Gulu la kupanga ndi mowa zinyalala. Gulu la zinyalala ngozi kalasi

General gulu la mowa zinyalala ndi kupanga palibe. Choncho, kwa mayiko, amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo imeneyi kulekana.

Mfundo za magawano zinyalala ku mitundu

Choncho, kapangidwe ka mfundo zazikulu kuperekedwa ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

• mapangidwe gwero (nthambi chizindikiro);
• boma la loitanirana;
• pa mkombero kupanga;
• malangizo a ntchito.

Tiyeni akukhala pa aliyense wa iwo.

Malinga ndi kumabungwe osiyanasiyana

Gawo ili zinyalala kuchita ndi ambiri ofala. Linamangidwa pa mfundo m'makalata. Yaikulu gawo gulu la muli pakati ndizo zinyalala sanali akakhala kapena zitsulo akakhala, malasha, mankhwala ndi mafakitale nkhuni processing.

State wa loitanirana

Chotero zinyalala gulu zimathandiza yeniyeni kudziwa ngati madzi, olimba kapena gaseous. gawo Izi ndi zofunika posankha yosungirako sayansi, processing zambiri kapena chiwonongeko.

Choncho, zinyalala gaseous ayenera kusungidwa mu akasinja wapadera, madzi - losindikizidwa muli ndi olimba - mu muli pa malo kapena landfills.

Kudziwa processing luso gulu makalasi awo zinyalala ku ntchito, malinga mlingo wa combustibility ndi explosiveness. Tisaiwale za kawopsedwe awo.

Malinga m'zinthu yopanga

Nthawi zina gulu la zinyalala mafakitale, limene bungwe pa maziko m'makalata. Zimenezi zimawathandiza kuti sule ndi ndondomeko sitepe kubala mankhwala kwa kudziwika ntchito mu ndondomeko zomwe ungadzakhazikitsidwe byproducts iliyonse.

Chitsanzo ndi makampani mankhwala, imene zatsalira volumetric kuti si anapereka kwa ndondomeko kupanga (pa distillation kapena rectification) ungadzakhazikitsidwe pa kaphatikizidwe zinthu organic.

Gulu pamwamba wa zinyalala mu makalasi lolunjika pa kulingalira ntchito zawo monga chuma sekondale yaiwisi. Choncho, kusanja zimenezi zimasonyeza makamaka kachulukidwe, ndi pamenepo pokha - khalidwe.

Thupi ndi mankhwala katundu zinyalala

Gawo zinyalala katundu physicochemical ndi zofunika kuwunika mmene awo pa chilengedwe. Izi, kumene, anati kwa zigawo woopsawo ndi poizoni.

World Health Organization anayamba gulu la zinyalala kalasi ngozi, amawatenga UN mu mawonekedwe a mapulogalamu zoteteza chilengedwe. Pamafunikanso mndandanda wa zigawo zikuluzikulu woopsawo ndi poizoni, amene anamasulidwa mu ndondomeko kupanga. Mndandanda chomwecho zikuphatikizapo zinthu zotsatirazi: Arsenic, asatayike, mankhwala osiyanasiyana organohalogen ndipo, ndithudi, Mercury.

Monga limasonyeza kawopsedwe zinthu anatenga woopsa mlingo koyefishienti ntchito zomwe theka nyama mayeso patsogolo woopsa zotsatira zake.

Zinyalala kusanja ngozi

Gawo zinyalala woopsawo zachokera ndende ya poizoni ali iwo. Komanso n'komwe ndi zotsatira synergistic zigawo zikuluzikulu zingapo.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, mayiko a ku Ulaya, zinyalala ngozi gulu kalasi zachokera ntchito yawo zachilengedwe. Motero, njira imeneyi ndi opanda ungwiro, chifukwa ndondomekoyi amavutika kuwunika awo monga zipangizo ntchito mopitirira mu gawo mafakitale.

Ntchito zoipa monga zipangizo yopanga

Chimodzi mwa zolinga zikuluzikulu za ntchito iliyonse malonda ndi mafakitale - kukwaniritsa ndalama mphamvu ndi zipangizo. Choncho, mu tikukumana chuma cha mgwirizano wa zofuna za ogula kuthekera komanso alimi, zomwe ndi zida zamakono kupanga njira zamakono ntchito zinyalala monga chuma yaiwisi.

Mosiyana ndi zipangizo, zinyalala sangathe Pre-zochokera kumunda makamaka a ntchito. Choncho, zinyalala chomwecho ntchito zosiyanasiyana mafakitale. Choncho, kwa gulu wololera malinga Mbali imeneyi ndi bwino kudziwa ena zizindikiro zawo zapadera. Choncho, zinyalala zonse zikhoza m'magulu magulu atatu akulu akulu:

1. Ndi makhalidwe akumane monga kusowa homogeneity ya kapangidwe ndi chiyero. The zifukwa - magulu zoti likuwonongeka, kuipitsidwa, zinthu nyengo. Ngakhale kuti makhalidwe amenewa ndi chikhalidwe zosapanganika, ndi thandizo lawo ndife otsimikiza revisions zinyalala luso ndi amasokoneza poganizira zovuta mavuto a zachuma ndi a zachilengedwe.
2. Municipal olimba zinyalala gulu zachokera mwayi wa ntchito monga chuma sekondale yaiwisi. M'mawu ena, anapatsidwa ya makhalidwe amene angathe kuyeza ndi m'gulu specifications ndi mfundo luso kuti ali ndi udindo malangizo mulingo woyenera kwambiri yobwezeretsanso.
3. Popeza nkhani yaikulu yaiwisi amamuchititsa mutembenuzire mu ndondomeko kupanga monga zinyalala, pamodzi ndi imfa kapena kuwonongeka kwa makhalidwe ena ogula nazo ndiponso katundu kusinthidwa kuti sanali khalidwe kwa analogue poyamba.

Choncho, malongosoledwe a zinyalala zikhazikitsidwe tanthauzo lililonse mtundu munthu wa katundu kuti anayeza ndi malangizo a ntchito yothandiza kwambiri.

specifications zinyalala gulu

Kutengera pa nsoka wa zinthu imatulutsidwa pa kupanga ndondomeko, iwo akhoza m'magulu magulu ziwiri:

• katundu ofunikira zinthu, kayesedwe awo ndi kuvomerezedwa akamaona njira chikhalidwe ntchito;
• atsopano katundu, kayesedwe awo n'kofunika kudziwa njira yatsopano ndi nzeru kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zobwezerezedwanso.

Khama la katundu wa gulu loyamba imagwiridwa ndi ntchito mabuku zogwirizana sayansi ndi muyezo zolembedwa luso.

Zinyalala ndi atsopano katundu chofunika ndondomeko onse njira yovomerezeka Muyezo katundu, komanso akudzizindikiritsa katundu zina zofunika.

Gulu la zinyalala

Zinyalala m'nyumba akhoza wachinsinsi monga osayenera zinthu zina ntchito zapakhomo chakudya ndi katundu amene ataya ogula katundu wawo. Komanso, gulu lina ili monga oyang'anira tauni zinyalala olimba, gulu anatsimikiza ndi zinthu zotsatirazi: amakana ndi zinyalala m'nyumba.

The zikuchokera mtundu wa zinyalala kudzadalira zinthu: mlingo wa chitukuko cha dera ndi dziko, mlingo chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi miyambo yake, nthawi ya chaka etc. Pafupifupi hafu ya onse MSW - zakuthupi atanyamula, kuchuluka amene nthawi zonse kuwonjezeka.

Gawo zachokera zinyalala multicomponent kapangidwe heterogeneity, otsika kachulukidwe ndi Kusakhazikika (mphamvu kuwola). Monga magwero zinyalala amavomerezedwa nyumba, komanso kugula, masewera, ndi mabizinesi ena ndi mabungwe.

The zikuchokera zinyalala ngati zikuphatikizapo mitundu zotsatirazi wa iwo:

• Makatoni (pepala);
• zipangizo bulky;
• chakudya zinyalala;
• zitsulo ndi mapulasitiki;
• chikopa ndi mphira;
• galasi, zovala, ndi mitengo.

Choncho zowombetsa mkota zinyalala gulu.

Kutaya zinyalala

Pakati pa zinyalala otchedwa akhoza kudziwa mitundu ikuluikulu imene mukufuna akonzanso.

1. Zipangizo zoyendera magetsi banja. magwiritsidwe ake ndi koyenera kuti mabizinesi onse amene safuna kuti mavuto ndi akuluakulu zolimbana. Kugwira ntchito imeneyi pa zosowa zawo ndi chifukwa chomveka, kutsimikiziridwa mwa zolembedwa zogwirizana. Popeza chilolezo choterechi chilli bizinesi mwina vuto. Choncho bwino njira - kutembenukira kwa kampani, amene zikugwira yobwezeretsanso katswiri wa zinyalala.
2. Pulasitiki, thovu, pepala, etc. M'mawu ena, ulusi umene wazolongedza. The processing zinyalala izi kumaphatikizapo kuziphwanya, ndipo ndiye yekha aumbike mwa pellets ndi ntchito monga chuma sekondale yaiwisi.
3. Fulorosenti nyali. Iwo wokongola zokwanira processing, kuyambira unit pakompyuta, m'munsi ndi babu - lofunika zopangira. Kuchokera pa zimene tikudziwa kuti sangathe kutaya zinyalala basi chifukwa chakuti muli mankhwala enaake. Komabe, pamene kunditumiza ku kutaya ambiri makampani-mapurosesa amafuna izi zopangira katundu anapulumutsa paokha, ndi mtengo ntchitoyi.
4. Mabatire. Masiku ano, anayamba kuoneka mfundo za phwando la mtundu wa zinyalala. Choncho, boma kutsindika waukulu adzaikidwe kwa kukwezedwa, malonda ndi kudzutsidwa chikumbumtima mwa anthu. mankhwala, komanso nyali fulorosenti, ndi owopsa kwa chilengedwe komanso. batire zotha Choipitsa 20 sq. meters m'dziko mozungulira ndi nthawi ya kukula - zana kotala. Ndiponso tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mkati mwake muli zitsulo zoipa monga mankhwala enaake, cadmium ndi patsogolo.

Zovulaza fumbi mankhwala

Gulu la zinyalala mankhwala zachokera ukatswiri mabungwe zogwirizana. Izi ndi nsalu zimagwiritsa ntchito ndi gauze, minofu anthu, asatayike kapena magazi.

Onse miyala mabungwe mankhwala chidwi makamaka chifukwa akhoza kusokoneza kuthekera kwa chilengedwe.

zinyalala zonse ku zipatala, malingana ndi msinkhu wa toxicological, AIDS ndi radiological zowopseza anawagawa m'magulu asanu ngozi.

Mwachitsanzo, kalasi A amapereka zinyalala sanali woopsawo kuti limapangidwa kanthu, osati kale kukhudzana ndi madzi a m'thupi la wodwala ndi odwala matenda. Mu gulu ili monga ya zinyalala sanali poizoni.

Maphunziro B zikuphatikizapo zinyalala opatsirana. Izi akhoza zokhudza zipangizo ndi zipangizo zimene zakhudzana ndi secretions odwala. Kuphatikizanso ndi organic zinthu pambuyo ntchito.

Hazard Maphunziro B - zinyalala woopsawo kwambiri, womwenso zinyalala ku Microlaboratory, komanso zipangizo zomwe akhala kukhudzana ndi odwala matenda woopsawo opatsirana.

Maphunziro D - zinyalala, ofanana mu dongosolo yake mafakitale. Zikuphatikizapo mankhwala, tsiostatiki, komanso zida ndi zipangizo, monga mankhwala enaake.

Hazard Maphunziro D - zinyalala za nyukiliya, monga zinyalala mankhwala maofesi okhala zigawo nyukiliya.

Polongosola mwachidule, tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti kutaya moyenera mitundu yonse akhoza kukhala chitsimikizo cha polojekiti, ndipo zimenezi ndi zofunika kwambiri m'dziko lathu zovuta ano.