History ndi malo maina mwambi

Aliyense akudziwa: misewu, nyumba, m'matauni ndi m'midzi, komanso zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe ali ndi mayina. Komabe, sikuti aliyense amadziwa kuti kafukufuku wawo Pamafunika kuchita zonse zofunika monga maina malo. Ndi sayansi kuti amaphunzira maina malo ndi zizindikiro zawo zonse.

phunziro la

Osiyanasiyana zofuna m'dera la chidziwitso zikuphatikizapo zinthu monga mbiri ya kuwuka ndipo kusinthika, amachititsa likusuntha, spellings taphunzira, kumasulira ndi katchulidwe, ndi nthano kugwirizana ndi wina "dzina". Toponymy zikuwoneka sayansi sekondale yekha pa koyamba. Ambiri zokhudza mbiri ya anthu osiyanasiyana ndi mafuko, poyamba okhala dera linalake, zimaonekeratu atafufuza mayina iwo anasiya. Komabe, njira imeneyi ndi ziwiri: mayina ena masamu malo sangakhoze kumvetsedwa popanda Kuphunzira mbiri ndi chikhalidwe nawo ndipo nthawi zambiri liwulo mbali ya maina a zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

mtengo

Kufunika maina malo a zinthu ndi kuphunzira iwo mosavuta, ngati tikunena mapu. iwo kukhala zopanda ntchito pakanapanda maina lawolawo. Popanda iwo, ndi zovuta kuyenda mtunda, makamaka sankadziwa. Mawu akuti "asanafike nyumba imvi, kutembenukira kumanzere ndi kuyenda mamita asanu kumpoto" - zambiri kumasokoneza. Ndipo maina msewu ntchito kuyenda pafupifupi onse. dziko A popanda maina malo (monga amaimira zinthu sayansi) zikanakhala zosiyana kwambiri, komanso popanda kuwaphunzira.

Izi zikufotokozeredwa bwino ndi nthano zakale. Genrih Shliman, m'modzi wa omwe adayambitsa ya munda wa zakale zokumba pansi, kanalalikira mupeze mabwinja a Troy wakale, mzinda anafotokozedwa ndi Homer, komanso kuti ulipodi. Pofunafuna malo abwino kukumba, iye anafotokoza Hissarlik phiri ili ku Turkey. Dzinali ziri anamasuliridwa kuti "malo mabwinja." Zimenezi zinapangitsa ofukula anayamba kufunafuna awo pano. Monga amadziwika, Schliemann sanalakwe: pansi nkhungu wosanjikiza mtembo wa dziko lapansi anapezeka.

pa mphambano ya

Toponymy - sayansi kuti amaphunzira maina malo kuchokera kumbali zonse. Kumene, limagwiritsa ntchito deta zosiyanasiyana amalanga. Kumvetsa za chiyambi cha mawu, phindu lake zamalankhulidwe kwa anthu akomweko, komanso pambuyo pawo zochitika zimachitika chifukwa cha kaphatikizidwe wa deta mbiri, malo ndi zilankhulo. Mukapita ku chitsanzo cha Schliemann zinthu izi zonse izo zikusonyeza mwangwiro. Mbiri "Thandizo" ndi deta pa malo dera unatengedwa katswiriyo Homer ndi zina. Kumasulira dzina la phiri (zopereka zilankhulo) komanso ankagwira ntchito yotamandika mu kafukufuku.

Ambiri mayina malo mwambi singalifotokoze kumvetsa mfundo za mayina. Tiyeni tione ena mwa iwo.

Njira yosavuta

Mbiri maina malo amadziwa Nthawi zambiri pamene, monga dzina la malo ntchito mawu amene amatanthauza zochititsa lawolawo. Zitsanzo zoterozo achuluka pa mapu. zilumbazi cha Palau mu Pacific ( "Palau" anawamasulira kuchokera Micronesian amatanthauza "chilumba"), ndi American South ndi Atacama chipululu ( "chipululu" yomasulira ku Indian). Nthawi zambiri dzina la chinthu aumbike mwa kujowina mawu amenewa a epithet lapansi. Palinso wambiri zitsanzo: Serra ku Portugal Dorada ( "Gold Mountain"), ndi Parana mtsinje mu India ( "chachikulu mtsinje"), phiri la Mauna Kea ku Hawaii ( "White Mountain") ndi zina zotero.

Mayina ena malo ali inasamutsidwa kuchoka ku chinthu chimodzi kupita ku china. Chitsanzo wamba ichi - maina a midzi ndi mitsinje. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kumvetsa zimene chinthu anatumikira monga gwero la "dzina". Nairobi, Moscow, Lilongwe, La Plata - onse nthawi yomweyo mayina a mitsinje, ndi mizinda.

zimasintha

History ndi chodzaza ndi mayina malo ndi zitsanzo za kusintha dzina nthawi. Nthawi zambiri amakhala chifukwa cha kufika kuderali wa mafuko latsopano, Oukira kapena anthu osoŵa. chikumbumtima anthu zoti m'njira yakuti onse achilendo, izo amafuna kuti kwambiri zomveka okha. Umu ndi mayina a chinenero china. anthu atsopano kutenga dzina lawolawo, amene kawirikawiri ankakumana, ndi kutembenuza njira yake yake. Choncho, Agiriki akale kupendanso otchedwa Berber "Adrar", limene limatanthauza "phiri" mu Atlas (kuchokera Greek kuti "kunyamula"). Latsopano placename organically analowa m'nthano dongosolo kalekale.

Zimachitika kuti dzina la yaitali chinthu Hrs mosiyana m'madera osiyanasiyana. Si zachilendo kuti mitsinje. Similar maina malo mwambi mosavuta anafotokoza kuti: chifukwa chachikulu kusintha dzina la mtsinje, monga ulamuliro uli kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha madziwo. Bahr Al Yabala ( "Mtsinje wa Mountains") - dzina la Nile pamalo pamene iye akuswa poyera pansi kuchokera pamwamba paphiri mu East kumveka Sudanese.

Komanso, anthu osiyana moyo pa gombe la mtsinje, kumupatsa dzina langa. Pakuti ichi Nile El-Bahr, anapatsidwa Aluya, Chikoputiki Earo, Cyprus ndi Tkutsiri - chinenero bunaga ndi Bari motero.

Kukumbukira zakale

mawu Toponymy nthawi zambiri anakumana ndi kutanthauzira kolakwika maina ena amagwirizana ndi chosadziwa yeniyeni m'munda wa etymology (chiyambi). Zimenezi ndi zofanana kupendanso atsamunda atsopano a mawu a chinenero china, amene tamutchula pamwambapa. Vrazhsky Lane mu Moscow, malinga ndi ambiri, unali umboni kwa ena kumenyana ndi mdani. dzina amagwirizana ndi mawu akuti "mdani". Komabe, kopanda izi sizolondola: "vrazhsky" amatanthauza "ovrazhisty". Ili ndi tanthauzo la liwu anapirira m'zaka za m'ma XVIII.

Ndipo zitsanzo zambiri mayina malo ndikuuzeni olemba mbiri zakale. Mayina zambiri zimasonyeza moyo ndi makhalidwe a anthu. Monga izo zingakhoze adzaweruzidwa ntchito kulamulira mu dera kapena Chalk ake Mwachitsanzo, m'mayiko a akalonga ndi landlords. Nthawi zina tisonyezeni m'madera zokhudzana ndi mbali zachilengedwe ndi nyengo zimene zinali khalidwe pakuti nthawi zingapo zapitazo. Mikuluwiko toponymy kawirikawiri angabuke choncho kumene kulibe nkhani zakale za malo ndi kovuta kuyerekeza "dzina" n'kumati gawo.