Gulu la nyumba: malangizo

Mwamtheradi zonse za zinthu zimene ziri mu ntchito kale ikumangidwa kapena tikukonza, akhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu iwiri, nyumba ndi nyumba. Nyumba otchedwa nthaka dongosolo, zomwe m'nyumba zipinda maphunziro, zosangalatsa, ntchito, ndi zina zotero. Ndi nyumba ali pachikhalidwe nyumba luso: milatho, mapaipi, mapaipi, ndi madamu ndi ena. Gulu la nyumba, nyumba, malo ali zambiri zina zabwino.

nyumba mafakitale

Nayenso nyumbayi ali m'magulu awiri ofunika - boma ndi mafakitale. Ndi makampani monga:

• kupanga;
• ziweto;
• mphamvu;
• warehousing;
• zofunikira.

nyumba Civil anawagawa m'magulu awiri - zogona ndi anthu.

nyumba zogona

N'kosavuta kwa ndikuganiza kuti apa pachikhalidwe malo oyenera kuti anthu azikhalamo, akuti:

• nyumba;
• m'zipinda zogona;
• Map;
• chiphaso;
• Mungasankhe.

nyumba chikhalidwe

• maofesi maphunziro;
• nyumba ofesi;
• mankhwala zipangizo ndi malo konzanso;
• maofesi ntchito masewera;
• zibonga, malo odyera ndi zina zotero;
• m'madera kukagula, anthu Catering ndi ogula mautumiki;
• mayendedwe;
• nyumba ndi ntchito limodzi;
• nyumba multifunctional ndi maofesi.

Pali gulu la nyumba ndi nyumba. Chofunika mbali structural ndi akwaniritsa mothandizidwa ndi zizindikiro zina, ntchito zawo ndi Lamulo kumanga zizindikiro (SNIP). chikalata ichi amagwiritsa zosiyanasiyana gulu la nyumba ndi mtundu. Komanso review kiyi.

Gawo mitundu

1. Chiwerengero cha storeys. Pamene kukhazikitsa angapo apansi ndi: mlengalenga, luso, chapamwamba, nthaka (ndi proviso kuti kapangidwe pamwamba ali pabwino pamwamba pakati chizindikiro mapulani dziko osachepera 2 mamita).

• ochepa apansi - kutalika kwa nyumba kwa 2 apansi;
• Kuchuluka kwa storeys - 3 mpaka 5 apansi;
• chinawonjezeka chiwerengero cha storeys - 6 mpaka 9 apansi;
• multistory - 10 apansi 25;
• Mkulu-nyamuka nyumba - kuchokera 26 apansi pamwamba.

2. Pa nkhani zomwe makoma anapangidwa:

• Stone (njerwa kapena miyala zachilengedwe);
• yowona (zobwera mwala, midadada konkire);
• konkire;
• zitsulo;
• mtengo.

3. gulu la nyumba monga mwa njira kumanga:

• wa ang'ono-kakulidwe zigawo (ichi zinthu zaphindu kwa nyumba, amene anasamukira pantchitoyo ntchito zida yaing'ono kapena pamanja);
• zigawo zikuluzikulu lalikulu-kakulidwe (kwa unsembe wa zinthu izi ntchito cranes chachikulu ndi makina);
• Monolithic (pasadakhale anapanga konkire Kusakaniza anaikidwa nkhungu mwachindunji pa zomangamanga, kumene solidification ake).

4. kwake:

• Ine - nthawi ya ntchito kwa zaka zoposa 100.;
• II - 50 kwa zaka 100;
• III - 50 kwa zaka 20;
• IV - zaka 20 (zosakhalitsa nyumba).

5. pa likulu:

• 1 kalasi - dongosolo, akhoza kukumana kuchuluka akufuna. The nyumba yaikulu mumzinda ndi nthawi presumptive ntchito kwa zaka zoposa 70. (okwerera, zakale masewera, malo chikhalidwe). Izi iwonso monga nyumba wapadera kwambiri m'dziko ndi moyo zaka zoposa 100 (Khristu Mpulumutsi Cathedral, Kremlin Palace ya Congresses , ndi zina zotero. D.).
• Kalasi 2 - dongosolo, angathe kukwaniritsa ziyeneretso pafupifupi. Chachikulu zomangamanga, lomwe ndi maziko a chitukuko mzinda, ndi nthawi presumptive ntchito ya osachepera zaka 50 (nyumba ofesi, mahotela, Mipikisano storey nyumba).
• Chachitatu kalasi - dongosolo kuti akhoza akwaniritsa zofunikira za sing'anga-kakulidwe ndi kuchepetsedwa (nyumba opepuka kuchepetsa likulu ntchito presumptive nyengo ya zaka 25 mpaka 50).
• 4 kalasi - nyumba ndi zofunika zochepa.

Malingana kalasi osankhidwa nyumba ndi kumanga zipangizo. Pakuti makhazikitsidwe mkulu-mapeto a slabs amphamvu ndi nthawi kutsimikiziridwa refractory ndi zipangizo kuti angathe kupereka ntchito ntchito ndi yaitali popanda kukonza pafupipafupi.

Gawo ndi nyumba kwa ngozi moto

nyumba yonse ngozi moto anawagawa m'magulu. Kudulidwa zimatengera mtundu wa ntchito ya pa nyumba ndipo mmene chitetezo kwa anthu pa nkhani ya moto ndi kuopsezedwa. Pamafunika nkhani m'badwo, chikhalidwe thupi, Mwina kukhala mu mkhalidwe tulo, mtundu wa zikuluzikulu dongosolo zinchito ndi mphamvu yake.

Gawo ndi nyumba:

• F1 - kapangidwe kumatanthauza kuti kukhala zosakhalitsa nzika (maphunziro, ntchito, mahotela, Catering, etc.) komanso kukhazikikamo.
• F2 - danga ntchito chikhalidwe.
• F3 - nyumba malonda pa misonkhano nzika "(masitolo, Catering, sitima, zipatala, maofesi positi, mabanki, etc.).
• F4 - malo anafuna kafukufuku wa sayansi, sukulu, amazilamulira nyumba, moto dipatimenti.
• F5 - malo ndi maofesi a cholinga mafakitale kapena nyumba yosungiramo katundu, yachokera. Kupanga katundu ndi nyumba yosungiramo katundu maofesi, kuphatikizapo Laboratories ndi zokambirana mu nyumba ya makalasi F1, F2, F3 ndi F4, F5 ndi pachikhalidwe ku kalasi.

Gawo lofunika kwambiri ndi nyumba. Basic chitetezo moto kamba ntchito amafuna zolimbana kuti achoke mu nkhani ya moto.

Gawo ndi nyumba moto kukaniza

Ubwino wa zomangamanga chifukwa cha alipo a moto kukana kwawo, ndi lomwe cholinga nthawi kenako patabuka moto pali wina zizindikiro zitatu:

• obvalivanie alipo;
• maonekedwe mu denga mwa ming'alu kapena mabowo (mpweya kuyaka kulowa zipinda moyandikana) ;
• Kutentha a slab kuti kutentha kuti tifulumizane kuyaka mowiriza zipangizo mu zipinda moyandikana (140-220S).

Luso la nyumba apansi amakhala ndi moto kukana mlingo. Mitundu ya moto kulimbikira nyumba:

• Ine - ndi mwala nyumba (fireproof).
• II - ndi mwala nyumba (nonflammable ndi nonflammable).
• III - ndi nyumba mwala (nonflammable, nonflammable ndi flammable).
• IV - pulasitala ndi matabwa.
• V - ndi mitengo pulasitala.

moto malire:

• ceramic njerwa - 5 H;
• silicate njerwa - 5 H;
• konkire slab - 4 hours (akuwaza kumachitika chifukwa kukhalapo mu zikuchokera madzi 8%);
• matabwa ndi pulasitala ❖ kuyanika - 1 H 15;
• chitsulo kapangidwe - Mphindi 20 (1100-1200S - zitsulo amakhala ductile);
• khomo lakumaso pansi pa lawi wamtundu uliwonse mankhwala - 1 ora.

Porous konkire, dzenje njerwa mkulu moto kukana. Osachepera moto kukana pakhomo wavula zitsulo unsembe ndi pazipita - analimbitsa simenti.