Helsinki ndondomeko. Helsinki Chogwirizana

Mu October 1964, boma la Soviet Union anasintha kasamalidwe ake. Kugwirizana kwa msasa zokomera linathyoka, ubale pakati pa East ndi West anali kwambiri omangika chifukwa cha chida mavuto Cuba. Komanso vuto German anakhalabe sanathetsedwe, amene amadera nkhawa kwambiri utsogoleri wa USSR. Mu zinthu izi, mbiri zatsopano za boma la Soviet. Zochita anatengera pa XXIII Congress wa CPSU mu 1966, anatsimikizira chosaiwalika zambiri ochangamuka mfundo yachilendo. Mtendere co-kukhalapo kwa mfundo iyi inali nkhani ku azimuth qualitatively osiyana kulimbikitsa zokomera boma, cholimbikitsa mogwirizana pakati pa mitundu kayendedwe kumasulidwa ndi proletariat.

Kuvuta kwa zinthu

Kubwezeretsa mphamvu kotheratu mu msasa zokomera anali kumva ndi kusagwirizana ndi China ndi Cuba. Mavuto anabweretsa zochitika Czechoslovakia. Mu June 1967 yokutsutsani utsogoleri chipani poyera Writers Congress. Anayamba yaikulu kunyanyala wophunzira ndi zitsanzo. Chifukwa, phindu cha kutsutsidwa Novotny Dubcek anali kupereka utsogoleri phwando 1968. A komiti yatsopano wasankha kugwira angapo kusintha. Kwenikweni, unakhazikitsidwa ufulu woyankhula, Komiti HR anavomera kugwira chisankho mpikisano atsogoleri. Komabe, zinthu likakonzeka nkhondo 5 States Zisangalalo kuti ndi Warsaw ke. Kupondereza chisangalalo analephera yomweyo. Izi kukakamiza utsogoleri Soviet kuchotsa Dubcek ndi anzake, kuika pa mutu wa chipani Husak. Chotero anaitana wakhala akuyendera pa chitsanzo cha Czechoslovakia chiphunzitso Brezhnev mfundo ya "ulamuliro zochepa". Yimitsira ya kusintha kwa modernize dziko linaima kwa zaka zosachepera 20. Mu 1970, zinthu zovuta ndi Poland. Mavuto n'zogwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka mu mitengo, anachititsa kugalukira chachikulu ogwira ntchito ku madoko Baltic. Mu zaka wotsatira, zinthu alibe kukhala bwino, amenye anapitiriza. Mtsogoleri wa zipolowe anali ogwira ncthito "Umodzi", umene unali otsogoleledwa ndi Abimeleki Walesa. Utsogoleri Soviet sanayese n'komwe kutumiza asilikali, ndi "normalization" wa zinthu wapatsidwa kwa jini lapansi. Jaruzelski. December 13, 1981, iye woyikidwa malamulo achisilikali ku Poland.

detente

Kumayambiriro 70 ntchentche. ubale pakati pa East ndi West asintha kwambiri. Mkangano anayamba kufooketsa. Zambiri izi chifukwa kukwaniritsa parity nkhondo pakati pa USSR ndi US, East ndi West. Mu gawo loyamba anakhazikitsa mgwirizano chidwi pakati Soviet Union ndi France, ndiyeno - kwa Germany. Kumayambiriro kwa 60-70-ntchentche. utsogoleri Union anayamba mwachangu kukhazikitsa ndondomeko yatsopano yachilendo. chakudya chake chachikulu analemba mu Program Mtendere umene anatengera pa XXIV Congress wa Party. Mfundo zofunika kwambiri Motero zimachitika chakuti ngakhale West kapena USSR sanali anakana pansi lamuloli mpikisano wa manja. Dongosolo lonse motero kuthi dongosolo kutukuka. Mbiri posachedwapa ubale pakati pa West ndi East anayamba ndi patsogolo kwambiri m'madera a kugwirizana, makamaka Soviet-American. Komanso, timakhala bwino pakati pa USSR ndi Republic of Germany ndi France Federal. Last mu 1966, anachoka NATO, amene anali kugwirizana kwenikweni yogwira.

vuto German

Chilolezo USSR ankaganiza kuti amuthandize mkhalapakati mu France. Komabe, si chofunika, monga Chancellor anakhala Social Democrat Willy Brandt. Mfundo yaikulu ya malamulo ake anali chakuti pophatikizana ku Germany sankachitanso zinthu monga chofunika kukhazikitsidwa kwa bwino pakati East ndi West. Iwo kulephereka kwa nthawi tsogolo cholinga makiyi a zokambirana Multilaterial. Chifukwa cha zimenezi yosainidwa Pangano la Moscow August 12, 1970 Malinga ndi iye, maphwando anayamba kulemekeza umphumphu wa mayiko onse a ku Ulaya monga mbali ya awo de A facto malire. Germany, makamaka anazindikira malire kumadzulo kwa Poland. Ndi mzere ndi GDR. Chinthu chofunika anali kusaina kugwa 1971 quadripartite pangano pa West. Berlin. mgwirizano umenewu ndi umboni wotsimikizira invalidity zonena za ndale ndi dera lawo pa iye ndi Republic of Germany Federal. Zinali chigonjetso Mtheradi wa USSR, monga onse a zinthu zimene Soviet Union analimbikira kuyambira mu 1945 anali

Kafukufuku malo America

Ndi zikuchitika yabwino analola utsogoleri Soviet kulimbikitsa maganizo m'bwalolo mayiko kusintha kosangalatsa kwakukulu a muyezo wa mphamvu mu mtima wa Soviet Union. Ndipo limati zokomera. Udindo wa America ndi bloc imperialist imawunikidwa ndi Moscow monga "wofooka". m'kulimbika kumene inachokera pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. The chochitika kwambiri ndi anapitiriza mphamvu ya dziko kayendedwe ufulu, ndi kukwaniritsa parity njira ndi United States mu 1969 chiwerengero cha zokwana nyukiliya. Mogwirizana ndi zimenezi, mphamvu mitundu ya zida ndi kusintha awo, malinga ndi mfundo za atsogoleri Soviet, anali mbali ya kulimbana mtendere.

MCHERE MCHERE 1 ndi 2

Kufunika kufika parity anapereka nkhani apakhungu pa amgwirizano malire manja, makamaka intercontinental ballistic mivi. Chofunika kwambiri pa ndondomeko uyu anali Nixon pitani kwa mgwirizano wogwirizira yosainidwa mu Moscow m'chaka cha 1972, pa 26 May, kumasulira miyeso kutipanikiza mudziko la manja njira. mgwirizano umenewu amatchedwa mchere-1. Iye anamangidwa kwa zaka 5. pangano okha chiwerengero cha intercontinental mivi ballistic United States ndi Soviet Union, anapezerapo ku sitima zankhondo. misinkhu pophatikizidwa Soviet Union apamwamba kuyambira America adali ndi zida, adanyamula warhead ndi zinthu angapo. Pamodzi ndi ndalamazo mlandu pakokha chinanena mu pangano. Zimenezi zinathandiza Popanda kuphwanya pangano, angakhale ndi mwayi unilateral mderali. MCHERE-1, kotero kuti sanaleke mtundu manja. Mapangidwe a dongosolo la mapangano Anapitiriza mu 1974 G. L. Brezhnevu ndi Yohane. Ford anakwanitsa kugwirizana pa mfundo yatsopano njira malire manja. Kusaina mchere 2 pangano kuti akuyendera mu 77 chaka TH. Komabe, izi sizinachitike, chifukwa kulengedwa kwa United States "zimafika chida" - zida zatsopano. Amereka m'gulu anakana kuganizira poyerekezera ndi malire awo. Mu 1979, tagwirizana koma yolembedwa ndi Brezhnev ndi Carter, koma US Congress si linalowa nawo m'Pangano 1989

Zotsatira za malamulo a detente

M'zaka za kugwiritsa ntchito Program patsogolo kwambiri co-ntchito pakati East ndi West World akhala akwaniritsa. Buku okwana zolowa malonda chinawonjezeka ndi nthawi 5, ndi Soviet-American - mogwirizana 8. strategy anali kuti walemba ndi makampani Western Mapangano yaikulu kugula luso kapena kumanga zomera. Kuchokera kuchiyambi kwa 60-70-ntchentche. pansi mgwirizano ndi Chitaliyana bungweli "Fiat" analengedwa ndi Sandama. Koma mwambo umenewu amakhala akhoza zimachitika sanasainewo kuposa ulamuliro. mapulogalamu mayiko kwakukulukulu kwenikweni ndi zosayenera nthumwi maulendo. Imports umisiri yachilendo zinachitikadi pa chiwembu kudwala-pakati. Pa mgwirizano kwenikweni kuberekana m'mavuto mavuto a kayendetsedwe ndi malamulo. Chifukwa cha zosiyanasiyana ambiri analibe zifukwa ziyembekezo.

Helsinki ndondomeko mu 1975

Detente pakati East ndi West Komabe, zotsatira zake. Iye analola kuti lachiweruzo wokambirana za chitetezo ndi mgwirizano mu Europe. The upo woyamba unachitika mu 1972-1973 gg. Maiko amene ayamba CSCE, anali Finland. Helsinki (likulu la boma) inasandulika chilikati cha zokambirana za vutoli padziko lonse. Pa upo woyamba anali nawo atumiki yakunja. Gawo loyamba zinachitika kuyambira 3 mpaka 7 July 1973. Malo kwa kuzungulira kotsatira nkhani Geneva anali. Gawo lachiwiri zinachitika kuyambira 18.09.1973 mpaka 21.07.1975, iye ankaganiza maulendo angapo chosatha miyezi 3-6. Anachita zokambirana, nthumwi ndi akatswiri asankha m'mayiko nawo. Mu gawo lachiwiri anali chitukuko ndi chiyanjo wotsatira wa mapangano pa onse zinthu uchimo chokumanako. Nsanja kwachitatu nayambanso Finland. Helsinki anatenga boma akuluakulu ndi atsogoleri andale.

negotiators

The Chogwirizana Helsinki zinakambidwa:

• Gene. Mlembi wa ku CPSU Committee chapakati Leonid Brezhnev.
• Pulezidenti wa America George. Ford.
• Chancellor Federal Helmut Schmidt.
• Pulezidenti French Valery Giscard d'Estaing.
• Nduna British Wilson.
• Pulezidenti Husak la Czechoslovakia.
• Mlembi loyamba la SED, Honecker.
• Zhivkov wapampando wa Bungwe la State.
• Mlembi woyamba wa Komiti chapakati cha Chihangare Socialist Antchito Kadar ndi ena.

chifukwa Security ndi Cooperation mu Europe unachitikira ndi nawo oimira mayiko 35, amene anali nduna Canada ndi United States.

mapepala anavomera

The Helsinki Declaration anali ovomerezeka ndi maiko nawo. Malinga ndi iye, anati:

• The inviolability ya malire boma.
• Mwagwirizana si ntchito mphamvu pothetsa kusamvana.
• Non-kulowelera mu zochitika mkati mwa States Zisangalalo.
• Kulemekeza ufulu wa anthu ndi zinthu zina.

Komanso, atsogoleri a nthumwi anasaina Helsinki Chogwirizana. Bukuli mgwirizano kuphedwa wonse. Malangizo waukulu anaika mu chikalata anali:

1. Security mu Europe.
2. Cooperation m'munda wa zachuma, luso, zachilengedwe, sayansi.
3. Cooperation m'madera umunthu ndi zina.
4. zochita Komanso kutsatira CSCE.

mfundo

mu Europe Act Final pa Security ndi Cooperation zikuphatikizapo maudindo 10, malinga ndi tanthauzo la malamulo a mogwirizana:

1. Wamkulu Koposa ofanana.
2. Ntchito mphamvu kapena kuopseza ntchito zake.
3. Kulemekeza ufulu odzilamulira.
4. The Kupititsa okhulupirika.
5. inviolability ya malire.
6. Kulemekeza ufulu ndi kumasulika.
7. Non-kulowelera mu ndale mkati.
8. ufulu wofanana anthu ndi ufulu wawo kulamulira tsogolo lawo.
9. Zimachitika pakati pa maiko awiri.
10. Compliance ndi udindo padziko lonse.

The Helsinki Act Final anatumikira monga chitsimikizo cha kuzindikiridwa ndi inviolability ya malire unawonongedwa. Zinali lipindulitsa pa malo oyamba wa USSR. Komanso, ndondomeko Helsinki amaloledwa njira ndi ntchito m'maboma onse membala udindo wa ulemu wonse kwa ufulu ndi kumasulika.

yochepa zotsatira

Kodi ziyembekezo anatsegula ndondomeko Helsinki? tsiku ake imatengedwa ndi azambiriyakale apogee wa detente m'bwalo lonse. USSR chidwi kwambiri ndi funso la malire unawonongedwa. Utsogoleri wa Soviet zinali zofunika kuti tikwaniritse Kuzindikila inviolability ya malire unawonongedwa ndi dera lawo kukhulupirika kwa mayiko, kutanthauza kuti malamulo kuphatikiza mayiko wa zinthu ziliri ku Eastern Europe. Zonsezi zinachitika pansi kukondera. Nkhani za ufulu wa anthu - vuto ankafuna mayiko a azungu, anapezeka pa ndondomeko Helsinki. Chaka CSCE unakhala poyambira chitukuko cha kayendedwe dissident ku Soviet Union. Mayiko malamulo kumangako udindo kulemekeza ufulu wachibadwidwe anathandiza kukhazikitsa ndawala angawateteze ku Soviet Union, womwe umagwira nthawi kuti wopereka limati Western.

chidwi Ndipotu

Akuti mu 1973 unachitikira nkhani zosiyana pakati pa anthu a maiko membala wa pangano Warsaw ndi NATO. Ine anakambirana nkhani ya kuchepetsa manja. Koma sikunali kotheka kuti tikwaniritse bwino kuyembekezera. Ichi chinali chifukwa cha maganizo amphamvu a mayiko Warsaw ke, zomwe zinaposa NATO a mitundu ochiritsira zida ndi sanafune kudula iwo.

Asilikali njira bwino

Helsinki ndondomeko idatha kunyengalera. Pambuyo kusaina chikalata yomaliza ya USSR anayamba kumva mwini anayamba anapereka ku Czechoslovakia ndi East Germany SS-20 mivi ndi sing'anga osiyanasiyana. Malire a iwo sanali kupereka mapangano mchere. Monga gawo la msonkhano umalimbana kutetezela ufulu wa anthu, ndi kuchuluka mayiko a azungu pambuyo ndondomeko Helsinki watha, malo Union a Soviet wakhala amphamvu kwambiri. Motero, United States watenga angapo. Atakana kulemba mchere 2 pa chiyambi cha 80s. America waika mivi ( "Pershing" ndi "Sitima") kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Iwo sakanakhoza kufika dera la USSR. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, iye anakhazikitsa asilikali njira bwino pakati midadada ya.

zotsatira Dalnesrochnye

Mtundu manja ndi inagunda ndithu wokwiya chikhalidwe chuma cha dziko, amene asilikali mafakitale lathu si yafupika. Parity ndi US anafika pamaso pa ndondomeko Helsinki anayamba, nkhawa kwenikweni intercontinental ballistic mivi. Popeza malemu 70 ntchentche. mavuto ambiri anayamba kutenga muyezo wake pa mafakitale chitetezo. USSR pang'onopang'ono anayamba kwanthawi a mitundu ina zida. Chinavumbula pambuyo kuoneka America "zida zimafika". Inasanduka kwanthawi kunandithandiza pambuyo chiyambi cha pulogalamu chitukuko cha "Strategic silikhali Initiative" mu United States.