"Kommunarka" - yowotcha osiyanasiyana mu Moscow

M'dera Moscow "Kommunarka" anali chilimwe okhala Henry Berry, amene kale anali tcheyamani wa OGPU ndi NKVD. Pambuyo malo amenewa anali maofesi wapadera komwe anthu anawomberedwa ndi m'manda, anazunzidwa. "Kommunarka" - Mumenyetse akhala akutayirapo dothi, omwe m'mbuyomu zilipo, ndipo tsopano otseguka kwa anthu. Tsopano pali manda ang'ono ndi zovuta achikumbutso ndi obisika mosalekeza ndi kupemphera kwa mizimu ya iwo onse amene anafa mayenje a mdima a. Pezani malo enieni kumene "Kommunarka" (a kugunda polygon) kulipira ulemu kwa phulusa mwa anthu, n'zosavuta. Izi ndi kilometre chachinayi cha Kaluga msewu. Wapamwamba chinthu pang'onopang'ono declassified ogwira ntchito ndi anthu amene akhudzidwa ndi mndandanda kale lofalitsidwa. Ndipo si onse amene asintha khalidwe lawo atamwalira Stalin.

Amene ali pano?

m'dziko lolamulidwa ndi "Kommunarka" anapita zotsalira kuzunzidwa kwa mamembala Politburo ndi mamembala phungu, asanu ogwirizana mayiko anataya pano alembi awo oyamba a Komiti chapakati cha CPSU (b), anagona mamembala a CEC, wa CPC, Komiti Executive Central, alembi ambiri makomiti dera, ndi Comintern ... The mayina a yonyezimira ndi mokweza: Bubnov, Bukharin, Rykov, Rudzutak, Krestinsky, Pyatnitsky, Berzin, Kuhn. Izi si maina onse sonorous amene anapanga kuiwala "Kommunarka". Anagunda akhala akutayirapo dothi, amene ankaimira mu pepala chithunzi, ndipo anaika anthu ambiri.

Apa ndi akulu onse a manda (Dybenko, Kuibyshev, Kireev) ndi kulemba (Pilnyak, Artom Vesoly, Gastev, Shakhovskoy), apa ndi akonzi a "Kuthetheka", "Red Star", "zolembalemba boma yotchedwa Gazette", "Labor". Komanso asayansi wanzeru ndi otchuka ndi luso ndi chikhalidwe. Zoposera zikwi ansembe ndi okhulupirira Orthodox m'manda "Kommunarka". Anagunda akhala akutayirapo dothi ndi kupereka Commissar Anthu wakale tsopano ukuperekedwa kwa St. Catherine.

boma chinsinsi

malo onse kupereka misa ndi maliro a akaidi a zandale ndi mosamalitsa kumuteteza ndiponso yekha ntchito kwambiri chitetezo ankadziwa za anthu. Ngakhale osati antchito onse maofesi amenewa amadziwa mfundo imene iwo asunga, iwo anadziwa chinachake chimene owayang'anila yekha kuwomberana ndi mfuti malo tcheru, koma ntchito zawo zinali zochepa kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha madera ndi kuteteza chinthu chatsopano. Apa nthawi kunja lapansi kutsanulira mu kuthetsa dzenje - ndizo malangizo amene panali yowotcha osiyanasiyana. "Kommunarka" ndi tsiku sikuti chikalata zinsinsi zake zonse.

Kuwulura zinsinsi

Tsopano chophimba chinsinsi pang'onopang'ono kuchotsedwa, lotseguka yachokera, umboni wa anthu am'deralo ndi (ngakhale iwo akhoza kudziwa?). Azambiriyakale kuphunzira mndandanda kugunda kwa declassify ndi FSB. Anafufuza okha manda: anayesedwa mabowo, miyezo, anapeza kuda zipolopolo pa mitengo. Kuda waya waminga anapanga n'zotheka kudziwa kukula m'dera mfuti.

Ntchito zonsezi wayamba okha nineties Mu zaka zapitazo. Moscow achikumbutso boma kuwathandiza ntchito mu "Kommunarka" ndipo pa Butovo yowotcha osiyanasiyana. Komabe, ntchito sizinachitike anazindikira, kuyambira m'dera lonse kuyambira 1999 ili mu ulamuliro wa Moscow Orthodox.

zikalata

Zalembedwa malo ochepa manda anazunzidwa nzika: Yauzskaya Hospital (pakati pa Moscow), Vagankovsky manda Donskoy nyumba imene ankawotcheramo mitembo. malo kumaofesi adziwike "yowotcha osiyanasiyana" Kommunarka "" ndi "yowotcha osiyanasiyana" wa Butovo "" Pali yekha wosadalirika nkhani anafikapo ndi maumboni anapatsidwa ndi commandant wa NKVD ARP Sadowski mu 1937.

zofukulidwa Tsankho "wa Butovo" kwaniritsa chigamulo kuganizira malo m'manda pambuyo kuwomberana ndi mfuti ya. Kwa nthawi yaitali, ngakhale a m'deralo sanadziwe kuti pambali pawo ndi kugunda osiyanasiyana "Kommunarka". USSR anayeza moyo zikayenda zonse moyo.

malo osankhika

Yowotcha osiyanasiyana "Kommunarka" ndi chimodzimodzi Butovo ndi eni osiyana choncho zimasiyana Chrixitu. Yotsirizira ankalamulira kasamalidwe likulu la NKVD, ndi "Kommunarka" - KGB, ofesi chapakati. Kuti, "a Butovo" anawomberedwa azondi saboteurs ndi zigawenga pansi, ndi "Kommunarka" - pamwamba chiwembucho.

Iwo onse ankakhala boma la Russia. Wachiwiri wapampando wa anthu Commissars Rykov, amene anasaina kuti pa Solovetsky msasa udindo wapadera onse tsopano mukudziwa. Commissar anthu a Chenicheni A. Bubnov, katswiri wopanga: pa lamulo lake anayamba abale ndi alongo kupatukana - ana a anazunzidwa - ndi kutumiza kwa ana amasiye osiyana. J. ndi J. Rudzutak Unshlikht lamulo Komiti Executive chapakati kulimbikitsa chilengedwe cha misasa kumpoto ndi mwatsatanetsatane utoto dongosolo lawo. Zonse zimene iwo ankachita. Ndiyeno iwo anali kutetezedwa ndi mfuti osiyanasiyana "Kommunarka" okha (Moscow dera).

Pakuti kuphedwa "wa Butovo" akusowa "atatu" ndiponso "ziwiri" wa NKVD kapena apolisi, ndi "Kommunarka" womwe adatsutsika Khoti Lalikulu la USSR, anzake usilikali, ndipo izi ndi akuluakulu khoti dziko. Mndandanda wa anthu amene anafera pomwepo, kwakukulukulu nacho chilemba anapanga ndi dzanja la Stalin yekha. Kuwombera osiyanasiyana "Kommunarka" mu Moscow watsopano - malo ophiphiritsa, katundu, kumene mpweya yokha amangokhalira kuvutika ophedwa, ndi nthaka kwambiri anadzazidwa ndi magazi awo.

Achibale ndi mabwenzi

mndandanda kuwombera Stalin muli mayina a 44,5 zikwi, amene 38,000 anawomberedwa. Total 383 mndandanda anakhalabe za nthawi kuchokera February 1937 mpaka October 1938, pamene kuwonjezera pali siginecha ya Stalin Molotov, Voroshilov, Kaganovich, Zhdanov, Kosior ndi Yezhov.

Anthu ambiri mu mndandanda si poyera pamaso pa kuphedwa kwa chiyeso kapena kufufuza. Ichi ndi alonda NKVD ndi achibale antchito awa. Mwachitsanzo, Berry anakoka amuna khumi unachitikira nawo pafupi ndi si choncho okhudzana: mkazi wake (ndi msuweni Sverdlov) J. Auerbach, alongo ake awiri ndi zina zotero. Kumene, mwa ananyongedwa sakanakhoza kukhala kwathunthu mwachisawawa ndi njira wolakwa palibe anthu.

dacha

A osakwatira-storey nyumba matabwa anamanga ku Anthu Commissar Yagoda 1928. The theka anachoka inkakhala zipinda isanu ndi umodzi kapena yowala komanso lalikulu ndi ufulu anali zipinda zofunikira ndi zipinda anyamata. Musati kupumula hammock kapena pa mabedi anabwera kuno eni. nyumbayi inali malo okhala a msonkhano woyamba ndi ntchito chinsinsi, ndipo chachiwiri - chikondwerero cha chidzatha liti zosiyanasiyana ndi masiku apadera.

Pafupifupi onse otsala kosatha m'dziko la "Kommunarka" yoyamba kukaona kanyumba ichi monga alendo olandiridwa. Osati chabe zikunenedwa kuti kusintha adzadya ana ake. Anthu akabwera alendo, utumiki chipinda uli mu chipinda pansi loko ndi kiyi. Ophika ndi zina munda ndodo kunyumba anabweretsa bola osati anatsegula "Kommunarka" yowotcha osiyanasiyana. Tsiku yatsoka imatengedwa yoyamba misa kuphedwa - September 2, 1937. Ndi chisanadze Berry yekha anamangidwa - mu March.

Adilesi ndi turnout

Manda mu dziko lathu kwambiri, ndi malo adziwike "Kommunarka" n'zosiyana kwambiri ndi iwo. Apa timayenera osankhika - boma la USSR ndi mayiko a Komiti waukulu wa mamembala gulu la Anthu Commissars ndi atumiki ndi ziwanga wake, pali atumiki ngakhale m'mayiko ena, atsogoleri ambiri a matabwa chapakati, adalira ndi mafakitale, ambiri a asilikali - ndi lodziwika bwino, zimene nyimbo analemba ndi mafilimu kuchotsedwa: mkulu magawano, asilikali, akatswiri asilikali. Anthu anali ochepa, otchuka ndi adzalemekezedwa ndi anthu.

Maadiresi mwa anthu zikuyendera. Anthu ambiri kuno akhoza kusangalatsa boma la Russia - Bukharin, Krestinsky, Rudzutak ndi okondedwa ena a anthu. Dauprat - Boma House, anadzatchedwa humorists wowerengeka mu remand kunyumba - pa msewu Serafimovich. Otchuka ndi kuwala dzanja Yuri Trifonov nyumba pa padoko la, kumene kunali nyumba 507 okha, ndipo anamangidwa 787 wa anthu ake, amene 338 anawomberedwa ndi 164 - mu Kommunarka. More anali kulondera nyumba pa Granovsky, ena nyumba yokongola pa Gorky ndi mahotela mtengo, komwe akuluakulu lolemekezeka akhala munkakhala nthawi zonse.

M'gululi kapena azondi?

Ngati munthu chimapha anthu ena, anthu nthawi zambiri akupita kumupha kwambiri. Nthawi zonse zimachitika. Pano, "Kommunarka" ndi akazembe ndi alangizi a akazembe ndi amamangirira asilikali. Apa, onse m'madipatimenti khumi Intelligence Agency kumanzere atsogoleri awo. Ndipo apa counterintelligence ndi nzeru akapitawo, azondi anadzatchedwa. Kodi kulemba za mwamuna wake S. Efron Marina Tsvetaeva analembera Beria, ndi munthu udindo wapamwamba pati, nsembe ndi woyera, ndipo munthu wopambana anakumana mu moyo wanga.

A kale White Alonda ndi kukanidwa mtheradi mphamvu Soviet mwadzidzidzi kulira pa utumiki chinsinsi NKVD? Ndipo mmene EMRO, tcheyamani ake Kutepov, amene akuba Efron? Ndani pakati pawo kuyeretsa ndi nsembe? Ndipo zambiri chandalama General Miller, amene anaphedwa Reiss ... Pamene Paris ndinafunitsitsa (apolisi ankafuna mndandanda), mu 1937, Efron anabwerera ku Soviet Union, umene 1939 anali amaganiziridwa ntchito intelligence ena ndi anamangidwa, koma anawomberedwa mu "Kommunarka" yekha mu 1941. Ife takhala tikuyang'ana kwa umboni. Ngakhale kuti nthawi yomweyo. Ndipotu, tsopano kuti basi uja.

mphatso Cheka

About Chekists - makamaka. deta ambiri zikutanthauza kuti likamanena za "Iron Felix" zikutanthauza yowotcha osiyanasiyana "Kommunarka". Adiresi zing'onozing'ono kuti anazunzidwa zipatso Ufumuyo - onani Yezhov, kukakambirana ndi Stalin. Poyamba zinali. Choyamba manda atatu, Version 2, 20 September ndi 8 October, makamaka KGB. Ndiye idaleka mtundu.

254 woyang'anira za chitetezo anagwa ku dziko lino: Commissar Anthu a Mordovia, kwathunthu Buku zonse "Dalstroi" Woyang'anira mu Solovki, mkulu wa NKVD wa Ukraine ndi ena ambiri. Awiri Wachiwiri Dzerzhinsky, ngakhale bwenzi lake lapamtima ndi mnzake J. Peters, komanso Mlengi wa za "Red Mantha" M. Latsis - onse a iwo anawomberedwa mu "Kommunarka" ndipo anaponyedwa mu maenje iwo amene anakumba ena.