Granada, Alhambra - mapulani ndi paki zovuta: malongosoledwe. zokopa Spain

Travel - mmodzi wa zosangalatsa kwambiri pamoyo. Kuona dziko, iwo amati, muyenera kukaona malo aakulu 25. Kukawona maulendo ku Spain ali mwa malo otchuka kwambiri alendo. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa pali zambiri kukongola zodabwitsa ndi zothandiza kudziwa mbiri yakale malo. Chinthu chamtengo wapatali weniweni ndi nyumba ya Spain. Cordoba, Seville, Capdepera, Tabernas - maina awa chidwi ndi kukopa alendo. Koma malo oyamba ndi Granada, Alhambra. Si pachabe wotchedwa "Chodabwitsa ndi chitatu wa dziko" - iye agwedeza ulemerero, ang'ono ndi nkhambakamwa ake ndiAmene.

nkhani zakale

Granada dera kunkakhala anthu BC. Atagwa mu Ufumu wa Roma mu madera ake akuyamba lothandiza la pansi. Mzinda wa Granada ikuyenda ku kugonjetsa wina ndi mzake, kutaya lonse ndiponso okongola. M'zaka za m'ma VIII, zikuoneka Emirate wa Córdoba, Granada ndi pamalo anapitiriza yekha mu mpanda, amene ntchito ngati mpanda wina. Pa chiyambi cha kugwa kwa emirate mu 1013 anagwidwa gawo woimira Algeria Berbers, amene m'malo mwa mzinda lero amalenga tawuni yake Midanat Garnati ( "amwendamnjira phiri" mu Arabic). Ziri kumanganso malo mbiri, koma mzinda zinasintha manja kachiwiri - mu 1090 zopangira ndi mafumu a Almoravids. Pambuyo kuchepa m'gawo lake anagwira Almohad mafumu. Choncho, kwa zaka zambiri m'dziko muno chogwidwa ndi chikhalidwe Muslim. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XIII ndi mafumu kudutsa zolephera zambiri asilikali, imbaenda chakuti mu 1238 gawo analanda Muhammad Ibn Nasr choyamba, amene amalenga Emirate wa Granada ndi atsogoleri Nasrid mafumu. Kuyambira nthawi, weniweni wochita bwino, zomangamanga ndi mapulani a mzinda ndi masiku ano mu Granada.

Mu 1492, emirate anagwa kwa asilikali a ku Spain Mfumukazi Isabella choyamba, tsamba latsopano la Granada akuyamba mfundo imeneyi. Koma nthawi ya Nasrid muyaya anagwidwa mu wokongola Nyumbayi yotchedwa ya Alhambra.

malo Hrs

Granada ili kum'mwera kwa Spain, mbali ya chigawo cha loyang'anira Andalusia. maulendo aliyense kwa Spain, onetsetsani kuti akathyole zopita ku dera izi monga munthu chidwi kwambiri ndi zachilendo. mzinda ili pa phazi la Sierra Nevada Mountains, yomwe wofatsa, yabwino nyengo kwa moyo. Kutentha komanso lachonde anapanga m'dera lino kotero wokongola adani. Mzindawu uli Chilwa mapiri atatu, amene analenga zinthu zabwino chitetezo, osati chabe ndi pano kuti pali woyamba Muslim m'nyengo VIII atumwi. City madzi amadyetsa mtsinje Darro ndi moyandikana kwa nyanja ya Mediterranean amakhala ndi mwayi waukulu malonda. Chotero wabwino malo Hrs kwachititsa nkhondo yaitali m'dera, aliyense angafune kukhala paradaiso.

mafumu Nasrid

Anayamba kulamulira mu 1238, a Nasrid mafumu mu umunthu wa Muhammad, ndinayamba chilumba cha kutukuka kwa zaluso ndi chikhalidwe. Muhammad anatenga gawo la Granada ndipo atazindikira kuti sanathe kuchita opanikizika kwa adani wachikhristu, inachita pangano ndi Ferdinand III. Zimenezi zinamuthandiza osati pofuna kusunga dziko lao, koma ngakhale kuwonjezera malire ake. Ana a Muhammad ankalamulira mzinda mpaka 1492. Zaka zoposa 250 wa Granada unali likulu la maphunziro ndi luso losiyanasiyana. Nasrid osiyana mkulu mlingo wa maphunziro ndi chilakolako sayansi ndi luso. Iwo tinaitanidwa ku likulu la asayansi, akatswiri a zojambulajambula, oimba ndi ndakatulo kuchokera ku Ulaya. Alhambra Palace anakhala chipilala cha mafumu imeneyi, zikuoneka bwino luso Moor ndi chikhalidwe.

yomanga History

Zaka mazana ambiri anaona Granada. yachifumu Alhambra anayamba kumanga m'zaka XIII. Muhammad Ine, wasamutsira nyumba yake ku Alhambra, mu malo oyamba anayamba kulimbikitsa Palace. Watch Tower inamangidwa, anatsindika makoma akale. Ndiye anadza Tower kulambira. Kuonetsetsa chitetezo, Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu anachita chinkhoswe mu mwagwira ntchito. zoyambira ake anapitiriza ndi m'malo mwake. Pamene Yusuf Ine ndi Mohammed Chachisanu limapezeka ambiri amene nyumba. Bwino ndi zambiri Alkabasa zachifumu zimamangidwa, kulimbitsa makoma, pali wotchuka bwalo mikango, Comares Tower, chipata chachitsulo. Mu 1492, Alhambra apambana mwa asilikali Catholic nakhala nyumba yachifumu. Nawa anamanga nyumba Carlos V, mpingo wa Santa Maria.

olosera Kenako anachoka ku Alhambra. The Bourbons sanawone kuti alibe chidwi ndi ngakhale analiza gawo la zovuta kwambiri. Iwo amanena kuti iwo ankafuna kuononga nyumba yachifumu lonse, koma mwamwayi, iwo sanatero. Mu 1821 kuwonongeka ndithu chifukwa cha chivomezi Alhambra. Wachitatu chachiwiri cha m'ma XIX, izo anapanga njuchi romantics, apa ntchito Byron, Goethe, Chateaubriand. Kenako akuyamba kubwezeretsa yachifumu ndi maganizo pang'onopang'ono anapanga kwa Alhambra ngati chipilala kwa mbiri, chikhalidwe ndi zomangamanga.

Mapulani zovuta

Ndi zachilendo kwambiri kwa zomangamanga European la mzindawo ndi Granada. Alhambra inamangidwa malinga ndi miyambo Muslim. Masiku ano, mlendo kwa nthawi yoyamba kuipidwa kuona chisokonezeko wachisokonezo nyumba, minda ndi mabwalo. Koma kunena zoona, nyumba yachifumu wakhala mwaiganizira dongosolo. M'dera lililonse ali m'magulumagulu mozungulira bwalolo lotseguka. Chipata pakhomo ndi munda analengedwa kuti kuthetsa milandu laling'ono, yolandirira alendo, amene anali atatseka njira mkati. Pomwepo adadza zipinda boma pa madyerero ndi zipinda wokondeka ndi m'mabwalo. A kolido yaitali zotsatira mu holo, lotchedwa La Barca, iye anali malo malankhulidwe kulandiridwa. The kwambiri ndi gawo wokongola kwambiri - kumpanda payekha. Apa anaima theka la Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu ndi gawo wamkazi. Likulu mbali imeneyi - bwalo wapamwamba mkango. Panalinso malo osiyana - munda ndi ntchito woona wa luso. Mu lingaliro pachiyambi mpaka pano zovuta si moyo. Gawo la nyumba lidawonongeka, gawo - omangidwa ndi nyumba ina. Koma ngakhale mu mawonekedwe a nyumba chidwi lonse ndi mwanaalirenji.

Moresque

Anamanga kalembedwe yamakedzana ya Granada. Alhambra inamangidwa makamaka Aluya. Nyumbayi ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha Moor kalembedwe, amene anabadwa mu Muslim, chikhalidwe Arab, koma organically odzipereka mbali Spanish luso. zomangamanga Moor ali kulunjika osiyana. Izi makamaka chifukwa maganizo kwa nyumba. Aluya pachikhalidwe anakhala mu zipululu, kumene moyo womasuka n'chotheka mu oases lapansi. Pano pa oases awa, ndipo iwo anayesa kuchita ngati m'nyumba zake zonse, choncho pali chikondi kwa chilengedwe cha minda, tanthauzo wapadera wa madzi mu nyumba m'mapaki. zomangamanga Moor inali yochokera pa mitundu amafunika kanjedza monga lalikulu ndi kyubu, iwo ndiwo maziko ndi kumanga ndi yokongola. Phunzirani maofesi Asilamu otchedwa a Moor wofewa mkulu ntchito yokongola ndi ya Zilembozo zinkasonyeza mu kamangidwe ka nyumba. Kulengedwa m'pamene ka Asilamu otchedwa a Moor - ndi arches horseshoe woboola pakati, vaulted kudenga, nthawi zambiri converge pakati mu mawonekedwe a nyenyezi zisanu ndi zitatu zisonga. Planirovochnaja anamanga kalembedwe izi zonse ankakhala m'bwalo, kuzungulira amene anaikidwa nyumba zolinga zosiyana. Interiors kuwala osiyana, pogwiritsa ntchito ulusi, zithunzi, makalapeti, akuda nsalu. Kalembedwe Alhambra Moor nditafika pachimake pa chitukuko ake, zovuta ali kwambiri kaso ndi woyengeka mawonekedwe kuposa pomanga nthawi yapita.

Nasrid Palace

Moor wamasiku chitsanzo ndi mbali yofunikira kwambiri cha zovuta - ndi Nasrid zachifumu. Zikuphatikizapo atatu yoyenda yokha yaikulu zovuta: Meshuar - nyumba kwa omvera ndi makhoti, Comares Palace - nduna okhala Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu kwa madyerero, Mkango wa Palace - zipinda wapadera wa banja wolamulira. Mbali wamkulu wa nyumba - Meshuar, ena nyumba unamangidwanso mu nthawi Mkhristu. Komabe, m'holo yaikulu, chokongoletsedwa ndi matailosi ndi mawu a Koran, anali kuoneka. The kusintha kwa Meshuara Comares yachifumu adakonzeka ndi matailosi golide. Pamene Yusuf Ine Comares Palace inamangidwa ndi wotchuka Golden bafa. Iye anali zogona boma la alendo mwa zikusonyeza Myrtle bwalo, chokongoletsedwa ndi trellis yobiriwira. Kuzungulira bwalo imakonzedwa wachisomo openwork mzati ndi arches. Palace ndi nsanja Comares yaitali holo zikugwirizana ndi moni wa La Barca, amene makoma chokongoletsedwa ndi mwakemu pulasitala ndi matailosi. Mkulu nsanja mamita 45 accommodates holo yaikulu kwambiri ya Akazembe. matabwa ake wapamwamba denga ukuimira thambo zisanu ndi Ziwiri a Quran ndi paradaiso atazungulira zochititsa chidwi frieze mu mawonekedwe a stalactites. Mbali zapamwamba wa nyumba ya kumpanda payekha, kuyambira ndi bwalo wotchuka mkango. Kuchokera m'bwalo, mukhoza kulowa mu holo ya stalactites, amene denga ndi chokongoletsedwa ndi miyambo Arabic njira - makutu wapadera. Komanso, kuchokera bwalo, mukhoza kulowa m'zipinda za mafumu, Justice, Alongo awiri, Biforiev ndi Abenserrahov. Aliyense wa iwo ndi chitsanzo cha kalembedwe Moor wa nyengo heyday. Apa mutha kuona zojambula, matailosi, stucco.

mayadi wotchuka

nyumba Muslim zinamangidwa padziko bwalo, ndilo yaikulu ya moyo, kotero iwo anakonza zoti mayiko pazipita. Amafuna mamangidwe amafotokozera - kasupe, zomwe ozizira ndi kulenga maganizo zofiira. Zofunika Alhambra ankaona Myrtle pabwalo - likulu la moyo chikhalidwe cha nyumba ndi dziwe lalikulu pakati, atazungulira malire mchisu, Mkango Yard - mitima ya moyo wapadera wa Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu, likulu la zomwe kasupe ndi zithunzi za mikango 12 pa kukafika kutsogolo kwa bwalo ndi mizati wachisomo ndi ziboliboli. Wina bwalo kwa gawo la Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu - Alberca ( "dziwe"). Iye wazunguliridwa ndi makoma woyera nsangalabwi ndi zipilala ndi dziwe amakona anayi, anabzala ndi greenery, kumene kumasonyeza nyumbayi. mayadi onse ali odzazidwa ndi mizati ndi arcades kuti akonze olandiridwa mthunzi ndi kupereka ulemerero wa mlengalenga. Mwanaalirenji akumaliza makhoti ndi kuwakantha: izo matailosi, kudzikondweretsa kusema mizati, zokongoletsa ndi zolemba calligraphic. M'bwalo pali Generalife m'Bwalo la Water, limene lili pakati pa dziwe amakona anayi, inkakhala ndi mipanda ndi arcades.

Nsanja, ndi zipata

Alhambra wakhala alipo nthawi zonse, osati monga yachifumu, komanso dongosolo kumbuyo. Choncho, makoma ake chokongoletsedwa ndi osiyanasiyana nsanja kuti ntchito yolondera. Onse kulinga anapulumuka oposa 15 maofesi amenewa. Zida zankhondo Tower - wakale kwambiri pa malo, ndi inamangidwa pa nthawi ya zomangamanga Alkabasy. mtundu wake nkhanza akadali amapereka kuganiza za mphamvu ndiponso kudalirika. Ukapolo Tower XIII atumwi anatumikira monga ndende ya mkazi wake wokondedwa wa Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu. Peak Tower inamangidwa molumikizana ndi m'mphepete mwa chipata ndi kuteteza Herenalife minda.

Gates mu masiku a Aluya zinali zofunika kwambiri, iwo ayenera osati mwamphamvu, komanso kufotokoza maganizo makamaka, kuchita ndi ntchito zokongoletsa. The wamkulu wotsalayo Wine ali chokongoletsedwa ndi arches wokongola kukuzungulira, m'mbale. Iron Chipata inamangidwa m'zaka za m'ma XIII ndi chitetezo chodalirika wa phata la. Mmphepete kulondera khomo la minda ya Generalife.

minda ya Alhambra

East Alhambra Palace anatchuka chifukwa m'minda yake, zosachepera nyumba. Emirs anafuna kulenga padziko yokha Munda wa Edeni, kotero chikhalidwe cha nyumba zina tcheru koposa nyumba. Madzi ndi zomera kusewera ntchito kwambiri Kamangidwe limaonetseratu za nyumba. Kudandaula madzi, kafungo ka maluwa ndi rustle masamba kulenga chikhalidwe bata ndi mtendere mtheradi. Kale pa khomo minda yachifumu mlendo akulowa pakhomo chachikulu, kulikonse mosamala anakonza, ndinaganiza pano akasupe ndi mchere. Ndipo paliponse kwambiri a mitundu: tchire, flowerbeds, miphika maluwa - mlendo ndi kumizidwa mu aura ya yotukuka ndi kusintha kwa mzimu wa nyumbayi. Aliyense yachifumu atazunguliridwa ndi minda kunja ndipo ali mkati limene kulowa wosaloleka zambiri. Mu mkati tidakocheza zomera rarest, maluwa okongola kwambiri. Poyamba, kunja ndi mkati minda okha popanda makoma, kawirikawiri lero therebetween anabzala bosquets nakonza kupanga makoma.

Dvorets Karla V

Pambuyo pa adani a boma Alhambra Mkhristu, lichitidwa anamanga nyumba ya mfumu ya Charles wachisanu ndi mkazi wake Isabella a Portugal. Today maulendo ku Spain kwenikweni monga zopita ku malo ichi. Against maziko a nyumba zokongola ndi wapamwamba wa Moor kalembedwe nyumba amaoneka ngati thupi lina. Linapangidwa kalembedwe ku Italy mannerism, mpanda wake pulasitala ndi kufanana tingachipeze powerenga za apakati pa malo osiyana zikanakhala okongola, koma pano kuyang'ana kunja kwa malo. nyumbayi ali m'bwalo, wopalidwa ndi mwala, wazunguliridwa ndi awiri-storey arcades wa mizati ndi amaayoni mitu. Today pali Museum Wabwino Tirhana ndi Museum ya Alhambra.

Generalife

M'zaka za m'ma XIII Alhambra Castle kunali kwawo wina wokongola - chaka otchedwa Generalife. The nyumba tichipeza nyumba zazikulu, nyumba zasekondale ndi munda wokongola. The nyumba yaikulu inamangidwa kalembedwe mwadala osavuta kuti Siyanitsani zikuchepa ndi Nasrid zachifumu. Apa chapatsogolo chikhalidwe. Bwalo yaikulu ya Generalife - bwalo la ngalande ulimi wothirira imene mitengo anabzala ndipo anapanga mndandanda wa Jets madzi. M'bwalo anapanga kwambiri kuonerera nsanja, amene Granada kuoneka bwino. Mu XIX m'ma m'minda yachifumu ndi kugawanika chapamwamba zochititsa chidwi madzi staircase ndi chikondi Mirador kalembedwe Wachiwiri-Gothic. M'munsi Gardens - ndi pomanga m'ma XX, palibe kuukonza m'mbuyomu, koma zitsamba zokongola manicured ndipo zosiyanasiyana maluwa kupanga malo osangalatsa kwambiri kuyenda mu kutentha kwa m'chilimwe.

Partal

Mbali osiyana Alhambra - izo Partal. Pa chiyambi cha XIV m'ma yachifumu pano Partal kapena nkhuyu ( "Kukhonde") inamangidwa. Komabe, ambiri a nyumba sanali anapulumutsidwa. Today m'dera munakwanisa kuona nsanja Dame kapena, mwa kulankhula kwina, Kalonga Tower. Inamangidwa mu mpanda kunja ndipo imakhala Kukhonde ndi zipata asanu arched. Traditional amakona anayi dziwe, ndi zomera ili ku likulu. Kuchokera pamwamba pa nsanja amapereka maganizo wokongola wa Alhambra. Pa mapeto a XIX m'ma German bizinesi anagula kum'mwera kwa gawo yomanga payekha, iye anapereka dzikoli kwa Spanish mfumu m'malo atalandirapo ufulu Tumizani ku Germany denga yapamwamba ya mkungudza ndiponso popula ndi ulusi amene ali tsopano kuwonetsera pa Berlin Museum. Dera Partalya pafupi minda, amene anasunga maziko a nyumba ya olemekezeka.

nkhani zothandiza

Pofuna kupeza Alhambra, muyenera kusamalira matikiti. chinthu bandiwifi ndi otsika, choncho kumwazikana msanga. Mugule ulendo ku Spain ndi ku Granada kudzera intaneti, koma mukufuna kusindikiza tikiti pa ofesi bokosi la nyumba yachifumu. Izi zikupangitsa kuti khadi, limene linaperekedwa. Pali matikiti osiyana minda ndi nyumba onse, kupatulapo Nasrid Palace. Pali zonse - pochitika zinthu zonse. Pakuti Nasrid yachifumu pa tikiti adzasonyeza nthawi yeniyeni Ulendo Ulendo kumatenga Mphindi 30 okha, wachiwiri sangathe kulowa mkati.