Library Ivana Groznogo ndi bolodi

Mwina mmodzi mwa zinsinsi yochititsa chidwi ya XVI m'ma (ndi mbiri mu general) angatchedwe Liberia - laibulale Ivana Groznogo. Malizitsani wokhutira, komanso malo akadali osadziwika. Koma mbiri limatiuza za mbiri chachikulu mabuku akale ndi amtunduwu mipukutu, zomwe chidwi mfundo m'menemo. Kuwonjezera pa mabuku a olemba ndi nzeru ena a nthawi, laibulale Ivana Groznogo, malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, muli mabuku wa Kazan Khan mipukutu Chisilamu, tomes wapatali kuti ndikuuzeni za chiyambi cha moyo Padziko Lapansi ndi chitukuko anthu. Komanso ankaona otaika mbiri Yuliya Tsezarya, heliotrope, Aristophanes, Cicero, Virgil, ndi ena. Tikumbukenso kuti laibulale anapita Ivan IV cha agogo ake, Kalonga wa Moscow Ivan III, ndi kuti mfumu nthawi zonse kusinthidwa ndi izo. Mbiri timadziwa Ivan kowopsa ngati munthu wankhanza ndi ankhanza, koma ochepa munanena kuti iye anali ophunzira kwambiri ndiponso anzeru. Mwina kotero laibulale ake amenewa chidwi.

History of Liberia

Mu 1464 afa mkazi wa Grand Duke wa Moscow Ivan III, mu 1472, iye ali pa banja m'banja la mafumu Byzantine, Sofey Paleolog. Kuti iye wabweretsa kwa Moscow monga m'nthano wake malowolo Liberia walowa mu mbiri monga laibulale Ivana Groznogo. Poyamba linali mafumu Byzantine, otsiriza amene anali Constantine XI. Atagwa Ufumu wa Byzantine, mabuku anali kuwapititsa ku Italy m'bale Constantine ndi bambo a Sophia Fomoy Paleologom.

Kodi kungakhale laibulale Ivana Groznogo, palibe aliyense akudziwa. Pali mfundo yekha amene asayansi, akatswiri ndi chabe ofuna kupitiriza kufufuza. Malinga ndi ena Mabaibulo a caches mabuku ndi mipukutu akhale Aleksandrov, Vologda, ndipo Moscow Kremlin. Mwinanso zaka zambiri zidzadutsa musanaone ife lidzakhala lilipo kuti zinsinsi za Kale, anasonkhana ku laibulale. Koma ngati inu kupeza Liberia, adzakhala mphatso yaulele kwa ife, m'mibadwo yanu.

Umunthu Ivana Groznogo

Kuyankhula nkhani wotchuka achifumu mabuku, sikutheka kuti ndisamangonena za munthu wa Grand Duke wa Moscow ndipo onse Russia.

Ivan m'khutu (1530-1584) anapita mu mbiri monga mfumu wamng'ono. Pamene iye anafa, Vasily III wa atate a tsogolo Grand Duke Ivan IV zaka 3 yekha. Koma tsokali umene unagwa pa gawo la mfumu mwana, zimenezi zikuyamba yekha. pambuyo atate wake akamwalira mayi Ivan zaka zisanu kenako, ndi ulamuliro ndi mphamvu, komanso m'ndende ya mfumu zazing'ono, m'manja mwa boyars lapansi. Choncho nthawi ina Ine analamula Vasily III wa, osadziwa kumene adzatsogolera. Kamodzi mphamvu, boyars anali pachangu palibe kugwira nawo maphunziro a mfumu wamng'ono. Ivan ros ngati msewu mwana tikuyang'ana chimene chitayiko ndi kusayeruzika kulenga olemekezeka, m'banda anakhala munthu wamkulu ndipo anayamba kudziwa zambiri pa anthu wamng'ono. Mwina ena a ichi chinali chifukwa cha makhalidwe a mfumu wankhanza.

Nyengo Ivana Groznogo - mmodzi wa ambiri mwachinsinsi, zosangalatsa komanso chisoni mu mbiri ya Russia. Mu ulamuliro wake, pakhala kusintha zambiri. Mu 1549 chilengedwe cha ulamuliro umodzi boma - dongosolo, amene ankapita ndi woweruza mandative; 1556 anali zimafika "kudyetsa"; mu 1550-1556 biennium. analenga strelets asilikali ndipo analandira malamulo mapangidwe a asilikali; 1566 anatengera "The Code wa Service" kuchokera imene anatsatira kunkhondo chiyenera kukhala zaka zoposa 15 zaka. inawo Amayesetsanso ndi kukula ndi chiwerengero zigawo Ankhondo ngati amalipiritsa ya utumiki.

Kuyambira takambiranazi n'zovuta kuti mfundo okhazikika. Ngakhale nkhani mafotokozedwe awo a nthawi imeneyo omwe alinso. Anali mfumu wankhanza wankhanza kapena Karamzin analemba, "... wamasiye ndi boma Russian ..." aliyense kudzisankhira yekha.