Mbiri ya ruble lapansi. Kodi ruble

ruble The imatengedwa mbiri Russian ndalama unit. Provenance ruble mwalamulo akuyamba ndi Novgorod makalata birch makungwa chiyambi cha m'ma XIII, koma azambiriyakale ambiri amavomereza kuti ruble ndi mfundo ndalama analipo kale, mwina m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi.

Chiyambi cha chiphunzitso cha

Mbiri ya zosayembekezereka wa ruble ndi chikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi mbiri ya Novgorod Land. Woyamba olembedwa kutchulidwa kwa ruble ali pachibwenzi 1281-1299 gg. Ngakhale ambiri unagawanika Russian maukulu anasangalala Kiev hryvnia monga gulu ndalama. Tikhoza kuganiza kuti nkhaniyi ndi kupitiriza kwa ruble kapena "nthambi" mbiri ya hryvnia lapansi.

Pa chiyambi cha XIII atumwi ku Novgorod m'njira zinali 200-gram siliva bullion mu mawonekedwe a timitengo kuti mawonekedwe ake oblong ndi kulemera amatikumbutsa hryvnia wa - la ndalama unit wa Kievan Lazaro. Komabe, mosiyana Kiev, Novgorod, ingots awa anali kutchedwa "ruble".

Mbiri ya ruble Russian kulumikiza dzina la unit ndalama ndi Russian lyudom yosavuta. Monga dzinali kusiyana ndi umembala wake parlance wamba zikuoneka kuti ruble ndi anadziwika monga ingots kale kutchula koyamba mu udzatha, ndicho chifukwa chake ndi zovuta kudziwa nthawi yeniyeni ya chiyambi cha ruble lapansi.

mtengo

Palibe kugwirizana za mtengo wa rubles choyamba. Mu maukulu unagawanika anasangalala bullion siliva - hryvnya kapena rubles, chifukwa kuwerengetsera ang'onoang'ono ntchito ndalama zakunja, makobiri ndi dirhams, yotchedwa Russian "coon."

Nthawi 200 gram ingots anali poltinas kuthyolako kapena ang'onoang'ono mbali, chifukwa mawerengedwe enieni. Zimenezi complicates kuona phindu lenileni la ruble, chifukwa malinga ruble wina ndi analogue a hryvnia, ndi zina - zake "chitsa" wa magalamu 100.

Zikuoneka kuti wosweka ndi ukulu si kwathunthu anayamba ndalama mu maina ndi ruble ku Novgorod anali kwenikweni wofanana hryvnia, ndipo ruble mu Moscow anali zosakwana hafu. Iwo imatsimikizirika kuti inatulutsidwa mochedwa anali Chilituyaniya ruble, masekeli 100 ga

The etymology mawu

Ruble History alibe deta pa chiyambi chenicheni cha mawu. Pali options zinayi zikuluzikulu za chiyambi cha mawu akuti "ruble" chibwenzi. Achidule - ndi ruble ndilochokera pa mawu "pakani" kutanthauza "olowa". Novgorod Ruble chidwi ndi luso limene woyamba anatsanulira mu nkhungu theka la siliva, ndiyeno gawo lachiwiri, ingot unapangidwa pakati pa msoko lapansi. Choncho dzina zotukwana wa ingot ndi - ndi ruble.

Malinga ndi buku lachiwiri la muzu wa mawu amachokera ku mneni "kudula." Pankhaniyi, asayansi zolowa yachiwiriyo. The choyamba - ndi ruble lakhala hryvnia, kapena zambiri ndendende, wachinayi ake; mwachitsanzo poltina, imawazidwa mu theka. Chachiwiri chimake - Novgorod Ruble wosiyana Kiev hryvnia notches zikusonyeza phindu ndi mtengo siliva ingot.

The ena awiri Mabaibulo amati mawu ngongole ku zinenero zina. Mwina mawu akuti "ruble" ali mizu ofanana ndi mawu akuti "rupee" kutanthauza "siliva zinapita processing." Kuwonjezera kugwirizana Nkosatheka ndi mawu Arabic "kotala" imene zikumveka ngati "rr".

Mbiri ya ruble mabasi pa Mabaibulo awiri oyambirira, monga olemba mbiri kugawana maganizo a Chalk la mawu akuti "ruble" mu parlance wamba, zilibe converge ndi kuthekera pobwereka liwu.

ruble loyamba

Ntchito ingots olimba siliva zinkandivuta kwambiri, koma mpaka m'ma XIV pamene, mu ulamuliro wa wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy anayamba timbewu watsopano ndalama yaing'ono. Aliyense ndalama kulemedwa galamu pang'ono poyerekeza ndi chimodzi ndipo ankatchedwa "ndalama", monga cholowa cha Chitata Mongol goli. Ndi nkhani ya "ruble" ndalama akuyamba mfundo imeneyi.

Ndalama maonekedwe osiyana, popeza kunali kovuta lopanga bwalo zokhazokha, kulemera ndi chisindikizo pakati pa ndalama ndi yomweyo. Sindikizani kapangidwe siyana malingana ndi ukulu, kumene ndalama anali kupangidwa.

Kupita kuwerengetsera ndalama zing'onozing'ono zosavuta kwambiri, ndipo m'kupita 200-gram ingots anachokera moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu wamba ankagwiritsa ntchito kokha malonda momwenso.

Mothandizidwa a magulu andale a Novgorod ndi Moscow maukulu, komanso kumadzulo Duchy la Lithuania kwa ruble XV m'ma m'malo bwinobwino hryvnia, ndipo wakhala osati mutu wa ingot, komanso umbuli mfundo anatengera kwa mawerengedwe ndi ochuluka a ndalama ku chuma.

Kusintha ndi kukonza

Woyamba ambiri kusintha ruble ndalama zinachitikadi mu zaka za m'ma XVI. Mu 1534 mu Moscow anayamba wogwirizana kusintha ndalama, cholinga amene anali kugwirizana kwa ndalama ntchito ndalama, komanso ndiyotani pakuchotsa msika zoweta ndalama zakunja, kukusokonezani malonda.

Mfundo zikuluzikulu wagawo ndalama anali Moscow ruble, imene inali 200 kapena 100 Moscow ndalama ndalama Novgorod. Kenako ndalama Novgorod ankatchedwa "khobiri" ndipo Moscow - "mechenkami". maina awa imakhudzana ndi kusindikiza pa mbali n'zosiyana a ndalamayo. Pa khobiri anali zinapangidwa wankhondo ndi mkondo pa kavalo, ndi pa mechenke - wankhondo ndi lupanga. Ndalama zochepetsetsa ankaona mite, ndiye theka mechenki; kaŵirikaŵiri patseniko, imawazidwa zophwanyika mu theka.

Popeza bullion siliva mu zipembedzo za ruble m'zaka za m'ma XVI kwathunthu anatuluka kugwiritsa ntchito, ruble, mpaka cha m'ma XVI anakhalabe kanthu koposa unit chingwe.

Mu 1654, izo zinayamba kupangidwa ndalama mu zipembedzo za ruble wina. Ndipotu, anali perechekanennye ndalama German, lomwe mbali imodzi lasindikizidwa odula manja (mphungu awiri), ndipo mbali ina ya mfumu akuonetsedwa pa mahatchi. Ndalama amatchedwa "ruble", koma kulemedwa zosakwana ulemu - magalamu 64.

Pamene gulu Peter Ine ndalama zitsulo kupangidwa paokha, komanso kusintha anapangidwa ndi mkuwa khobiri kulemera anali anadzetsa 28 ga ndi zipembedzo za 1/100 gawo kuyamikira. Kuwonjezera masenti mkuwa anayambitsa, ndi zidutswa golide mu zipembedzo za 3 rubles ndi masekeli magalamu oposa 3 golide. Kenako, kutha kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII, kulemera a siliva ndalama zipembedzo 1 ruble anagwa magalamu 18.

assignations

Woyamba pepala rubles anaonekera mu ulamuliro wa Catherine II, mu 1769. banknotes izi linali kupezeka kwa zaka 50; pa nthawi ya ntchito yosindikiza mabuku awo sumalamulidwa ndi boma, zimene zinachititsa kuti kugwa chenicheni cha chuma, chifukwa pepala rubles anali kuposa kupereka zitsulo wawo wamtengo wapatali. Mu 1843, banknotes anali kwathunthu achoka ntchito.

Woyamba kulephera zolemba banki n'kuyamba m'chaka chomwecho, zolemba banki Komabe, mofanana zifukwa mabanki posakhalitsa unatha kusinthitsa iwo golide ndi siliva - pepala ndalama zinali zambiri kuposa dziko anapambulwa pa mapulogalamu.

The kusintha kwa 1897 Chatuluka latsopano pepala ruble mothandizidwa ndi golide. Sindikizani rubles zinachitikadi ndi luso latsopano, zokhudza ntchito za mitundu yambiri ndi milingo yosiyanasiyana ya chitetezo. Orel multicolour yosindikiza (otchedwa polemekeza Ivana Orlova) analola kupewa maonekedwe ndi kuonjezera kudziletsa boma pa kumasulidwa kwa chiwerengero cha banknotes.

Chiyambi cha zaka mazana makumi awiri ndi dongosolo achifumu ndalama

Nthawi ya kugwa kwa Russian Ufumu komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa Soviet Russia, yotchedwa "nthawi ya mavuto." N'zosadabwitsa kuti mbiri ya Russian ruble mu nthawi imeneyi akuganiza yovuta kwambiri ndipo chiwerengero cha kusintha nduna ndipo zosavomerezeka ndalama ndi zovuta kuwerenga.

Ngakhale pa nkhondo, Japanese Ufumu anayamba kusowa ndalama; wotchuka kusakhutira, anayesa kulanda boma, komanso inalowa Russia ku nkhondo World Ine anatsogolera Ufumu kwa kusowa kwambiri ndalama. Yasowa ku moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndalama zonse, ngakhale zing'onozing'ono.

Zochita onse amene anaitanidwa kuti lipoti mu rubles ndipo ntchito mu malonda, analibe ngakhale mtengo zazing'ono, popeza tilibe ndi nkhokwe ya zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Rubles ankatchedwa kudziletsa kusindikizidwa banknotes, zolemba vinyo, ndipo ngakhale utoto ndalama. Mu mbiri ya chitukuko cha ruble, komanso monga mwa mbiri m'dzikoli, nthawi imeneyi tinganene kuti ambiri oyaka.

Woyamba rubles Soviet

Mbiri ya ruble mu Russia la m'mawa nthawi Soviet kumayambira 1923, pamene zinapangidwa woyamba golide ducat, ukugwira 10 rubles lachifumu. Pa nzeru ducats anali chikalata ndalama ndi yasiliva - siliva. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa ndalama ambiri osowa Soviet monga ndalama za golidi ndi siliva ntchito makamaka kwa wotuluka kunja mu dziko ndi pafupifupi mwina.

Ndi 30 ntchentche. The mzaka zana makumi awiri anayamba kuoneka rubles pepala ndi ndalama wamng'ono wa kasakaniza wazitsulo wotchipa zitsulo. khama boma kubweretsa ndalama kwa mtundu umodzi mpaka m'zaka za m'ma, ndi maonekedwe a rubles ndi kopecks anasintha zambiri.

Kusintha kwa 1961

Lalikulu kusintha ndalama mu mbiri ya Soviet Union, ndipo mwina Russia wonse zakonzedwa mu nyengo ya zaka 10. Anasankhidwa zipangizo ndi phindu latsopano ruble wopangidwa yunifolomu mtundu ndipo anasankha kapangidwe umodzi. Kwa zaka zingapo zotsatira za Union wadutsa m'malo wathunthu wa ndalama zonse latsopano.

Mmodzi opaka latsopano chitsanzo anali wofanana 10 rubles akale (woyamba Soviet nyemba) ndipo anali ndi ofanana golidi 1 g wa golide. Tsiku ndi tsiku ndalama zopangidwa ndi zitsulo wapatali si zinapangidwa kwambiri kupatula nkhani ya ndalama awonetse zochitika zofunika kapena chidzatha liti.

Modern Russian Ruble

Mbiri ya ruble ndi anakumana vuto lina mu 90s oyambirira. Utatha Soviet Union wakale rubles Soviet anali mu ntchito mpaka 1993, pamene kufufuma ndi mavuto azachuma kwathunthu wolumala ndalama dziko ndi salola kusintha osalala ndalama chatsopano mtundu.

Kupewa kuwonjezeka mu kufufuma, kusintha ndalama ndipo anatitenga kuti aziyenda banknotes latsopano ndi zambiri ziro unachitikira mu 1993. Mu 1998, boma la Russia unachitikira angapo kusintha ndalama zomwe inatsatana ndi chipembedzo ndi issuance a zolemba zatsopano zimene ali kupezeka lero.