Kodi mfundo kubwezera. talion lothandiza: zili makhalidwe

Wotchuka m'Baibulo "Diso kulipa diso, ndi dzino kulipira dzino" ali dzina lina anatengera chilamulo, - mfundo kubwezera. Kodi akutanthauza ndi zinayambira, momwe kumene ntchito masiku awa?

tanthauzo

Talion mfundo zikutanthauza chilango cha mlandu ndi muyeso umene ayenera kubereka mavuto amene adamva zowawa.

Izo zikhoza kukhala zinthu ndi yophiphiritsa. Mbali yoyamba chifukwa cha chilango choipa chinaonekeranso chimodzimodzi, ndipo chachiwiri - Kuyanjana pakathi pa upandu ndi chilango umachitika mu lingaliro.

The zikamera wa mfundo kubwezera zogwirizana ndi kukula kwa mphamvu anthu a chilungamo ngati kusalankhula magazi wosamwerana madzi salinso complies ndi malamulo a chilungamo. Choncho, cholinga chake ndi kuteteza watilakwira ndi achibale ake otithandiza kuwachititsa zoipa zosafunika kwa wozunzidwayo ndi banja lake.

Chilango pamaziko a kubwezera mu nthawi ya mbiri isanayambe

Magwero a lingaliro la chilango chigawenga mwakufuna zowonongeka zimene adamva zowawa, anaonekera zaka zambiri zapitazo anthu wosazindikira. Mawonekedwe wosazindikira mfundo yakuti lili zikhalidwe zina masiku ano. Motero, nzika za Guinea, yemwe mkazi adatsutsika chigololo ndi ufulu kugona ndi mkazi wa lobadwa, ndi Abyssinia m'bale kapena munthu wina wachibale wa womwalirayo chifukwa cha wina osasamalira kugwa kwa mtengo, zikhoza pa zinthu mofanana yekha kulumpha kuchokera kumwamba ndi pa wopalamulayo unwitting.

talion mfundo Hammurabi

Mfumu ya ku Babulo, wodziwika chifukwa cha nzeru zake ndiponso moyang'ana m'tsogolo, analenga malamulo ndi mwachilungamo ayenera idzachitika m'dziko lake ndi m'gawo la maiko anagonjetsa. Malamulo a Hammurabi ali 3 mtundu chilango:

• .. Chilango cha ulamuliro lililonse kubwezera, mwachitsanzo pa mfundo ya "diso kulipa diso";
• ulamuliro ophiphiritsa (mwana amene anapha bambo ake kudula dzanja lake dokotala kwa zinalephereka opaleshoni - chala ndi ena.);
• adzalamulira pa galasi (ngati denga la nyumba anakomoka ndi kupha ena a m'banja la khamu, anaperekedwa womanga imfa ya wachibale).

Ine ndikudabwa zimene munthu wotani monyenga akhoza kusokoneza kupha. Makamaka, chilangochi anali kapadera, ngati loipitsa chinaperekedwa ku chilango cha imfa.

Ku Yudeya ndi ku Roma

Wotchuka wazamulungu Filon Aleksandriysky kumbuyo mfundo ya chilango kwinaku yekha mosakondera kulanga wolakwa. Iye anali mmodzi wa anthu anzeru oyambirira achiyuda amene ankaona kuti n'zotheka malipilo kuwonongeka.

Udindo pa mfundo kubwezera wakhala anakonza malamulo a Roma. Mu nthawi yomweyo mu Yudeya wovulalayo akhoza kusankha pakati pa ntchito za kuwonongeka chomwecho kwa olakwa ndi ndalama malipilo, lomwe linalembedwa mu Old Testament (cf .. Eks. 21:30). Komabe, patapita kanthawi alembi a Talmud anaganiza kuti woyenera talion wovulalayu munthu akhoza kuzindikira okha ndi malipiro a ndalama. Iwo wolungama ananena kuti chilungamo kubwezera sangathe kuonedwa ngati ndizowona diso silingathe zing'onozing'ono kapena zikuluzikulu, woona kapena bwinobwino, ndi zina zotero. N.

Choncho, poyamba n'kuswa mfundo yakuti pazikhala kufanana kubwezera, komanso zotchulidwa mu Chipangano Chakale, umodzi wa malamulo onse.

Baibulo

Mfundo Chipangano Chakale kubwezera polima kuletsa unyolo milandu chifukwa cha wosamwerana madzi magazi pakati pa mabanja, umene ukhoza kwa zaka zambiri. M'malo mwake, anagwiritsa ntchito mfundo kubwezera ofanana. Ndipo lamulo limeneli anafuna kuti ntchito oweruza, osati anthu. N'chifukwa chake asayansi akuitana osati kuganizira mfundo ya m'Baibulo ya chilungamo "diso kulipa diso" monga kuitana kubwezera, monga mu Bukhu la Eksodo Old Testament (21: 23-21: 27) ndi chilango basi molingana ndi upandu anachita.

Kenako Kristu akutchedwa "mmalo tsaya pomwe," ndipo pochita kusintha maganizo a anthu. Komabe, mfundo ya kubwezera silinathe, koma anali lidzasinthidwa "golide ulamuliro wa makhalidwe" mu mawu choyambirira ponena kuti n'zosatheka kuchitira ena zimene simukufuna kuchita kwa inu, ndipo zimalowa mawonekedwe a kuyitana kwa kanthu.

Mu Qur'an,

Mu Islam, chilango pa mfundo kubwezera n'zotheka zina kulipira kumawononga dipo.

Makamaka, Quran Kwalamulidwa mirroring Malipiro a anthu amene anaphedwa (mkazi - mkazi, kapolo - kapolo), koma ngati wakupha anali atakhululukidwa wachibale (kwenikweni Muslim), ndiye iye ayenera kulipira dipo akuvutika woyenera. Lamulo lomaliza lichitidwa touted monga "chithandizo ndi chifundo," ndi kuphwanya ake amadalira chowawa chilango.

Khalidwe la kukhululukirana mu Sura 5 amaona kuti kuchita ndi machimo chiwombolo. Komabe, kukhululukidwa Ndi bwino kokha, koma si chofunika. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu surah lotsatira, mungapeze mfundo yakuti mphotho choipa chosinthana ndi choipa pakokha, choncho kubwezera yekha salisiyanitsa kuti woipa amene amabweretsa wa.

Choncho, Islam, talion si adaulamba motsimikiza monga Chikhristu. Makamaka kudula zofunika kusintha kulimbana ndi " 'ndipo ndi Osakhulupirira kwa chokhumudwitsa chimene chofunika kukumana chimodzimodzi.

The bwino Russian

Ganizo kubwezera mu dziko unapitirira mpaka m'ma 18. Motero, Council Code 1649 chilango pa mfundo kubwezera zikutanthauza kuti ayenera kubwera ndi watilakwira mu njira zomwezo monga iye anachitira. Lamulo limanena momveka bwino kuti m'pofunika "kuchipereka iye chomwecho." Pakuti maso mbambulusa Komanso, oipa akhoza kuzunzidwa pa maholide, pamene ankagwira ntchito mgugu nkhani zonse sabata.

Oddly zokwanira, koma Taleon anasunga malamulo a Peter I. Makamaka, asilikali chodetsa kuchokera 1715 analamula kuti kuwotcha ndi otentha chinenero chitsulo onyoza kwa perjury anadula zala ziwiri, ndi cha kupha munthu akutulutsa n'kukudula mutu.

Komabe, pa nthawi mitundu imeneyi kubwezera ndi salinso ntchito. Izi zinali makamaka chifukwa chakuti mitundu zovuta za upandu, chilango ndi galasi wakhala zosatheka.

Ku maganizo a makhalidwe abwino

Akukhulupirira kuti mfundo kubwezera ali woyamba mu mndandanda wa mfundo imene anthu kufunsa mawu ambiri onse za mmene tiyenera malamulo ndi chiŵerengero zabwino ndi zoipa. Mu mawu ena, poyambirira pa zosayembekezereka makhalidwe abwino. Komabe, zikamera wa boma, amene adatenga pa ntchito za chilungamo, anatembenuka mu Taleon chidina zakale ndipo anamupha pa mndandanda wa mfundo za lamulo pa maziko a makhalidwe abwino.

Tsopano inu mukudziwa okhutira khalidwe la mfundo kubwezera, komanso kumasulira kwake ndi ntchito miyambo zipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe.