Umboni expressionism

Mkota Expressionism anatuluka ku New York mu 1940-1950-ntchentche ndi mofulumira anakhala mmodzi wa gulu lamphamvu kwambiri ndi chikoka mbiri ya luso ano. Kumanga pa zomwe wa European luso avant-garde, gulu la ojambula zithunzi lotchedwa "expressionists umboni" (kapena "New York School"), kuyamba abstraction chatsopano chimene onse yosavuta zovuta.

Pakati aluso amene anali gululi, Willem de A Kooning, Dzhekson Pollak, Barnett Newman, Clifford Komabe, Frants Klayn, Lee Krasner, Robert Motherwell, William Baziotis, Barnett Newman, Adolph Gottlieb, Richard Pousette-amathamangira. Ngakhale ena a kanjedza chifungulo cha Mkota Expressionism anali ochokera kuphatikizapo Mark Rothko, Gans Gofman, Arshile Gorky, koyamba American kwathunthu gulu la zojambulajambula. New York anakhala likulu latsopano la luso luso kwa zaka zambiri, "kuchotsa" pa Paris Modern Art chovala cha mtsogoleri. Ku New York, analenga chinenero zithunzi, umene posachedwapa anafika ngodya akutali kwambiri a dziko.

Dzina "umboni expressionism" kuwapeza kuphatikiza maganizo mwamphamvu khalidwe German zosonyeza ndi "antiobraznymi" ziphunzitso European sukulu umboni (futurism m'derali amalambira motsatira miyambo Cubist).

Komanso, akufotokozedwa ngati chisokonezo chotere, yapadera, ngakhale ndi nzeru zina za nihilism kuyenda. Zochita za amatanthauza chiwerengero cha ojambula zithunzi ntchito ku New York mu Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana kwathunthu, palibe amene, palibe njira sangathe monga expressionism chakale kapena umboni anafotokoza.

Zojambula awa ojambula zithunzi kulenga kunadetsa ntchito zikuluzikulu ziribe kanthu kochita ndi msonkhano anthu ambiri luso ndi thematically. Ndi chinyezimiro cha chikumbumtima chawo munthu, kotero iwo anayesera kuti apeze chilengedwe magwero mkati. Mwaufulu ndi improvisation anali zinthu zofunika kwambiri mu ndondomeko kulenga. Ngakhale kuti ntchito za expressionists umboni "kulimbana" gulu lililonse stylistic, iwo akhoza kuikidwa m'magulu padziko zokonda zikuluzikulu ziwiri: kuganizira zazikulu ndi amphamvu manja; kusinkhasinkha ukukhudza madera lotseguka mtundu. Mulimonsemo, fano, poyamba pa zonse, ndi abstraction. Ngakhale pamene fano zochokera pa mfundo zithunzi, umboni zosonyeza adalipo njira, "wotanganidwa kwambiri".

Mkota Expressionism mwatsatanetsatane nkhani zosiyanasiyana toyalana magwero mzake. Anthu ambiri aluso apanga njira yawo yoyamba kumayambiriro 1930s. The Great Depression anakhudza zikamera kayendedwe awiri luso: Ridzhionalizm ndi Sotsiorealizm. Koma palibe mmodzi wa iwo sanali wokhutitsidwa ndi ojambula zithunzi izi pofufuza zili luso mtengo wolimba, amatanthauza udindo chikhalidwe, koma pa nthawi yomweyo lopanda provincialism ndi chosowa apamaliro ndale. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa paradoxes ambiri kuyenda, amene mizu kugona mu kupenta wophiphiritsa wa 1930s lapansi. Pafupifupi onse Mkota Expressionists anali "anamenya" zinachitikira Wamkulu Depression, luso lawo kukhwima mchikakamizo Ridzhionalizma ndi Sotsiorealizma. Komanso kunapangitsa njira zotsogola zotsatira American luso ndi kuloŵerera ya chimakono European. Masiku amenewo ku New York, bungwe zisudzo ambiri a European luso avant-garde, kuwonjezera, panali kuphunzitsa maphunziro chimakono. Mphunzitsi otchuka luso chi mu United States anakhala Gans Gofman, amene anasamuka ku Germany ku United States kalekale mu 1932.

The vuto la First World nkhondo ndi zotsatira zake kuti tithe kumvetsa mavuto a zilandiridwenso expressionists chabe. ojambula zithunzi Young, nkhawa za kumbali yamdima ya anthu, nkhawa kuzindikira makhalidwe n'kosathandiza ndi kusatetezeka kwa anthu ankaona kuti ndi udindo wawo kusonyeza mavuto amenewa ndinu, koma latsopano wokhutira.

kulankhula mwachindunji ndi amisiri European awonjezera nthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, imene anthu ambiri, kuphatikizapo Salvador Dali, Maksa Ernsta, André Masson, André Chiburetoni, Piet Mondrian, Fernand Léger, thawirani mu United States. Surrealists, ndi kugogomeza kwawo chizindikiritso cha "chikumbumtima", anatsegula njira zatsopano. A njira surrealistic kumasula a "sadziŵa" - zamatsenga automatism, imene yaotomatiki manja ndi improvisation amalandira ufulu wa kanthu.

Poyamba, Mkota Expressionists pofufuza mfundo zosasinthika ndi inayake kudzoza kwa nthano ndi chachikale chinkawavuta luso. Mark Rothko, Dzhekson Pollak, Robert Motherwell, Adolf Gotlib, Barnett Newman, William Baziotis cha chuma chawo akuti anafuna kudzoza pa anthu akale kapena wosazindikira. ntchito oyambirira ndi ojambula zithunzi anasonyeza zithunzi ndi zinthu biomorphic mtima mu zizindikiro payekha. Jung chinali chidwi komanso sayansi, ndi kunena motsimikiza chake cha "gulu chikomokere." Direct akuti anali yofunika kwambiri, ndipo bwino zimatheka popanda kuganizira (mapulani).

Pa siteji ya okhwima umboni expressionism mu 1947, Dzhekson Pollok analenga wapadera njira - akukuthonyera kapena akukhavukira (a chinsalu chachikulu, anaika pansi, iye ankathamanga utoto ndi burashi).

Willem de A Kooning anayambanso njira yake gestural kalembedwe - aukali, pasty "zikwapu-zikwapu" polenga otchedwa "abstraction wophiphiritsa."

Lee Krasner, ndi Frants Klayn anali mofanana otanganidwa ndi gulu la zazikulu chosonyeza luso, umene aliyense chidutswa cha chithunzi linadzaza (Lee Krasner otchedwa kalembedwe "kakale" kupenta).

Ntchito ya expressionists umboni mtengo lagona chomasuka mawu. Painting ndi kutsegula kwa kudziwa zoona zenizeni za chithunzicho. A manja kapena "siginecha" ya chithunzicho - umboni wa ndondomeko chilengedwe.

Njira zina m'nyengo ya okhwima umboni expressionism anali pofufuza mwayi limaonetseratu za mtundu. Mark Rothko, Barnett Newman analenga luso lalikulu mtundu mtundu ndege - "mawu osavuta wa ganizo zovuta," Marko Rothko.

chidwi osabvunda mu expressionism umboni amasonyeza kudzipereka kwa ochiritsa ake kucheza ndi mafunde kiyi aluntha nthawi yake, kuphatikizapo existentialism komanso sayansi Jungian (M'pofunikanso kukumbukira, omwe ndi mphamvu zofunika pa expressionism pa zomangamanga mu Chiyambi chake). Ngakhale existentialism ndi mphamvu zikuluzikulu pa Mkota Expressionists, koma chinathandiza apamwamba nkhawa ndi kupatuka wafala kukambirana mwatsatanetsatane.

Pakuti ofufuza ambiri olemba mbiri yakale komanso luso bwino expressionists umboni ankaimira apogee za kayendedwe modernist, wayamba pafupifupi zaka kale.

Mkota expressionism akupitiriza zatenga malo otchuka osati m'mabuku a mbiri yakale wa luso ndi owonetsera zakale zopereka, komanso kutsitsimuka anthu. Pempho yaitali, mosakaika, ndi pangano kwa kupindula kwambiri.