Gestalt - ndi chiyani? Gestalt Therapy: Njira zamakono

Gestalt - ndi chiyani? Funso limeneli likufunsidwa ndi anthu ambiri amakono, koma si aliyense amene angapeze yankho lolondola kwa ilo. Mawu akuti "gestalt" omwewo ndi ochokera ku Germany. Kutembenuzidwa ku Chirasha kumatanthauza "makonzedwe", "fano", "mawonekedwe". Poganizira za maganizo, lingaliro limeneli linayambitsidwa ndi psychoanalyst Frederick Perls. Iye ndiye woyambitsa Gestalt mankhwala.

Frederick Perls anali katswiri wa zamaganizo, motero njira zonse zomwe anazigwiritsa ntchito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pofuna kuchiza matenda a maganizo, pakati pawo, maganizo, mphuno, ndi zina zotero. Komabe, Gestalt mankhwala adagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Zomwezi ndizo, posakhalitsa zinakhudzidwa ndi akatswiri a maganizo ndi aumaganizo omwe amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Kutchuka kotereku kwa Gestalt thérapizi ndi chifukwa cha kukhala ndi lingaliro lolingalira ndi lomveka bwino, njira zambiri zogwirira ntchito ndi kasitomala kapena wodwala, komanso msinkhu wabwino.

Ntchito yaikulu

Njira yayikulu ndi yopindulitsa kwambiri ndi njira yokwanira yopita kwa munthu yomwe imaganizira za maganizo ake, zakuthupi, zauzimu ndi chikhalidwe. Gestalt mankhwala, mmalo moyika pa funso lakuti "Nchifukwa chiani izi zimachitika kwa mwamuna?" Zidzakhalanso ndi zotsatirazi: "Kodi munthu akumva bwanji tsopano ndipo izi zingasinthidwe bwanji?" Achipatala omwe akugwira ntchitoyi amayesetsa kuika chidwi pa anthu pakuzindikira zomwe zikuchitika "pano ndi pano". Choncho, wophunzirayo amaphunzira kukhala ndi udindo pa moyo wake ndi zonse zomwe zimachitika mmenemo, ndipo, motero, pakupanga kusintha koyenera.

Perls Gestalt amalingaliridwa ngati onse, chiwonongeko chimene chimapangitsa kulandira zidutswa. Fomuyo imakhala imodzi, ndipo ngati izi sizichitika, munthu amadziona kuti alibe vuto, ndikumuumiriza. Nthawi zambiri anthu amakhala ndi gestalt osatha, omwe sali ovuta kuchotsa, ndikwanira kuti awone. Phindu lalikulu ndiloti kuti azindikire kuti palibe chifukwa chofunira zinthu zakuya, koma muyenera kungodziwa bwino.

Njira ya Gestalt imakhazikitsidwa pa mfundo ndi malingaliro monga ungwiro, udindo, kutuluka ndi kuwonongeka kwa nyumba, mawonekedwe opanda pake, kukhudzana, kuzindikira, "pano ndi tsopano."

Mfundo yofunika kwambiri

Munthu ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri, ndipo sichikhoza kuphwanyidwa mu zigawo zilizonse, mwachitsanzo, thupi ndi psyche kapena moyo ndi thupi, popeza zipangizo zoterezi sizingathe kuwonetsa kumvetsa kwake za dziko lapansi.

Gestalt yokhala ndi umunthu ndi malo ozungulira, pamene mukukondana . Kuti mumvetse bwino mfundo imeneyi, munthu akhoza kupita ku psychology ya kugonana pakati pa anthu. Zimathandiza kuti tiwone bwino momwe anthu amachitira payekha. Komabe, kusinthira palokha, kumakhudza anthu ena, omwe amakhalanso osiyana.

Moscow Gestalt Institute, monga ena ambiri, imatanthawuza lingaliro la "kukhudzana". Munthu amakumana nthawi zonse ndi chinachake kapena wina - ndi zomera, chilengedwe, anthu ena, chidziwitso, zachilengedwe komanso zamaganizo.

Malo amene munthu amakumana nawo ndi chilengedwe amachitcha kuti malire. Munthu wabwino amamva bwino ndipo kusintha kwake kumakhala kosavuta kuti athe kuyendetsa bwino, akukwanitsa kuti akwaniritse zolinga zake komanso kukwaniritsa zolinga zake. Komabe, njirayi imakhala ndi zizindikiro zomwe zimayambitsa kuswa kwa ntchito za munthu pazosiyana zosiyanasiyana. Gershtalt -rapyrapy Perlsa ndi cholinga chogonjetsa kuphwanya koteroko.

Mfundo ya mapangidwe ndi chiwonongeko cha nyumba za gestalt

Pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo yoyamba ndikuwonongeka kwa nyumba za gestalt, wina akhoza kufotokoza mosavuta khalidwe la munthu. Munthu aliyense amayendetsa moyo wake malinga ndi zosowa zake, zomwe amapereka patsogolo. Zochita zake ndi cholinga chokwaniritsira zosowa ndi kukwaniritsa zolinga zomwe zilipo.

Kuti mumvetse bwino, zitsanzo zingapo zingaganizidwe. Choncho, munthu amene akufuna kugula nyumba, amasunga ndalama kugula, amapeza njira yabwino ndikukhala mwini wake. Ndipo yemwe akufuna kukhala ndi mwana, amatsogolera gulu lake lonse kuti akwaniritse cholinga ichi. Zomwe zimafunidwa zimakwaniritsidwa (zosowa zikukhutira), gestalt imatha ndi kugwa.

Lingaliro la kusakwanira gestalt

Komabe, sikuti gestalt iliyonse imatha kumaliza (ndi kupitirira - chiwonongeko). Nchiyani chikuchitika ndi anthu ena ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani nthawi zonse amakhala ndi zofanana zosakwanira? Funsoli lakhala ndi chidwi ndi akatswiri pankhani za maganizo ndi matenda a maganizo kwa zaka zambiri. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa gestalt osatha.

Akatswiri, omwe malo awo ogwira ntchito ndi amodzi mwa magulu a Gestalt, adatha kuzindikira kuti moyo wa anthu ambiri nthawi zambiri umadzazidwa ndi nthawi zonse zomwe zimakhala zovuta. Mwachitsanzo, munthu, ngakhale kuti sakonda kuchitiridwa nkhanza, nthawi zonse amakumana ndi zovuta zoterozo, ndipo amene alibe moyo wake, nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi anthu osafunikira. "Zolekanitsa" zoterezi zikugwirizana ndi "mafano" osatha, ndipo psyche yaumunthu sidzapeza mtendere kufikira atatha kumapeto kwawo.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti munthu amene ali ndi "mawonekedwe" osatha, ali ndi chidziwitso, amayesetsa nthawi zonse kuti apange vuto lokhazikika kuti athetse vutoli, potsirizira pake atseka nkhaniyi. Katswiri wa Gestalt amapanga zinthu zofanana ndizo kwa wofuna chithandizo ndipo amathandiza kupeza njira yotulukira.

Kuzindikira

Mfundo ina yofunikira ya Gestalt mankhwala ndi kuzindikira. Ndikoyenera kuzindikira kuti nzeru zaumunthu za munthu zokhudza dziko lake lakunja ndi zamkati zilibe kanthu kochita naye. Gestalt psychology ikugwirizana ndi kuzindikira ndi kukhala mu chikhalidwe chotchedwa "pano ndi tsopano". Zimadziwika kuti munthu amachita zinthu zonse, amatsogoleredwa ndi chidziwitso ndi kukhala maso, osakhala ndi moyo wamagetsi, kudalira kokha zowonongeka, monga chikhalidwe cha nyama.

Mavuto ambiri (ngati si onse) amawonekera m'moyo wa munthu chifukwa chakuti amatsogoleredwa ndi maganizo, osati mwadzidzidzi. Koma, mwatsoka, malingaliro ndi ntchito yochepa, ndipo anthu omwe amangokhala okhawo samakayikira ngakhale kuti alidi china chake. Izi zimabweretsa kusintha kwa choonadi chenichenicho ndi anzeru ndi abodza, komanso kuwona kuti moyo wa munthu aliyense umapitilira kudziko losiyana.

Ophunzira a Gestalt padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikizapo Moscow Gestalt Institute, ali ndi chidaliro kuti kuthetsa mavuto ambiri, kusamvetsetsana, kusamvetsetsana ndi mavuto, wina amafunikira kuti azindikire zomwe zili mkati ndi kunja. Mkhalidwe wa kulingalira sumawalola anthu kuti azichita molakwika, kulowerera kuntchito yachisokonezo, chifukwa nthawizonse amatha kuona dziko lozungulira iwo monga momwe zilili.

Udindo

Mwa kuzindikira kwa munthu, khalidwe limodzi lofunika kwambiri ndilo kubadwa - udindo. Mkhalidwe wa udindo wa moyo umadalira molingana ndi msinkhu wa kumveka kwa kumvetsa kwa munthu za zowona. Nthawi zonse munthu amakhala ndi umunthu wosintha udindo wa zolephera ndi zolakwa kwa ena kapena ngakhale akuluakulu, koma aliyense amene amatha kudzipangira yekha amadzidumpha pa njira yachitukuko.

Anthu ambiri sadziwa zonse za gestalt. Ndi chiyani, iwo amapeza kale pa phwando ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo kapena wamaganizo. Katswiri amadziwitsa vutoli ndipo amapanga njira zothetsera vutoli. Ndicholinga chakuti Gestalt therapy ya sayansi yapamwamba imakhala yosiyana kwambiri, yomwe ili yonse yomwe ilipo ndi yokongoledwa kuchokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya psychotherapy monga kusanthula mwachitsulo, chithandizo chamakono, psychodrama, etc. Malingana ndi a Gestalistes, Chimene chimatumikira monga chilengedwe chachilengedwe cha zokambirana za "othandizira-kasitomala" ndi kulimbikitsa njira za kuzindikira.

Mfundo ya "pano ndi ino"

Malingana ndi iye, zonse ndi zofunika kwenikweni pakali pano. Maganizo amubweza munthu kumbuyo (kukumbukira, kusanthula zomwe zachitika) kapena m'tsogolomo (maloto, malingaliro, kukonzekera), koma salola moyo weniweni, womwe umapangitsa kuti moyo ukhalepo. Othandizira a Gestalt amalimbikitsa aliyense wa makasitomala awo kukhala "pano ndi pano", osati kuyang'ana mu dziko lamanyenga. Ntchito yonse ya njira imeneyi ikugwirizana ndi kuzindikira nthawi yomweyi.

Mitundu ya njira za Gestalt ndi mgwirizano

Njira zonse zothandizira Gestalt zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana ndi "projective" ndi "zokambirana". Zakalezo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwira ntchito ndi maloto, zithunzi, zoganiza zokambirana, ndi zina zotero.

Yachiwiri ndi ntchito yopweteka kwambiri yomwe imachitika ndi wothandizira pa malire a kukhudzana ndi kasitomala. Katswiri, motsatira njira zowasokoneza munthu yemwe amagwira naye ntchito, amachititsa chidwi chake ndi zochitika zake kukhala gawo la chilengedwe chake, kenaka amawatengera ku malire ake. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti njira za Gestalt za mitundu iŵirizi zimagwirizanitsa ntchito, ndipo kusiyana kwawo koonekeratu n'kotheka kokha.

Ndondomeko ya Gestalt mankhwala, monga lamulo, imayamba ndi njira yotere monga mapeto a mgwirizano. Malangizowo amadziwika ndikuti katswiri ndi osowa ali ofanana, ndipo izi sizowonjezera zotsatira za ntchito yomwe idapangidwa kuposa yoyamba. Izi zikufotokozedwa pa siteji ya mgwirizano. Pa nthawi yomweyi, wogula amajambula zolinga zake. Munthu amene amapewa udindo nthawi zonse zimakhala zovuta kuvomereza zochitika zoterezi, ndipo kale panthawiyi akufunikira kufotokozera. Pakati pa mgwirizano, munthu amayamba kuphunzira kuti adziyese yekha ndi zomwe zimamuchitikira.

"Mpando wapamwamba" ndi "chopanda kanthu"

Njira "yotentha" ndi imodzi mwa akatswiri otchuka kwambiri, omwe malo awo antchito ndi Moscow Gestalt Institute ndi zina zambiri. Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pagulu. "Mpando wapamwamba" ndi malo pomwe munthu amakhala, yemwe akufuna kukamba za mavuto ake. Pa ntchito, kokha wogula ndi wothandizira akugwirizana, mamembala ena ammudzi amamvetsera mwakachetechete, ndipo atangomaliza maphunzirowo amangonena zomwe amamva.

Othandizira amtundu wa gestalt amakhalanso ndi "mpando wopanda kanthu". Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuika munthu yemwe ali ndi tanthauzo kwa kasitomala, yemwe angayambe kukambirana naye, ndipo sikofunikira ngati ali moyo panthawiyi kapena afa kale. Cholinga china cha "chosowa chopanda kanthu" ndicho kukambirana pakati pa mbali zosiyanasiyana za umunthu. Izi ndizofunikira pamene wofuna chithandizo ali ndi malingaliro otsutsana omwe amachititsa mkangano wosagwirizana.

Kuika maganizo ndi kuyesera kukuliritsa

Ndi njira yake yoyambirira, Gestalt Institute imatchula ndondomeko (kuzindikira mosamala). Pali magawo atatu a kuzindikira - dziko lapansi mkati (maganizo, thupi), kunja (zomwe ndikuwona, kumva), komanso maganizo. Pokumbukira chimodzi mwa mfundo zazikulu za Gestalt chithandizo "pano ndi tsopano", kasitomala amauza katswiri za kuzindikira kwake panthawiyi. Mwachitsanzo: "Tsopano ndikugona pabedi ndikuyang'ana padenga. Sindingathe kumasuka. Mtima wanga ukugunda kwambiri. Ndikudziwa kuti pambali panga pali katswiri. " Njira imeneyi imapangitsa kuti phindu likhalepo, limathandizira kumvetsetsa njira zochotsera munthu pazochitika zenizeni, komanso zimathandizanso kuti apitirize kugwira ntchito limodzi naye.

Njira ina yothandiza ndi kuyesera kumakuliritsani. Zimaphatikizapo kupititsa patsogolo ziwonetsero zazing'ono ndi zomveka. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wodwalayo, popanda kudzizindikira yekha, nthawi zambiri amayamba kukambirana ndi mawu akuti "inde, koma ...", wothandizira angamupatse kuti ayambe chiganizo chilichonse mwa njira iyi, kenako munthuyo amadziwa kuti akukangana ndi ena ndipo akufuna kusiya nthawi yomaliza. .

Kugwira ntchito ndi polarities

Imeneyi ndi njira ina, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Gestalt mankhwala. Njira zamakampaniyi nthawi zambiri zimayesetseratu kuzindikira zotsutsana payekha. Pakati pawo, malo apadera amakhala ndi ntchito ndi polarities.

Mwachitsanzo, munthu yemwe amadandaula nthawi zonse kuti amadzikayikira, katswiri amasonyeza kuti ali ndi chidaliro, ndipo kuchokera ku malo amenewa kuyesa kulankhula ndi anthu omwe ali pafupi naye. Ndizophatikizapo kukambirana kukambirana pakati pa kusatsimikizika ndi chidaliro.

Kwa kasitomala yemwe sakudziwa kupempha thandizo, wothandizira Gestalt akuwonetsa kulankhulana ndi mamembala a gulu nthawi zina ngakhale ndi zopempha zopanda pake. Njira imeneyi imapangitsa kufalitsa chigawo cha kudzidziwitsa za munthu payekha, kuphatikizapo momwemo poyamba sikunatheke kuthekera kwake.

Gwiritsani ntchito maloto

Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri a maganizo opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana, koma njira yoyamba ya Gestalt ili ndi mbali zokhazokha. Pano, zida zonse za katswiri wa maloto zimawoneka ngati mbali za umunthu waumunthu, ndi zomwe aliyense wogwira ntchitoyo ayenera kudziwa. Izi zatsimikiziridwa kuti azigawidwa zawo zokha kapena kuchotseratu zizindikiro. Kuonjezerapo, mwa njirayi, palibe wina wathetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo "apa ndi ino".

Choncho, kasitomala ayenera kumuuza wotsogolera maloto ake, monga chinthu chomwe chikuchitika pakali pano. Mwachitsanzo: "Ndimayendetsa njira ya m'nkhalango. Ndimasangalala kwambiri ndipo ndimasangalala nthawi iliyonse yomwe ndimakhala m'nkhalangoyi, ndi zina zotero " Ndikofunika kuti wogwira ntchitoyo afotokoze maloto ake "pano ndi pano" osati payekha, koma m'malo mwa anthu ena ndi zinthu zomwe zikupezeka m'masomphenyawo. Mwachitsanzo, "Ndili njira yopitiliza nkhalango. Kwa ine tsopano ndimathamanga munthu, ndi zina zotero ".

Chifukwa cha njira zake zowongoka, Gestalt mankhwala amathandiza anthu kuchotsa zolakwika za kuganiza ndi masks osiyanasiyana, kukhazikitsa kukhudzana ndi ena. Njira ya Gestalt imaganizira ubwino umene unapangidwa m'zaka zoyamba za moyo ndi zochitika, chikoka cha anthu, koma nthawi imodzimodziyo amaitana munthu aliyense kutenga udindo wake pa moyo wake ndi zonse zomwe zimachitika.