Hagia Sophia mzikiti ku Istanbul

Turkey - pachikhalidwe wina wa boma ambiri anapita ndi alendo. Turkey Republic - choncho amatchedwa dziko lino - Chilwa makamaka kum'mwera kum'mawa kwa Ulaya, mwina mu Middle East. East, monga mukudziwa, "nkhani wosakhwima", izo nthawizonse wakhala anakopeka, kani, nakodola apaulendo padziko lonse.

mwachidule

Kumzinda waukulu wa Republic of Turkey - Istanbul, mzinda wakale, womwe kale unali likulu la Byzantine, Roman, Ottoman ndi Latin maufumu.

Istanbul: Hagia Sophia - malo amene ali wokwanira ulendo

The alendo amene kuno, nthawi zambiri funso n'lakuti, kodi chidwi kuona. Hagia Sophia (St. Sophia) - ndi kachisi wakale, chidwi kwambiri kudzacheza. Izi chipilala a zomangamanga wakale pakati chakale cha mzinda, m'dera lotchedwa Sultanahmet. Poyamba, icho chinali chimake cha Constantinople, lili yachifumu.

Mosque Hagia Sofia - mmodzi wa zokopa waukulu mumzinda wa Istanbul (Turkey). Monga mukudziwa, pamaso dziko inali Ufumu wa Byzantine, wotchuka kwa mkulu mlingo wa chikhalidwe. Hagia Sophia latembenuzidwa kuchokera Greek momwe "nzeru woyera". Choyamba chinali Orthodox Mkulu wa Mabishopu Cathedral, ndiyeno amachita ntchito ya nyumba ya msikiti ndi (Muslim kutchalitchi), ndipo tsopano lino - ndi zakale, udindo umene m'kachisi mu zoyambirira za m'ma XX, yeniyeni, mu 1935.

Kumanga Hagia Sophia anali Mkhristu mpingo waukulu pa zaka chikwi, mpaka yomanga St. Peter wa tchalitchi (Rome, Italy). The tchalitchi - mamita 55,6, ndi awiri a mzikiti ukufika mamita 31.

Mbiri ya nyumba pa tchalitchi

Hagia Sophia inamangidwa 324 - 337 zaka waukulu msika lalikulu Augustaion pansi pa Mfumu Constantine Loyamba (monga ena zina - kwa Mfumu Constantius Wachiwiri). kachisi woyamba anali Visigoths ( "Visigoths" - mmodzi wa mafunde mu Chikhristu kudzinenera analenga chilengedwe mwana mulungu), ndiye kuti azikatumikira ku Chikhristu Mfumu Feodosiy choyamba. Koma nyumbayi wakhala nthawi yaitali. M'nthawi ya kugalukira otchuka mu 404, tchalitchi ankaphedwa moto. Omangika pa malo ake mpingo watsopano anatentha (415 chaka).

Mwa dongosolo la Theodosius mu malo amodzi ndi tchalitchi yatsopano inamangidwa. Tchalitchi - choyimira cha dongosolo amakona anayi ndi wosamvetseka angapo naves (osiyana ukhale). Koma tchalitchi ichi anawonongedwa ndi moto. Izi zinachitika m'chaka cha 532, koma bwinja la nyumba anali kokha anapeza zofukulidwa m'zaka za m'ma XX pa malire a tchalitchi.

Kenako, moto wachitatu, pa behest wa Mfumu Justinian ndi anakwezedwa tchalitchi, lomwe tsopano lili ndi dzina la Hagia Sophia.

Kumanga mapulani bwino tinaitanidwa, kukhala ndi chokuchitikirani kale zambiri mtundu wa nyumba kachisi. Iwo anali Anfimov Trallsky ndi Isidor Meletsky. Malinga ndi nthano, lingaliro la mapulani kutchula tsiku lililonse anthu ambiri kuposa zikwi khumi!

Mu likulu la Constantinople anatengedwera ku zipangizo abwino, nsangalabwi ndi mizati ndi nyumba zakale (mizati m'nyumba ya Sun, makoma a nsangalabwi wobiriwira - ku Efeso). Inde, nyumba anakhala olemera ndi yaikulu kachisi wa nthawi. Kapangidwe zimenezi ndipo kenako lidzasinthidwa panopa Hagia Sophia.

Mbiri ya tchalitchi mu Ufumu Byzantine

Mu nthawi mbiri ya ufumu Byzantine Hagia Sophia mobwerezabwereza anadwala zivomezi Choncho, atamaliza ankamangidwanso. Makamaka, iye analandira mzikiti mkulu. Kumapangitsanso mtendere wa pakhoma zinamangidwa buttresses (okamba za mizati izi polimbikitsa nyumba akuthandiza), ndi izi, ndithudi, angasinthe maganizo a tchalitchi.

Kuchokera pa Hagia Sophia pa nthano zakale chikugwirizana kulekana kwa Akhristu a mipingo mu Katolika ndi Orthodox, monga izo zinali mu chipinda chino mu July 1054 Cardinal Humbert anapereka Michael Kurullariyu otluchitelnuyu kalata.

Mpaka 1204 mmodzi wa tiakachisi kachisi ndi wotchuka angabise wa Turin, zomwe, malingana ndi mwambo inazingidwa thupi la Yesu Khristu mtengo ndi imfa.

History atalandidwa ndi Ottoman

Atalandidwa mbiri ndi Ottoman mu 1453, Hagia Sophia kusintha chipembedzo. Iye anatembenukira kwa Islam, linali lofika pa ngodya ndi minarets anayi ndipo inasanduka kumsikiti. Monga mukudziwa, chipembedzo cha Chisilamu ndi zofunika mu pemphero amanena za kachisi wakale wa Mecca. The Ottoman kusintha chilichonse mkati tchalitchi, frescoes onse ataphimbidwa ndi pulasitala (Motero tidzapulumutsidwe zaka), ndi mumpingo anakonza pa ngodya ndi ulemu pa nyumba anayi.

Komanso, mpaka cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, ntchito kumanganso Cathedral wa Hagia Sophia ku Istanbul, osati anapirira. M'zaka za m'ma XIX anaganiza abwezeretse nyumbayo, mogwirizana ndi kuopseza kugwa. Atangochoka kubwezeretsedwa mu 1935, mzikiti anasanduka Museum, kusiya kokha danga yaing'ono kulambira Muslim.

Maonekedwe a kamangidwe ka mizikiti

Kamangidwe Cathedral ndi rectangle liwulo anayi nave (chapakati - lateral ndi zambiri - zochepa). Iwo aposa ndi tchalitchi ozungulira ndi sredokrestiem, umene ndi quadrangle. nyumbayi inali mwaluso nthawi yake dongosolo mzikiti, ndi mphamvu ya makoma, malinga ndi nthano, anapulumutsidwa chifukwa cha akupanga wa masamba a phulusa anawonjezera kuti yankho. A dongosolo zovuta za arches patatu ndi zipilala kuchirikiza mzikiti kuchokera kumbali zonse ndipo motero amalimbitsa izo.

zokopa mzikiti

Choncho, Hagia Sophia Mosque ku Istanbul - chimodzi chimene chimakopa anthu ambiri. Taganizirani zotsalira chachikulu cha nyumbayi chidwi.

• Mkuwa yokutidwa ndi "mzati kulira", mu chikhulupiriro kuti amakwaniritsa zilakolako za amene anaika dzanja lake mdzenje ndi kumva chinyezi.

• «Cold zenera" - chozizwitsa china zachilengedwe ku izo, ngakhale mu otentha kwambiri ndipo lina tsiku amapuma kozizirira.

• The murals wakale ndi zithunzi za Yesu Khristu ndi Virgin anasunga pansi zigawo pakatikati pa pulasitala, ndi pamaso otchuka.

• Mu zomera chapamwamba kachisi Tingaone pa chipongwe la zojambulajambula. Azinji a iwo anapanga zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo ndipo atetezedwe boma (Mwaichi ndi pulasitiki mandala). Zolembedwa izi - Scandinavia runes - anali akuti scrawled pa kampanda wa Cathedral wa asilikali a Zapakati.

• The Zithunzi a tchalitchi ndi chidwi chitsanzo cha yaikulu luso la Byzantium.

• Chithunzi cha Mfumu Alexander anapangidwa pa moyo wake, kukopa anatsegula mu 1958 mu njira ya ntchito yobwezeretsa pa matailosi chophimba.

Mu tchalitchi palinso Muslim kachisi, amene amakopeka zikwi amwendamnjira chaka chilichonse. Ena mwa iwo:

• Minbar (malo kumene Imam akulalikira).

• Lodge Sultan (zinamangidwa kubwezeretsa Fossati abale).

• Mihrab.

Ngati anamasulidwa ndi Oriental nthano, Turkey Nzeru Woyera Chili ziphunzitso yooneka monga yosemphana: Orthodox ndi Oriental Islam, zipembedzo ziwiri, zosiyana, koma zofanana kwambiri kwa wina ndi mzake. Kunja kwa kachisi zikuwoneka zophweka chisokonezeko mitundu mapulani kuchokera Nthawi osiyana ndi paudindo, koma mkati mudzadabwa kuona m'tchalitchi lalikulu ndi kutalika kwake, ndi zina zambiri.

Ndi nyumba yokhayo amene anapulumuka ku zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi BC mpaka pano pafupifupi zikutsatiridwa, tsopano mpake anakhala zakale, wotopa kupereka ntchito zachipembedzo ku zipembedzo zosiyana.

Pomaliza

Ngati ndinu mwayi zokwanira kukaona Istanbul osachepera masiku angapo, onetsetsani kuti akaone Cathedral wa Hagia Sophia. Turkey ikaseweredwa inu ndi kuyamika latsopano mitundu ku kachisi uyu.