Tribune wa anthu - ndi ... History of Ancient Rome

kulimbana Social wakhala chidwi ofufuza, ndipo mbiri ya Roma inasandulika chilikati cha asayansi kafukufuku pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Zokambirana amene anapeza kuchokera chivundikiro pafupifupi pa mbali iliyonse ya ndale, chikhalidwe ndi chuma chitukuko cha mfumu, Republican ndi nthawi Imperial. Monga chotsatira cha kalasi kulimbana pakati pa wopanda mphamvu ndi wamphamvuzonse plebeians patricians, udindo watsopano n'cholinga chofuna kuteteza strata m'munsi mwa anthu.

Chiyambi cha owayang'anira wa Institute

Tribune wa anthu - ndi udindo kusankidwa amene chachikulu cholinga anali kupereka chitetezo malamulo kwa anthu wamba mwankhanza wa akuluakulu.

Plebeians - pafupifupi disenfranchised anthu m'gulu, umene unakhazikitsidwa chifukwa cha mavuto chikhalidwe. Iwo anali ndi ufulu chiwembu kakang'ono ka dziko. Koma ndi pa plebeians anafuna kuti akokere Roma lachifumu mphamvu, iwo ankafuna kuti asilikali mphamvu yaikulu. Kwa nthawi yoyamba osakaniza strata apamwamba m'munsi mwa anthu zinachitika mu ulamuliro wa Servius Tullius. Iye kusintha dongosolo la ntchitoyi - mu malo a mafuko mafuko Kupititsa anabwera. Chiwerengero wamwamuna unagawidwa 6 Akamva, kaya chiyambi. Mu nthawi achifumu, akuluakulu kusankha anali pafupifupi inathetsedwa, koma misonkhano otchuka anayamba kusonkhana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Republic. Comitia wa zaka m'malo mwa mfumu ndipo anali ndi mphamvu zofanana. Patricia kuyang'anira mphamvu mu Senate. Pa nthawi yomweyo kulimbikitsa kulimbana ufulu wa plebeians - iwo ankafuna kuti akhale ndi mwayi wofanana ndi patricians mu moyo wapoyera, anafuna kuchepetsa kuchuluka ngongoleyo. Mu 494 BC. e. - mu zionetsero potsutsana ndi Senate - ndi plebs zikuchitika Phiri Woyera. Icho chinali secession choyamba. The Senate wapanga zokambirana ndi kuloledwa bungwe ndipo muwuzeni malo zamalamulo zokometsera a ufulu wa anthu.

Kodi mawu akuti "Tribune ya anthu"? Iwo anachokera ku maganizo "fuko" - m'dera ku Roma. Choncho kuyitana oimira anthu wamba, kumbali yake, osankhidwa chaka.

Pomenyera ufulu

The plebeians anali kupezera kukana zida, chifukwa pa nthawi imeneyo anthu ambiri anali msilikali ndipo anali ndi luso. Tribune wa anthu - izi ndi mmene zayamba chifukwa cha kampeni ndi patricians lapansi. Yotsirizira mantha ndipo anapanga zokambirana. Koma si onse amene anasangalala ndi mapangidwe malo atsopano. Aukali kulimbana anachita Marcius Coriolanus - Herode nkhondo yaikulu. Nkhondo anaimitsidwa pa pempho la patricians okha, amene ankafuna mtendere. Kenako anazindikira kuti tanthauzo la mawu akuti "Tribune ya anthu" kwenikweni - osati ofesi kusankidwa, koma zotsatira zake za nkhondo ndi zolinga za anthu onse a Rome wosiyana. kulimbana Social yasonyeza kugwirizana kwa malo atsopano ndi mphamvu yake.

Mphamvu ndi ntchito

Ntchito yaikulu inali kuteteza ufulu wa anthu wamba - ndi plebs. Owayang'anira akhoza kuchititsa khonsolo mzinda, wanyumbayi. Iwo alibe ulamuliro yekha pa censors ndi olamulira. ufulu wawo zili kuthekera veto ndi, woweruza bwino, nzika wamba chifukwa chophwanya zosiyanasiyana. M'kupita kwa nthawi, anailandira ndipo ufulu malamulo.

Zitseko za nyumba yake anali kukhala wokonzeka kuti anthu - ndi Tribune ya anthu, munthu woyera Rome, anakakamizika nthawi iliyonse kupereka thandizo ndi kuteteza anthu amene akufunikira madziwo. Tikhoza kunena kuti iye anali atamangidwa ku Rome - kunali kosatheka kuti achoke mu mzindawo zoposa tsiku.

udindo uwu unali likulu la chitukuko cha malingaliro demokalase kuzichita. Koma ntchito akhala zonse, mwinamwake ndi atasemphana anachititsa stagnation ndi kulephera kutengera yankho limodzi. Nthawi zina, mphamvu ndi ufulu zosiyana ndi pang'onopang'ono mbisoweka pa ufumuwo.

Development wa malo atsopano

Ndi chovomerezedwa ku Tribune ya adani plebeians kuti sichinachepe. Ambiri zikuluzikulu kulimbana ndi iwo anatsogolera patritsialny mtundu Apiev Claudian. Dongosolo la zochitika za nyengo Republican anaphunzira ku sukulu, mutu - "Ancient Rome" (kalasi 5).

Pa nthawi owayang'anira zambiri - chiwerengero wauka kwa 10. Mu ulamuliro wa decemvir positi kanthawi anathetsa. The reactivation wa owayang'anira chifukwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo «XII podyerapo." Iwo asintha kwambiri: ufulu, mphamvu, zikuchokera mafuko.

Malinga ndi malamulo Valeria Horace chisankhocho anali ndi mphamvu m'dzikolo. Tribune ya anthu a ku Roma pang'onopang'ono wabweza mphamvu zokonza malamulo. Posakhalitsa, ankaloledwa wosiyana ukwati plebeians ndi patricians. Pofika m'zaka IV BC. e. comitia owayang'anira anayamba malamulo. Panthawi imeneyi, chigonjetso chachikulu zimatheka - kupeza munda ku "munda ambiri" m'mayiko anagonjetsa, ngongole anakhala zochepa onerous. The plebeians anatha ayenerere malo Kazembe - anakhala munthu woyamba Licinius stolons. Pakuti BC IV atumwi. e. Tribune ya anthu - ndi kukhulupirika kwa chilli anthu ndi ufulu mongoganiza malamulo.

Ngakhale malamulo wamkulu

Gayo ndi Tiberius Gracchus - anthu owayang'anira, amene anakwanitsa kutenga malamulo ambiri zikuluzikulu zokhudzana ndi zinthu ulimi mu dziko. ntchito yapadera ntchito pa ndalama lisanalengedwe. Akamanena za pempholo - ndi nationalization m'dziko, chifukwa chimene zaka zambiri anakula wolemera amadziona ndi kuwatumiza kwa anthu. National Assembly zapita lamulo, koma patricians anayamba kukana zida. Tiberius anaphedwa, koma zochita zake anapitiriza Guy.

Iye anasankhidwa Tribune ya anthu Komabe, anakonza ndondomeko zosiyanasiyana. malamulo ake mosavuta za zigawo zonse. kusintha Judicial ennobled okwera, pafupifupi anasonyeza kuzikhulupirira ukulu senators. Guy kuika kwambiri khama kulenga madera kunja. Cholinga chake chachikulu chinali Carthage.

Ntchito Guy mantha patricians. The Senate anapereka mmalo mdani Gracchus, chifukwa cha wokonzanso anali anaphanso - mu kapolo wake kuti inapha wachivundi bala olankhulira. chisankho uyu adagwiridwa chifukwa imfa ya mbali Guy a nkhondo zida ndi Senate. Kusintha kwa abale Gracchi anagonjetsedwa.

zaka za kuchepa

Senate pang'onopang'ono okha ufulu wa owayang'anira pa. Kwa nyengo yaifupi, chifukwa chitsutso cha optimates ndi otchuka, mphamvu zawo ndi kutchuka awonjezera kachiwiri. Koma vuto dziko osathetsedwa kugunda kutchuka ndi Tribune a. Livius Drusus pofuna kuzindikira bilu awo agrarian inatha mnzake - anaphedwa.

Wofooka ndi owayang'anira ndipo wopondereza Korneliyo Yosunga. Malinga ndi lamulo, Senate anayenera kuvomereza njira malamulo. Tribune A sakanakhoza kugwiritsa ntchito malo pamwambapa. Mu nthawi ya nthumwi Crassus ndi Pompeyi mongoyembekezera maudindo onse anabwerera.

malo ataya tanthauzo lake kale pambuyo pa kudza zopangira Yuliya Tsezarya - iye ananena Tribune ya anthu mpaka muyaya. mafumu onse anachita chimodzimodzi. Pomaliza, malo anatha mu BC III atumwi. e. Tribune wa anthu - anali chisonyezo chokha cha Republican Rome nthawi chitukuko.