'ono kameneka kamene kamapangitsa kuti phokoso likhazikike pakatikati pa mfupa. Ndi kufalikira koonjezera kwa endochondral ossification kuchokera pakati pa phokoso, kupanga mapuloteni a sipontiki kumachitika.

Zimatheka bwanji?

Mwa munthu aliyense, kusuntha kumagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera ndipo kumayambira ndi magawo ozungulira kwambiri a fupa. Pafupifupi m'mwezi wachiwiri wa moyo, mfundo zazikulu zimayamba kuoneka m'mimba, zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera ku diaphyses, metaphyses ndi mafupa a tubular. Pambuyo pake iwo amatsitsidwa ndi endochondral ndi perichondral osteogenesis, ndipo nthawi yomweyo asanabadwe kapena zaka zoyambirira atabadwa, mfundo zachiwiri zimayamba kuonekera, zomwe epiphyses zimayambira.

Kwa ana, komanso anthu omwe ali achichepere ndi akuluakulu, zigawo zina zowonongeka zimatha kuwonekera, zomwe zimayamba kuchokera kumapiko. Mafupa osiyana ndi mbali zawo zosiyana, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi matope apadera, potsiriza endochondrally ossified, pamene zinthu zomwe zimaphatikizapo spongy ndi zinthu zowonongeka zomwe zimapangidwanso zimakhala zovuta nthawi ndi endochondral. Kugwedezeka kwa fupa lililonse kumasonyeza bwino ntchito zake za phylogenesis.

Kutalika

Panthawi yomangidwanso, kusintha pang'ono kwa fupa kumapangidwa. Mankhwala atsopano amayamba kupanga, ndipo mofananamo, kubwezeretsanso kumachitika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafupa onse akale asinthe, omwe amapangidwa ndi osteoclasts. Chifukwa cha ntchito yawo yogwira ntchito, pafupifupi fupa lonse la endochondral fupa la diaphysis limatha, ndipo m'malo mwake mafupa amatha kupangidwa. Ndiyeneranso kuzindikira kuti zigawo za fupa la perichondral limathetsanso, ndipo m'malo mwa zigawo zina zamphongo zomwe zikusowa zimachokera ku periosteum. Chifukwa chake, fupa limayamba kukula.

Kukula kwa mafupa m'litali kumatsimikiziridwa ndi epiphyseal cartilage, yapadera kwambiri pakati pa metaphysis ndi epiphysis, yomwe imapitirirabe kuunyamata ndi ubwana.