Halogens: katundu thupi, katundu mankhwala. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a halogens ndi awo

The halogens mu tebulo nthawi kumanzere kwa mpweya wolemekezeka. Zisanu poizoni zachitsulo zinthu m'gulu gulu 7 Table nthawi ndi nthawi. Zikuphatikizapo fluorine, chlorine, bromine, ayodini ndi astatine. Ngakhale isotopes astatine nyukiliya ndiponso ali yochepa ankakhala, izo khalidwe monga ayodini ndi amaona kuti halogens. Monga zinthu halogen asanu ndi awiri valence ma elekitironi pamafunika chimodzi chokha owonjezera elekitironi kupanga octet wathunthu. khalidwe Izi zimapangitsa iwo yogwira kuposa magulu ena omwe sanali zitsulo.

makhalidwe General

Halogens kupanga molekyulu diatomic (X ₂ mtundu komwe X ndi halogen) - mawonekedwe-khola kuli halogens mfulu maselo. Contact la tinthu diatomic ndi nonpolar, ndi covalent umodzi. The katundu mankhwala halogens kuwalola mosavuta kupanga mankhwala ndi zinthu zambiri, kotero iwo sanapeze mu mawonekedwe unbound m'chilengedwe. Fluoro - achangu halogen ndi astatine - zochepa.

Onse halogens gulu Ine ndilenga salt ndi katundu zofanana. Mu mankhwala awa, halides alipo monga halide anion ndi kuyang'anira -1 (mwachitsanzo, cl ^-, br ^-). Mapeto -id zosonyeza pamaso pa anions halide; e.g. cl ^- otchedwa "mankhwala enaake".

Komanso, katundu mankhwala halogens kulola kuti atumikire monga oxidizing wothandizila - oxidized zitsulo. zochita kwambiri mankhwala yokhudza halogens - redox mu amadzimadzi njira. Halogens kupanga kumangidwa limodzi ndi mpweya kapena asafe mu mankhwala organic, pamene mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni (NKHA) ndi wofanana -1. Pamene mmalo mwa halogen atomu covalently womangidwa atomu wa hydrogen mu pawiri wopanda feteleza, kampira manambala oyambirira akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu tinganene kapena prefixes fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- - halogens yeniyeni. zinthu Halogen akhoza kukhala crisscross chomangira kupanga mamolekyulu diatomic ndi kumalo ozizira nsinga covalent umodzi.

Chlorine (cl ₂₎ anali halogen choyamba chinamasulidwa mu 1774, pa kenako ayodini (I _2), bromine (br _2), fluorine (F ₂₎ ndipo astatine (Pa, anapeza lomaliza 1940 Yg). Dzina "halogen" lachokera ku Greek muzu hal- ( «mchere») ndi Gen ( «mtundu"). Pamodzi, mawu awa amatanthauza "mchere zomwe zimapezeka" posonyeza chakuti halogen amachitira ndi zitsulo kupanga salt. Halite - dzina la thanthwe mchere, mchere zachilengedwe wapangidwa ndi sodium kolorayidi (NaCl). Pomaliza, halogen ntchito kunyumba - lili fluoride mu mankhwala otsukira mano, chloro mankhwala akumwa madzi, ayodini ndi kulimbikitsa chitukuko mahomoni chithokomiro.

zinthu zimachitikira

Fluoro - amafotokozera ndi chiwerengero atomiki 9, ndiwo amaimira F. The elemental fluorine anali woyamba anatulukira mu 1886 ga ndi kusakonda izo ku chidulo hydrofluoric.. M'chigawo ufulu lilili mu mawonekedwe a mamolekyulu fluoro diatomic (F ₂₎ ndipo ndi halogen ambiri, mu matanthwe a. Fluoro - kwambiri electronegative mchitidwe tebulo nthawi. Firiji wotumbululuka chikasu mpweya. Fluorine ali ndi ochepa atomiki utali wozungulira. NKHA ake - -1 kupatula elemental boma diatomic imene uliri makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi ziro. Fluoro kwambiri mankhwala yogwira ndi interacts mwachindunji ndi zinthu zonse kupatula helium (Iye), Neon (Nehemiya) ndi argon (Ari). The H ₂ O njira, asidi hydrofluoric (HF) ali ndi asidi chofooka. Ngakhale fluoro kwambiri electronegative, electronegativity lake kudziwa acidity; HF ndi asidi chofooka chifukwa chakuti ion fluoride ndi zofunika (pH> 7). Komanso, fluoro umabala oxidants amphamvu kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, fluorine akhoza kutani ndi inert mpweya xenon ndi ndipamene amphamvu oxidant xenon difluoride (XeF _2). Mu ntchito zosiyanasiyana fluoride.

Mankhwala - amafotokozera ndi chiwerengero atomiki 17 ndi mankhwala chizindikiro CL. Tidaonera mu 1774 ndi g. Kuwasiyanitsa ndi hydrochloric acid. Uliri elemental ndipamene diatomic molekyulu CL _2. Mankhwala ali angapo SB -1, 1, 3, 5 ndi 7 Pa firiji ndi kuwala wobiriwira mafuta. Popeza chomangira kuti aumbike awiriwa maatomu chlorine, ndi ofooka, CL ₂ molekyulu ali ndi mphamvu kwambiri kulowa kugwirizana. Mankhwala amachitira ndi zitsulo kupanga salt, ndipo amatchedwa chlorides. Mankhwala enaake ayoni ndi ayoni wambiri zili m'nyanjamo. Mankhwala alinso isotopes awiri: ³⁵ CL ndi ³⁷ CL. Sodium kolorayidi ndi kugwirizana ambiri chlorides onse.

Bromine - chinthu mankhwala ndi atomiki nambala 35 ndi chizindikiro br. Choyamba anapeza mu 1826 mu mawonekedwe a bromine pulayimale ndi diatomic molekyulu, br _2. Firiji, ndi pabuka-bulauni madzi. NKHA ake - -1, + 1, 3, 4 ndi 5. Bromo yogwira kuposa ayodini, koma layamba kuposa chlorine. Komanso, bromo isotope ali awiri ⁷⁹ br ndi ⁸¹ br. Bromine amapezeka mu mawonekedwe a salt bromide, kusungunuka m'nyanjamo. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, ulimi wa bromide mu dziko chawonjezeka kwambiri chifukwa cha kupezeka kwake, ndi moyo wautali. Mofanana ndi halogens ena bromine ndi oxidant ndi poizoni kwambiri.

Ayodini - mankhwala amafotokozera ndi chiwerengero atomiki 53 ndi chizindikiro I. The ayodini makutidwe ndi okosijeni ali: -1, +1, +5 ndi +7. Pali mu mawonekedwe a molekyulu diatomic, I _2. Firiji thunthu olimba ndi chibakuwa. Ayodini ali limodzi khola isotope - ¹²⁷ I. Choyamba anapeza mu 1811, mothandizidwa ndi algae ndi asidi sulfuric. Panopa ayoni ayodini akhoza olekanitsidwa mu madzi nyanja. Ngakhale kuti ayodini si sungunuka kwambiri madzi, solubility zake zochuluka ntchito iodides osiyana. Ayodini amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu thupi, kuchita ulimi wa mahomoni chithokomiro.

Astatine - chinthu nyukiliya ndi chiwerengero atomiki 85 ndi chizindikiro Pa. makutidwe ndi okosijeni ake zotheka limati -1, 1, 3, 5 ndi 7 halogen yekha kuti si diatomic molekyulu. M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, ndi zachitsulo zovuta zakuthupi wakuda. Astatine ndi chinthu chosowa kwambiri, kotero pang'ono amadziwika za iye. Komanso, astatine ali aafupi kwambiri theka moyo, salinso maola angapo. Analandira mu 1940 chifukwa cha kaphatikizidwe. Akukhulupirira kuti astatine ofanana ndi ayodini. Yodziwika zachitsulo katundu.

Gome m'munsimu limasonyeza kapangidwe ka maatomu halogen, kapangidwe ka wosanjikiza kunja kwa ma elekitironi.

Kapangidwe amenewa amachititsa wosanjikiza kunja kwa ma elekitironi kuti thupi ndi mankhwala katundu ofanana halogens lapansi. Komabe, pamene kuyerekezera zinthu izi ndi zosiyana anaona.

Zodziwitsa katundu halogen gulu

thupi katundu zinthu yosavuta halogen papita kuwonjezeka ordinal chiwerengero cha mchitidwe wa. Pakuti mayamwidwe bwino kumva wamkulu, timapereka inu matebulo ochepa.

Kusungunuka ndipo kuwira mfundo ukuwonjezeka gulu ndi kuwonjezeka kukula kwa molekyulu (F

Table 1. halogens. thupi katundu: limatsogolera ndi mfundo kuwira

• The atomiki utali wozungulira ukuwonjezeka.

ngale kukula ukuwonjezeka (F

Table 2: Halogen. thupi katundu: atomiki radii

• ionization mphamvu amachepetsa.

Ngati kunja valence ma elekitironi si kufupi ndi phata, pakuti kuchotsa awo sikutanthauza kwambiri mphamvu kwa icho. Choncho, mphamvu ejection wa elekitironi lakunja si kwambiri mu mmunsi mwa gulu la zinthu, kuyambira pali milingo mphamvu zambiri. Komanso mkulu mphamvu ionization amachititsa zinthu kusonyeza sanali zachitsulo khalidwe. katundu zachitsulo chifukwa mphamvu ionization yafupika (Pa

Table 3. halogens. thupi katundu: ionisation mphamvu

• Electronegativity amachepetsa.

Chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi valence mu ukuwonjezeka atomu ndi amaika mphamvu zimatiyika pang'onopang'ono m'munsi. Ma elekitironi ndi pang'onopang'ono patsogolo kuchokera pakati; Choncho, phata ndi ma elekitironi si monga azifunana. Kuwonjezeka mosamala kumeneko. Choncho Electronegativity amachepetsa ndi kuwonjezeka nthawi (Pa

Table 4. halogens. thupi katundu: electronegativity

• Elekitironi kuyandikana amachepetsa.

Popeza kukula kwa ukuwonjezeka atomu ndi nthawi, elekitironi kuyandikana ambiri yafupika (B

Table 5. kuyandikana halogen elekitironi

• zinthu Reactivity amachepetsa.

Reactivity wa halogen amachepetsa ndi kuwonjezeka nthawi (Pa

Mankwala zimapangidwira. Haidrojeni + halogens

Halide anapangidwa halogen ali anachitira ndi zina, chinthu zochepa electronegative kupanga pawiri bayinare. Haidrojeni amachitira ndi halogens kupanga halides HX mtundu:

• fluoride wa hydrogen HF;
• mankhwala enaake HCl;
• bromide wa hydrogen HBr;
• haidrojeni iodide moni.

halides wa hydrogen mosavuta kusungunuka m'madzi kupanga hydrohalic (hydrofluoric, amathiridwa, hydrobromic, hydroiodic acid). The katundu zidulo awa apatsidwa pansipa.

zidulo popangidwa ndi zimene zotsatirazi: HX (aq) + H ₂ O (l) → X ^- (aq) + H ₃ O ⁺ (aq).

halide wa hydrogen onse kupanga asidi amphamvu, kupatula HF.

Acidity ukuwonjezeka hydrohalic zidulo: HF

asidi Hydrofluoric akhoza etch galasi ndi zina fluorides zochita kupanga nthawi yaitali.

Zingaoneke n'kosathandiza kuti HF ndi asidi anafooka hydrohalic, kuyambira fluorine iyoyomwe mkulu electronegativity. Komabe H-F ubale ndi wamphamvu kwambiri, chifukwa mu asidi ndi ofooka kwambiri. A ubale wolimba ndi chimafotokozera yochepa chomangira kutalika ndi lalikulu dissociation mphamvu. Wa halides onse a hydrogen HF ali yaifupi kugwirizana m'litali ndi yaikulu chomangira dissociation mphamvu.

oxoacids halogen

Halogen oxo zidulo ndi zidulo ndi maatomu wa hydrogen, mpweya ndi halogen. acidity awo zingadziŵike mwa kupenda kukonza. Halogen oxoacids ali anapereka m'munsimu:

• Hypochlorous asidi, HOCl.
• Chlorous asidi HClO _2.
• Chloric asidi HClO _3.
• Perchloric asidi HClO _4.
• Hypobromous asidi, HOBr.
• asidi Bromic, HBrO _3.
• Perbromic asidi HBrO _4.
• Hypoiodous asidi HOI.
• Iodic asidi HIO _3.
• Metayodnaya asidi HIO4, H5IO6.

Aliyense zidulo izi purotoni womangidwa kwa atomu mpweya, kotero kufanizitsa chomangira kutali mapulotoni amakhala opanda ntchito. Udindo lalikulu ndi ankaimba apa ndi electronegativity. ukuwonjezeka Acidity ndi chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya amakondanso atomu chapakati.

Maonekedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha nkhani

Mfundo zikuluzikulu thupi katundu wa halogens akhoza mwachidule anafotokoza mu tebulo zotsatirazi.

Kufotokoza maonekedwe

Mtundu chifukwa cha halogens mayamwidwe kuwala ziwonekera mamolekyulu kuchititsa ma elekitironi poona. Fluoro zimatenga violet kuwala, ndipo chifukwa zikuwoneka wotumbululuka chikasu. Ayodini, mosiyana, zimatenga kuwala chikasu ndipo izo zikuwoneka wofiirira (chikasu ndi lofiirira - Kugwirizana mitundu). Halogen mtundu kukuchita mdima ndi kuwonjezeka nthawi.

The m'mabotolo otsekedwa madzi bromine ndi ayodini olimba ali mu mgwirizano ndi nthunzi, lomwe zingaoneke ngati mpweya wachikuda.

Ngakhale mtundu astatine wosadziwika, akukhulupirira kuti ayenera kukhala mdima ayodini (T. E. Black) mogwirizana ndi chitsanzo anati.

Tsopano, ngati inu anafunsidwa kuti: "Fotokozani thupi katundu wa halogens," inu mukuti.

Mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa halogens mu mankhwala

Mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa "valence wa halogens." Childs, makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma wofanana -1. Koma ngati halogen ndi kumayenderana mpweya wina kapena halogen, zingatenge limati zina: mpweya -2 SB ali patsogolo. Mu nkhani ya maatomu awiri osiyana halogen angongole pamodzi zambiri electronegative atomu chimaposa natenga NKHA -1.

Mwachitsanzo, mu ayodini mankhwala enaake (ICl) ndi NKHA chloro -1, +1 ndi ayodini. Mankhwala ndi electronegative kuposa ayodini, kotero NKHA ndi wofanana -1.

Asidi bromic (HBrO ₄₎ mpweya ali NKHA -8 (-2 × 4 = -8 atomu). Haidrojeni ali okwana makutidwe ndi okosijeni nambala 1. Kuwonjezera mfundo ziwirizi amapereka NKHA -7. Popeza pawiri komaliza SB akhale ziro, ndi NKHA ndi bromine zisanu ndi ziwiri.

Kupatulapo lachitatu lamulo ili ndi mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa halogen mu mawonekedwe elemental (X _2), kumene NKHA ake liri ziro.

Chifukwa ndi fluorine Nthaŵi zonse -1?

Electronegativity kumawonjezera ndi nthawi. Choncho, fluorine ali electronegativity apamwamba zinthu zonse, umboni ndi malo ake mu tebulo nthawi. kasinthidwe ake pakompyuta 1s ² 2s ² 2p ^5. Ngati fluoride afika elekitironi wina, kwambiri orbitals tsa kwathunthu wodzazidwa ndi kupanga octet wathunthu. Chifukwa fluorine ali electronegativity mkulu mosavuta kusankha elekitironi ku maatomu oyandikana. Fluoride Pankhaniyi isoelectronic mpweya inert (ndi zisanu ndi zitatu valence ma elekitironi) ndi orbitals ake onse akunja wodzazidwa. Mmenemonso, fluorine zambiri khola.

Yokonza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito halogens

Mu chikhalidwe, halogens ali anion, kotero halogen ufulu amapangidwa ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi electrolysis kapena oxidants. Mwachitsanzo, chlorine ndi kwaiye ndi hydrolysis wa njira sodium kolorayidi. Ntchito halogens ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana.

• Fluoride. Ngakhale kuti fluorine ndi zotakasika kwambiri, ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ndi kiyi zikuluzikulu za polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) ndi fluoropolymers ena. Chlorofluorocarbons ndi organic mankhwala amene kale ntchito ngati refrigerants ndi propellants mu aerosols. ntchito yawo wasiya chifukwa zimakhudza awo zotheka pa chilengedwe. Iwo m'malo ndi hydrochlorofluorocarbons. Fluorine anawonjezera kuti mankhwala otsukira mano (SnF ₂₎ ndi madzi akumwa (NaF) kuteteza mano. halogen The ali dongo kuti apange mitundu ina ya zoumbaumba (LiF), ntchito mphamvu za nyukiliya (UF ₆₎ kupeza mankhwala fluoroquinolone, aluminiyamu (Na ₃ AlF ₆₎ kwa kutchinjiriza zida mkulu voteji (SF _6).
• Mankhwala komanso kupeza zosiyanasiyana ntchito. Izo ntchito disinfection wa madzi akumwa ndi maiwe kusambira. Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) ndi chigawo chachikulu cha oyeretsa wothandizira. acid amathiridwa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mafakitale ndi Laboratories. Mankhwala alipo mu polyvinyl mankhwala enaake (PVC) ndi ma polima zina zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutchinjiriza mawaya, machubu ndi zamagetsi. Komanso, chlorine wakhala zothandiza makampani opanga mankhwala. Medicaments munali chlorine, ntchito matenda, ziwengo ndi shuga. Ndale hydrochloride mawonekedwe - chigawo chimodzi cha mankhwala ambiri. Mankhwala amagwiritsidwanso ntchito samatenthetsa zida kuchipatala ndi disinfection. Mu ulimi, chlorine ndi chigawo chimodzi cha ambiri malonda mankhwala DDT (dihlorodifeniltrihloretan) anagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati tizilombo ulimi, koma ntchito zake mipingo.

• Bromine, chifukwa cha nonflammability ake, ntchito ziletsa kuyaka. Lilinso methyl bromide, mankhwala ntchito kusungiramo mbewu ndi yimitsira mabakiteriya. Komabe, ntchito yambiri pa methyl bromide wakhala anasiya chifukwa cha mmene iye pa wosanjikiza ozoni. Bromine ntchito yopanga mafuta, Zithunzi film, zozimitsira moto mankhwala zochizira chibayo ndi matenda a Alzheimer.
• Ayodini amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu uziyenda bwino za chithokomiro England. Ngati thupi sakhala ayodini wokwanira, mabele England ndi kuchuluka. Pakuti kupewa khosi lotupa yogwira halogen anawonjezera kuti mchere tebulo. Ayodini amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati antiseptic. Ayodini ali njira ya ntchito yoyeretsa mabala lotseguka komanso masaka opopera. Komanso, siliva iodide n'kofunika pa cipangizo.
• Astatine - nyukiliya komanso yosowa lapansi halogen, makamaka si ntchito. Akukhulupirira kuti mchitidwe zingatithandize ayodini lamulo mahomoni chithokomiro.