Geoecology - izo ... Kodi amaphunzira geoecology

Geoecology sayansi - chilango pa mawonekedwe a zachilengedwe ndiponso mapiri. Mwa chimango ake, timaphunzira zikuchokera, kapangidwe ndi ndondomeko ya malo anthu. Akatswiri mu munda ntchito kuteteza biosphere kusintha chowawa chifukwa cha zochita za anthu a zachuma.

phunziro la

Ntchito yaikulu ya akatswiri mu munda wa Geo-zachilengedwe ndi kupeza kukondera pakati pa anthu kusindikiza, ndi chikhalidwe. Kuti tichite zimenezi, iwo kuphunzira magwero mmene anthu pa chilengedwe, okhudza malo ndi wathupi yogawa awo ndi mphamvu. Research kuwononga zachilengedwe ndi mbali wotiyang'anira pa mphamvu zawo.

Katundu pa geoecosystem wa - izi ndi zimene akuphunzira Geo-zachilengedwe. Chifukwa chaichi, izo ikufotokoza zimene zamoyo zimakhudzanso njira zawo zamakono. Asayansi yesezera, kulosera ndi kuunikira amadza anthropogenic. Chifukwa cha ntchito yawo, monga ulamuliro, izo akukonzekera ayamikira, atakhala pansi mmene ntchito GEOECOSYSTEM.

mu sayansi

Ku maganizo a gulu sayansi Geo-zachilengedwe - zachilengedwe ndi kagawo lonse (limatchedwa megaekologiey). Pamene aliyense chilango, iwo ali zenizeni zake chinthu kuphunzira. Pankhaniyi geoecology apamwamba mlingo masanjidwe m'chilengedwe (mwachitsanzo kumtunda, biosphere, biome, nyanja).

Pali Ziwerengero ena kumalo mwambo wa sayansi. Komanso, Geo-zachilengedwe - madera ndi gawo lachinayi (pamodzi ndi chuma, zakuthupi ndi zachikhalidwe). Koma si onse. Geoecology ndi zapiringizana ndi nthaka - izo Maphunziro a chilengedwe Geological ndi ubale wake ndi atolankhani ena, kuphatikizapo hydrosphere, m'mlengalenga ndi biosphere. phunziro ili amaweruza amene amadza anthu onse a iwo.

chilango malire

Popeza kuti kuphunzira Geo-zachilengedwe, osiyana zokhudza zonse zachilengedwe (awa Mwachitsanzo, mogwirizana kwa chilengedwe abiotic komanso zamoyo). Mwachindunji, asayansi anayambitsa akuti watsopano sayansi. GEOECOSYSTEM Izi zotsatira kuchokera kwa anzake a hydrosphere, biosphere ndi chikhalidwe cha lithosphere. Komanso, kuoneka ngati mankhwala a kugunda kwa chilengedwe ndi anthu. Chotsatira ndi maonekedwe a mogwirizana awo ali otseguka ndi kutsekedwa machitidwe geoenvironmental.

Ngati wina aliyense kumalire chilango, sayansi amagwiritsa ntchito njira kafukufuku wa chikhalidwe chosiyana. Geoecology - dongosolo kuti sangathe anafotokozedwa ndi chizindikiro chimodzi chokha, kutanthauza kuti mu nkhani iyi liyenela kusakanikirana kwa nthaka, malo, malo ndi malo ena nzeru za anthu.

vuto lonse ndi chilengedwe

Kuphunzira Geography ndi Geo limatchula mitundu iwiri ya mavuto. Iwo akhoza kugawidwa lonse ndi chilengedwe. Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo mavuto okhudza ecosphere lonse (mwachitsanzo - zotsatira kutentha). Ndi mtundu wa chilengedwe chonse mobwerezabwereza zolakwikazo Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana. Zikuphatikizapo kuchepetsa zosiyanasiyana za moyo padziko lapansi ndi chiwonongeko cha ozoni dzikoli.

mwapadera kwa malo ndi Geo-zachilengedwe Dipatimenti analipira mavuto a kudzitsitsa nthaka. The kuwonongeka kwa zidazo akutitsogolera kuti kuchepa chonde. Monga ulamuliro, makhalidwe oipa chifukwa cha zochita za anthu a zachuma. Komabe, chifukwa chake, ndipo atha kutumikira ngati chinthu chachilengedwe (kugumuka, mphepo kuphulitsa mapiri, ndi zina zotero. D.).

mfundo kafukufuku

Mu geoecologists kafukufuku ali mfundo zingapo kiyi. The oyamba - oyandikana. Pamafunika nkhani zinkachitika m'deralo Geo-zachilengedwe. Mfundo mbiri zachokera Khadili zimayambitsa mapangidwe dongosolo ndi mavuto a chitukuko. Mu kuphunzira akatswiri kuganizira matabwa ake, mphamvu ndi njira kugwira ntchito. Imodzi mwa maziko a kafukufuku amenewa ndi mapu malo.

Geo-zachilengedwe, malo ndi malire iwo ndi sayansi sangaunyalanyaze chinthu gwero. Asayansi powasamalira ndithu kuti malamulo nthawi ndi malo kwa malo ndi lonse la chikhalidwe ambiri. Iwo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri otchedwa beseni mfundo. Malinga ndi iye, kusanthula boma zofunika hydrogeological, ndi kamwazi mphamvu zinthu komanso atolankhani.

Ziganizo ndi malingaliro

Maziko ongolankhula wa Geo-zachilengedwe imatengedwa mfundo m'dera zachilengedwe, zomwe zakonzedwa katswiri XIX m'ma Karl Moebius. Mawu amenewa amanena za kuchotsedwa kwa zinthu zamoyo tikukhala mu zikhalidwe zomwezo zachilengedwe. Aliyense Institute of Environmental Geoscience tikunena mfundo monga chivundikiro Hrs, m'chilengedwe, mitunda, noosphere, geosystem lingaliro, mfundo dongosolo geotechnical.

Maziko ongolankhula kulanga kwa zachitika chifukwa cha sayansi awiri kholo, ndi kupita patsogolo m'zaka za m'ma hafu lomaliza. Chifukwa malowo Geoecology zachitika lingaliro mabuku ubale zachilengedwe ndi udindo wa geocomponent payekha, mfundo zosiyanasiyana komanso kusakanikirana. N'kofunika mbali ina kuti ndalama imeneyi. Ubale analowezedwa geoecology mawu noosphere ndi biosphere, chikhulupiriro dongosolo kwa makope zinthu ndi khalidwe zachilengedwe.

The prerequisites kwa sayansi

Maganizo munthu zikusonyeza Geo-zachilengedwe, anasonyeza ngakhale pamaso pakuwonekera kwake. Choncho, akulu zachuma British za m'ma XVIII Adam Smit ankafufuza mwatsatanetsatane zachilengedwe monga gwero la chuma cha dziko. compatriot lake Thomas Malthus mu 1798, mwina nthawi yoyamba iye anayesa theoretically kumvetsetsa kuopsa mavuto zachilengedwe chifukwa cha njala akanakhala. Monga taonera, kwa sayansi mu funso lofunika kwambiri chodabwitsa cha vuto la vuto. choyamba wake anaphunzira amene ankakhala mu XIX m'ma Yustah Liebig motero kutsimikizira chiphunzitso cha mchere zakudya zomera.

Pa chitukuko cha Geo-zachilengedwe inagunda ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya "Origin of Species" Charles Darwin (1859), komanso buku ndi malo, American George Perkinsa Marsha "Man ndi Nature" (1864). Ndi kafukufuku ichi mmodzi wa poyamba kufunika zoletsa ntchito zachuma, malo.

Russian wasayansi Alexander Voeikov mu 1891 anafotokoza njira kuthana ndi chowawa zochitika zachilengedwe (mphepo youma, frosts, chilala, ndi zina zotero. D.). Monga countermeasures, iye akufuna madzi reclamation ndi afforestation. Professor wa St. Petersburg University Vasily Dokuchaev mu 1903 anamaliza chitukuko pa chikhazikitso cha chiphunzitso, imene iye anali kuoneka ngati lachilengedwe mbiri thupi. Ntchito zonsezi kenako zinathandiza kwambiri chitukuko cha Geo-zachilengedwe.

Magwero a Geoecology

Mbiri ya kuphunzira madera, Geo-zachilengedwe, zokopa alendo ndi khalidwe okhudzana ndi mizu wamba. Iwo agona, ngati inu mosamala kuyang'ana pa zamoyo wa sayansi m'zaka za m'ma XX. Zikamera wa Geo-zachilengedwe kugwirizana ndi zikamera wa malo zachilengedwe zimene zinachitika mu 1939. Woyambitsa wa chilango chimene chinali Carl yothawathawa. Anaphunzira nyengo, zimachititsa chilumbachi, zomera, ndi ubale wa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe. Kuti yothawathawa anayambitsa mfundo malo zachilengedwe, zomwe yomasulira ku German mu English anali lidzasinthidwa chilengedwe miyala kapena geoecology.

-Kawiri akuti poyera zomwenso ake. The watsopano chilango Carl yothawathawa kafukufuku ophatikizana ikuyandikira awiri. Limodzi (yopingasa) ndi kuphunzira zochitika zachilengedwe ndipo ankachita, ndi zina (ofukula) zochokera kuphunzira ubale wawo mwa topezeka kudera. Latsopano sayansi wakhala counterweight kwa amalanga ndiye kale. Mwachitsanzo, geoecology wosiyana kwambiri ndi chilengedwe zamoyo amene anali ndi dongosolo osiyana (a zachilengedwe a nyama, zomera, tizilombo ndi zina zotero. D.). The brainchild a Carl yothawathawa pang'onopang'ono anawonjezera ulamuliro mu 1960. pansi pamaso kumalondolera geoecology zochita za anthu zachuma ndi mmene iye pa malo ndi chilengedwe.