The ndege "Phantom" (McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II): kufotokoza, specifications, zithunzi

Ambiri ndege usilikali chifukwa cha ntchito zawo kapena akukuwerengerani kwa khalidwe lawo osauka, kapena kukhala nthano woona amene sakudziwa nkomwe anthu amene alibe poyerekezera ndi ndegeyo. Yotsirizira akhoza zimachitika monga Mwachitsanzo, IL-2 wathu, ndi zambiri pambuyo American ndege "Phantom".

Mwina wotchuka kwambiri magalimoto onse American makina 1960-1980, ndi dzina lake kwa zaka zambiri wakhala n'chimodzimodzi kwa Ankhondo onse US Air Force. yosangalatsa inali Mipikisano magwiridwe, omwe opanga ndege wathu utakwaniritsa pang'ono. Ambiri, ndege "Phantom" - chimodzimodzi omveka chizindikiro cha Cold nkhondo, kuposa Mwachitsanzo, B-52 zoponya mabomba.

Mbali yapadera ya njira imeneyi inali kuti akhoza kufalitsidwa kukakumana mivi sing'anga-osiyanasiyana mu bomba kumalo za makina. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti analogues zoweta, kenako ntchito armament wa MiG 23, ali zikufanana kwambiri kapangidwe ndi ntchito makhalidwe. The Chinese konse "dongosolo" analenga ndege yake JH-7. Kufanana kwa - osati maonekedwe komanso injini pafupifupi zofanana ndi ngakhale Rada. N'zosadabwitsa kuti "Phantom" - ndege, zomwe fano akhoza ndinawona mu magazini ambiri pa nkhani ya zida.

Start chitukuko

ntchito koyamba inayamba mu 1953, pamene US Air Force mwachangu ndipeze kusowa pang'ono kuchitika ku munda wa supersonic womenya chonyamulira ofotokoza. Woyamba anali olimba "McDonnell", koma polojekiti sanamvetse akwaniritsa zofunikira za usilikali. Komabe, pamaziko a zinachitika womenya-yoponya mabomba AH-1 m'tsogolo mwake.

Komabe, kulephera kwa "loyamba wotsogolera" chifukwa kuti mfundo analephera, koma kwathunthu linakonzedwanso mu 1955, mawu a lina ndege watsopano: chakuti wa asilikali pa nthawi imeneyo anawulula chikhumbo chofuna kukhala pa ndege onyamula woyera chonyamulira ofotokoza womenya-interceptor angathe kufika M = 2, miyala basi zida.

Mwa njira, amene anapanga ndege "Phantom"? Tanena kale, "McDonnell". Popeza, akatswiri ake anatha kulenga makina lomwe likukwaniritsa zofunikira zonse makasitomala. Yotsirizira zinaterodi bwino, izo zinali kuima mu utumiki padziko lonse.

The prototypes loyamba

Kale pakati chilimwe chaka chomwecho pa zinachitika choyamba, anatchulidwa F4H-1F, ndipo iye anawulukira mu zaka zitatu unakhazikitsidwa. Ndine atakhala amazilamulira ya mayeso woyendetsa Robert C. Little. The ndege ntchito injini J79-3A (2h6715 kgs), koma pambuyo ndege yoyamba makumi asanu, anaganiza kusintha kwa J79-Ge-2. Patapita nthawi pang'ono, yotsirizira komanso akugwetsa ndi chitsanzo J79-Ge-2A (2h7325 kgf). Choncho panali ndege "Phantom" wa chitsanzo chachiwiri.

Mu 1960, izo chaonekera mtheradi liwiro la 2583 Km / h. Koma kuno ku America anapita njomba yaing'ono luso: m'chipinda kompresa jekeseni opanikizika chisakanizo cha madzi ndi Mowa, amene analola masamba efficiently ozizira chopangira mphamvu ndi kuteteza chiwonongeko matenthedwe. kusinthidwa Izi zinaperekedwa F-4A linatuluka ndege 23 monga chitsanzo ichi.

Onsewo anali yekha pa kuyesa ndege, United States Tinalandira ndi Air Force. Nthawi zambiri, "Phantom" - ndege (chithunzi wake ndi m'nkhani), imene nkhani zinali zosachepera Mabaibulo khumi. Popeza kuti zida ndi chabe US Zinali yochepa nthawi, tinganene kuti mbiri! Ngati simukudziwa chimene chimaoneka "Phantom" (ndege), izo adzatha kukwaniritsa chidwi awo, nditawerenga nkhani imeneyi!

Ndinayamba kupanga masinthidwe

Kupanga makina amenewa anayamba mu December 1960. Pofika mu 1967 TH pa US Air Force anali pafupi 637 Ndege chitsanzo ichi. Kenako, pa maziko a mitundu awa analenga nzeru. Kuti pambuyo pake opangidwa zosachepera 500 "woyera" "Phantoms", nambala ya ndege zaka (kupatula magulu experimental) linasinthidwa Mabaibulo watsopano.

N'zochititsa chidwi chisankho kutengera pa "Phantom" nawonso womenya Mipikisano ntchito anapangidwa yekha mu 1962. Mu njira zambiri, kuganizira wakhala zogwirizana ndi amathamanga pamene zokambirana za ntchito ya galimoto m'tsogolo. Ena okonza anapereka yomweyo kuchita ndi makings ya analogi pansi kuukira womenya, pamene ena anaumirira njira kulenga koyera womenya luso, umene panthawi imeneyo anali kwambiri adamfunsa ndi US Air Force.

zida luso ndi armament

Kuuluka bwino potsatira njira kapangidwe - yachibadwa, wozama mapiko, trapezoidal, khalidwe ndi kukhalapo kwa lopinda mtima. Empennage chinapululutsa mwachita kudzapeza kulimbikira kuti otaya mpweya ndi kuonjezera maneuverability la ndegeyo.

Mosiyana ndi womenya chachikulu cha chaka, ndege "Phantom" ali mechanization kwambiri kuyambira angapo zosintha anali m'ngalawa dongosolo UPS. Choncho ndege akhoza kutera pa sitima ndi chonyamulira ndege, ntchito ananyema mbedza. Iwo akhoza kupirira ankafika makina yolemera matani 17. N'zoona kuti landings ngati zimenezi amapezeka kokha kwa oyendetsa wakhala zaka zambiri, wangwiro kumverera ndege yake.

Kapangidwe ka chitsanzo makina, ndi makina ounikira anamugwiritsa AN / APQ 120 ndi cholinga yankho zovuta AN / ASQ-26, AN / AJB-7 dongosolo ndi udindo navigation ndi ndege olondola lozani mabomba. Kuti bwererani mabomba malodza ndege F-4 ntchito zida chizindikiro AN / ASQ-9L. Rada cheza wapezeka ndi mdani Rada kulandira AN / Apr 36/37 zida, chifukwa kupeza REB mayankho zovuta kusokonezedwa AN / ALQ 71/72/87.

The zikuchokera dongosolo ndege-F-4E navigation zikuphatikizapo ins AN / ASN 63, resolver AN / ASN 46 ndi wailesi altimeter altimeters AN / APN-155. Kulankhulana, navigation ndi dongosolo chizindikiritso ali ndi zovuta AN / ASQ 19 chikukhudza ndi transceiver TACAN.

Armament. Pa mfundo zisanu ndi zinayi kunja kuyimitsidwa malodza ndege F-4 mukhoza kuchita zosiyanasiyana zida, kuphatikizapo anayi Sd sing'anga-osiyanasiyana cholinga-7 "Mpheta". Pali kuthekera ndi zida mu niches wa fuselage ndi, ndege akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti M61A1 chitsanzo ndege (zipolopolo mu zipolopolo 1200 pa mfuti). Pa gulu pali midadada ndi mabomba HAP muyezo, akasinja kutsitsi zipangizo airborne (VAP) pa suspensions phiko.

The ndege "Phantom" (mudziwe kuti ali chithunzi m'nkhani) amatha kukwaniritsa pa bolodi awiri nyukiliya mabomba zitsanzo: Mk43, Mk.57, Mk.61 kapena Mk.28. Total kulemera kwa zida zotheka ndi seveni tonnes, koma chifukwa Mumakonda makina amene vula ngati akasinja mafuta sizinachitike kudzadza kwathunthu. Izi - wina zolakwa chifungulo cha chitsanzo ichi, chimene bwino kwambiri akuwonetseredwa mu Vietnam kumene ku America anakumana ndi MiGs Soviet. Ndege yathu towing ntchito mwachibale kwa kulemera ndi dzanja anali apamwamba kwambiri.

Data pa ulimi

Amasulidwe "Phantom" zofunika za usilikali US anali mpaka 1976 (a okwana ndege pafupifupi 4,000 anapulumutsidwa ndi 1,300 anapita ku zosowa za sitima). Komanso kwa wina ndi zikwi theka magalimoto anaperekedwa chifukwa cha katundu. Koma apa tisaiwale kuti ena galimoto zimagulitsidwa unasamutsidwa mwachindunji ku Bulu / Air Force.

N'zosadabwitsa kuti ndege F4 "Phantom" ndi limodzi mwa wotchuka kwambiri mu gawo la ozimitsa ndege ya nthawi imeneyo, basi anakwanitsa kutulutsa ndalama zoposa zikwi zisanu. Pomaliza, kuyambira 1971 kufika mu 1980 ku Japan anamanga ndege 138; n'zimene chiphatso cha American "Phantom", umasiyana achidule kusintha zikuchokera armament ndi avionics.

makhalidwe luso

The wingspan okwana anali mamita 11,7, kutalika kwa fuselage la - 19,2 m, pazipita kutalika kwa thupi anali mamita 5 Phiko m'dera mamita lalikulu 49,2. Madera kutenga-kuchokera kulemera ranged ku matani 25 mpaka 26. Malo ndege F 4 "Phantom" (popanda mafuta ndi manja inaimitsidwa) kulemedwa makilogalamu 13.760 mu mkati mafuta akasinja mafuta munali matani asanu, matani anayi akhoza adzakhetsedwa mu akasinja kuyimitsidwa.

Motors ndi makhalidwe ndege

Pamene mbewu mphamvu Turbojet ntchito awiri Ge. Chitsanzo analinso awiri: J79-Ge-8 (ndi munthu pazipita adaponya 7780 kgf), J79-Gen 17 (apamwamba samatha khalidwe umene unali 8120 kgf).

Pa nthawiyi, ndege "Phantom" makhalidwe luso lomwe ali m'nkhani, anakhala nthano za US Air Force chifukwa chakuti makhalidwe ndege ake zinali zabwino kwambiri. Ndege akhoza inapita patsogolo kwa 2300 Km / h, ndi pazipita kukwaniritsa mchitidwe zochotsa kutalika anali mamita 16 kuti 600, mathamangitsidwe mathamangitsidwe - 220 m / s, osiyanasiyana makilomita 2380.

Kutalika kwa msewu wonyamukira ndege pamaso kudzachitika-kutali anali mamita 1340, ndi braking parachuti galimoto kwathunthu anasiya mamita 950. Pa onyamula ndege, amene anali mbedza, ndi ndege American "Phantom" anakhala bwanji 30-40 mamita. Liwiro zimamuchulukira akwaniritsa pa ntchito zothandiza, anali 6,0G.

Tanthauzo ndi kuphana ntchito

America ndi kutikonda kwambiri ya ndege "Phantom" (makhalidwe zimene ife kale anafotokoza), ngati unit chitsanzo ichi kwa nthawi yaitali njira yaikulu ya mpweya ukulu Air Force ndi Bulu. Woyamba kudziwika nkhondowo ntchito M'nkhani ya zinachitika pa April 2, 1965, pa kumenyana ku Vietnam. Pali ndege chitsanzo ichi anakumana ndi MiG-17F, amene anamasulidwa ku North Vietnam mu dziko lathu.

Popeza 1966, wotsutsana ndi zochititsa kuti kutengela MiG-21F, komanso kupereka USSR. Air Force ndi Bulu US ankaganiza kuti "Phantom" mwamsanga kupambana mpweya ukulu, kuyambira mbali zawo zinali zamphamvu kwambiri pa bolodi zida apamwamba Rada, komanso mathamangitsidwe wabwino ndi mathamangidwe wovuta. mavuto onsewa, anatipatsa chiyembekezo chathu cha zotsatira zabwino dogfighting.

Ubwino ndi kuipa

Komabe kunapezeka kuti kuwombana ndi makhalidwe maneuverability ndege American sanali wotchuka kwambiri. Iwo anali pakafukufuku pa mapiko a nkhani yaikulu katundu ntchito, ntchito yake kukonzedwa ndi zimamuchulukira chiletso (6.0 ndi 8,0 mu MiG). Ndipo anapezanso kuti magalimoto American ang'onoang'ono kutembenukira ngodya pang'ono m'munsi othandiza akuchitira. Adaponya ndi kulemera zida ku ndege Soviet anali bwino komanso.

ubwino monga mathamangitsidwe mofulumira (kusiyana ndi MiG - seveni masekondi kwa America), makina mudzapeza okwera msanga, ndege yathu kwambiri ayesedwa ndi aone ku cockpit mpikisano "Phantoms" ndi kukhalapo kwa membala chachiwiri adalira. Last offloads kwambiri woyendetsa sitima, nthawi zonse kuwunika malo a Chigawo kumbuyo ndi angakhoze kuwachenjeza mkulu wa kuopseza ndi zayamba kumeneko.

malo ena a ntchito nkhondowo

Akukhulupirira kuti adalira kothandiza kwambiri ya Vietnam nkhondo anakhala woyendetsa komanso kuyenda panyanja S. Ritchie C. Bellevue, pa nkhani nkhondo, monga ku America okha, panali zisanu MiGs Vietnamese. Popeza malemu 60 ntchentche ya ndege chitsanzo anayamba massively kunditumiza ku ogwirizana Israeli of America. Monga mbali ya Israeli makina Air Force atsimikizira akudziwa bwino kwambiri.

Koma ngakhale pali, mu mwansanga ndi Aigupto MiG-21, amene anali pa helm la ndege la Soviet, tikupeza zovuta chomwecho. vuto ndi kwambiri moti Aisrayeli anakhazikitsa m'gawo lake kumasulidwa ozimitsa French "ngatimadzi" ndipo ichi iwo sakudziwa nkomwe ankanyansidwa kuba mbali zolembedwa za luso. M'tsogolo, "Phantoms" anali refocused kuti akonze kumenya akukayikira kuti ndege chitsanzo ichi kupirira popanda kudandaula kulikonse.

Komabe, ndege okha sanali pamenepa okondwa popeza "Phantoms" ntchito ngati magalimoto kumenya, onyamula imfa noticeable (70% ya zombo magalimoto.) Kachiwiri, chifukwa mfundo imeneyi si makhalidwe mkulu akatswiri a ndege Iguputo ndiponso luso wabwino wa Pamudzi Soviet la Soviet SAMs chomwecho.

Kenako ndege ankagwiritsa ntchito pa mkangano Iran ndi Iraq (zaka 1980-1988), koma osachepera zina mwa ntchito zawo anamenyapo zaka akali osadziwika. Komabe, nthawi imene dogfight woyamba pakati ndege ndi Helicopters, pamene Mi-24 anatha gwetsa aku Iraq mpweya mphamvu anaukira wake "Phantom" zida "mpweya ndi mpweya."

, Imatchedwanso kuti 2012 Air Force Syria anawomberedwa pansi "Phantom" Turkey, zomwe yotsirizira ntchito ngati Scout a.

Akatswiri ena a zipangizo ndi zida ndikukhulupirira kuti ndege "Phantom" - US womenya-yoponya mabomba "chachitatu" m'badwo, pa nthawi ya chilengedwe chake kwambiri smogshy patsogolo nthawi yake. Ena mwa prerequisites zoterozo maganizo, chifukwa lachitsanzo wakhala bwino kwambiri ndipo ena mwa makhalidwe ake akhale otchuka lero.

Today mtundu wa ndege kukhala Air Force: Egypt (pafupifupi ziwiri khumi magalimoto), Agiriki, pali za makumi asanu modernized "Phantoms" mwachitsanzo, iwo nawonso ali mu Iran, koma ndege aku Iran ku 60 TH chaka kumanga, ndipo chiwerengero cha otsala makina ntchito losadziwika. Iwo amagwiritsa ndege ya mtundu wa Turkey, kumene manja zosachepera zana ndi makumi asanu modernized "Phantoms" Korea South (za makumi asanu), Japan (ndege zana). Tikumbukenso kuti Japanese ntchito zitsanzo za zomangamanga wake, amene takambirana kale pamwambapa.

malingaliro amakono

Masiku ano otsala makina USAF massively zokonzedwanso mu drones aakulu mantha, komanso wailesi womwe chandamale cholinga cha maphunziro mphamvu mpweya ndi mpweya chitetezo oyeretsa kuwerengetsera. America kulemba otsiriza "anthu" ndege yanthaŵi "Phantom" zinachitika m'ma April 2013 (kunena za ndege pa gawo US). Pamaso pa "lotsiriza la Mohicans" anali makina ndi mchira chiwerengero 68-0599, anapanga ndege ake m'munsi mu za Mojave chipululu January 18, 1989, ndipo kuuluka kuyambira.

Koma tsopano US Department silikhali limaneneratu kuti posachedwapa "Phantoms" onse, ndi tsopano yosungirako adzachotsedwa kusamala misa ndi kumanganso. Amadziwika kuti, monga lero, ndi kusunga chachotsedwa magalimoto osachepera 316 wa mtundu uwu.

Kodi iwo adzachita ndi "Phantom"?

American kampani BAE Systems ndi zikugwira kukonzanso kwa ndege ndi zosinthidwa anayamba mu chandamale QF-4C wailesi womwe. Amadziwika kuti pamapeto pake magalimoto onse ali kukaperekedwa kwa 82nd Squadron mipherezero ndi osiyana wailesi-kulamulidwa (Ndege amalimbana Squadron - ATRS). Iye zachokera ku Florida.

Zikuoneka pa nkhope yake "robotic" ndege mosavuta wosiyana alipidwa, kuyambira kutha kwa mapiko ndi muyezo utoto mu zofiira (mukuonera chithunzi ndege "Phantom" a mtundu umenewu nkhani). Iwo kale za angapo zana kuitanitsa ndipo pansi mayunitsi yomanga. Wapatali kutembenuka oterowo kuti makina angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati nkhondo.

Kuti aonetse mphamvu ya nkhondowo wa atatembenuzidwa "Phantoms" mu January 2008 pa bolodi limodzi la awa Launch chionetsero anali koyamba maroketi "mpweya dziko". Akukhulupirira kuti UAV ndege wotembenuka ungagwire ntchito kupondereza mdani mpweya chitetezo njira. Ngakhale dzuwa la sayansi yokha, imfa ya ndege pa sati abwera liti awo sizidzachitika, amene adzapulumutsa miyoyo ya oyendetsa ophunzitsidwa.

Ambiri mwina, mu zaka khumi zotsatira, atsopano "Phantom" kuti "pagalimoto anthu" adzakhala potsiriza achoka utumiki m'maiko onse kumene makina amenewa adakali mu utumiki. Ndiyeno yang'anani pa makina lodziwika bwino kungakhale kaya zakale kapena pamene kuyendera payekha ndege deta. Pomaliza, chithunzi ndege "Phantom" inu nthawi zonse kuona pa tsamba la pepala ili.

oyendetsa wathu ndi mwayi kuwunika chikho "Phantoms." Izo ziyenera kuti akatswiri Soviet ankalemekeza makina ku zizindikiro zingapo, makamaka poona ubwino wonse wa chipango; zamagetsi kwambiri, chomasuka ankafika ndi ntchito woyendetsa sitima. Komanso, "foolproof" anali okhazikika bwino mu ndege chitsanzo ichi. Motero, mode ankafika, kunali kosatheka kukhazikitsa Roketi kapena molakwika ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana. Kalanga ine, monga nthawi zina zimachitika ndi MiG oyendetsa wathu, amene, kukhala otopa, kodi si kupita akanikizire ...