History of thermometers lapansi. Mitundu ya zida zamakono kuona kutentha

Anthu anafunika kutentha muyeso wa matupi aumunthu ndi zakumwa kuchokera pachiyambi cha chitukuko cha chitukuko. Mbiri ya thermometer akuyamba zaka mazana angapo apitawo. Tiyeni tione zimene anali zipangizo loyamba la malowa? Amene analenga thermometer lonse? Pamene anali anatulukira thermometer koyamba?

The thermometer loyamba

The kholo la thermometer ano amaima m'malo wosazindikira chida kudziwika monga termobaroskop. Mbiri ya chilengedwe cha gulu la thermometers akutibweretsera akutali 1597. Inali pa nthawi imeneyi zatsopano wake umalimbana chitukuko cha zipangizo kuyeza kutentha kwa madzimadzi, anachita wotchuka wasayansi Galileo Galilei.

Origin thermometer sanali kuposa kapangidwe wasonyeza woonda galasi chubu ndi mpira yaing'ono, namfikitsa pakati soldered. Pa miyezo termobaroskopa m'munsi gawo chinaperekedwa kwa magetsi. Chubu Kenako anaika mu madzi. Patapita mphindi zowerengeka mu mlengalenga utakhazikika kamangidwe, chifukwa mu kuchepetsa kuthamanga ndi kusamutsidwa mpira.

Mwatsoka, asayansi akhala akuchita kutsirizitsa chida cha. Iye sanapeze angagwiritsire ntchito. Panalibe lonse thermometer. Choncho, ndi chipangizo n'zosatheka kudziwa yeniyeni magawo n'zosangalatsa kumva kutentha kwa malo ozungulira kapena zakumwa. Chinthu chokha chimene kunapezeka kuti thermometer abwino - Tanthauzo la Kutentha kwa chinthu makamaka.

Komanso chitukuko cha Galileo termobaroskopa

Mbiri ya thermometer sinathere pa kuyesa zopanda pake kuti abwere ndi chida yeniyeni ya Galileo. Mu 1657, patatha zaka 60 kanali koyamba ndi zolakwa anayambitsa ntchito yake anapitiriza ndi gulu la asayansi ku Florence. Iwo anakwanitsa kuthetsa waukulu kuipa termobaroskopa, makamaka, kuti atchule gradations chida lonse. Komanso, asayansi ali Florence zingalowe mu womata galasi chubu, amene kwathetsa kudalira zotsatira muyeso ku kuthamanga mumlengalenga.

Kenako, chipangizo wakhala kuimaliza kukonza. Madzi m'malo mwa vinyo ndi mowa. Choncho termobaroskop zinayambira zikugwira ntchito pa mfundo za kuwonjezeka madzimadzi pansi osiyanasiyana zizindikiro chilengedwe kutentha.

thermometer Santorio

Mu 1626, wasayansi Italy dzina lake Santorio amapemphera, yemwe anali pulofesa pa yunivesite ya m'deralo, walenga Baibulo wake thermometer. Ndi kotheka kuyeza anthu thupi kutentha. Komabe, zida alibe anapeza tiligwiritse ntchito chifukwa wakhala wolemera kwambiri. chipangizo ali miyeso chidwi kuti muyeso izo zinkayenera kupirira pabwalo.

ndi thermometer Santorio chiyani? chipangizo linapangidwa mu mawonekedwe a dera la, olumikizidwa kwa kumulowetsa, chubu elongated. Padziko, yotsirizira munali lonse imeneyi. Mapeto ufulu wa chubu anadzazidwa ndi chuma madzi okhala ndi utoto. Pamene kuwayika chubu mu mkangano mankhwala wonyika mu chilengedwe mkati kufika zopindulitsa pa sikelo ya.

Kutulukira ndi umodzi muyeso lonse

Mbiri ya thermometer kumaphatikizapo osati akufuna kukhala pulani bwino thermometer, komanso ntchito pa chilengedwe cha muyeso lonse cholinga. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zatsopano bwino kwambiri m'munda analephera German sayansi Gabriel Fahrenheit. Iye ndiye anali mu 1723 anaganiza m'malo mowa thermometers babu ndi Mercury kuti nthawi.

The lonse wasayansi zinali zochokera pamaso pa mfundo Buku zitatu:

• chikufanana ziro chizindikiro choyamba madzi kutentha;
• mfundo yachiwiri pamlingo likumanenso madigiri 32;
• lachitatu - wofanana kuwira mfundo ya madzi.

Pomaliza, bwino sikelo thermometer Swedish wasayansi, meteorologist ndi zakuthambo Anders Tselsy. Mu 1742, pa zatsopano, anaganiza kugawanitsa lonse la thermometer 100 intervals ofanana. Chithunzi pamwamba limafanana ndi kutentha kwa kusungunuka kwa madzi, ndipo pansi - kuwira mfundo ya madzi. Celsius lonse ntchito thermometers lero. Komabe, masiku ano izo amayikidwa mu kuyeza zida mozondoka. Choncho, chigawo chapamwamba 100 tsopano limafanana ^za kuwira mfundo ya madzi, ndipo pansi walandiridwa monga ⁰ °.

Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 19, Baibulo yake chingwe lonse akufuna British sayansi Uilyam Tomson, amene kwambiri kudziwika kwa omvetsera monga Ambuye Kelvin. Mfundo kuyambira kwa miyezo anasankha kutentha, amene anali wofanana -273 ^C. chizindikiro Izi kumatha gulu lirilonse mu mamolekyulu zinthu zakuthupi. Komabe, zipangizo zochokera chotero lonse akhala okhawo mu asayansi.

Mitundu ya zipangizo ndi thermometers chitsanzo chamakono

Losavuta mtundu wa thermometer ndi wamba galasi thermometer, limene tsopano likupezeka mu m'nyumba iliyonse. Komabe, zipangizo amenewa pang'onopang'ono zikuzimiririka pang'onopang'ono zakale. Popeza kudzazidwa chipangizo botolo poizoni Mercury si njira otetezedwa kwambiri ntchito kunyumba.

Panopa, monga njira ina m'malo thermometers Mercury pang'onopang'ono wayamba ntchito zipangizo yadigito. Recent zokolola muyeso wa yozungulira kutentha pogwiritsa ntchito ya kachipangizo ophatikizidwa amagetsi.

Pankhani zoyambitsidwa atsopano, iwo ali thermometers infuraredi ndi termopoloski disposable. Komabe, makina onga sindinapeza ntchito lonse.

pomaliza

Kotero ife tinapeza amene anatulukira thermometer, zimene yonse ya zipangizo mu gulu ili zilipo kuti owerenga lero. Pomaliza Ndikufuna kuona kuti chipangizo kopita ndi zofunika makamaka kwa munthu wamakono. Thermometer osati limachititsa msanga kudziwa thupi kutentha, komanso amalola inu mukudziwa momwe ofunda kapena ozizira ndi kunja. Thermometer wokwera mu uvuni, amatithandiza kusungabe kutentha akadakwanitsira a kuphika mbale, ndi zida ofanana mu firiji - Control yosungirako chakudya khalidwe.