Mu ulamuliro wa Nicholas 2. Nicholas II: yonena, ndale

2 Nikolai Alexandrovich (May 6, 1868 - July 17, 1918) - otsiriza Russian mfumu, amene analamulira kuyambira 1894 mpaka 1917, mwana wamkulu wa Alexander 3, ndi Maria Feodorovna, anali membala aulemu wa St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Mu Soviet historiographical mwambo epithet zinapatsidwa kwa iye "amagazi." Moyo 2 Nicholas ndi ulamuliro wake zafotokozedwa m'nkhani ino.

Mwachidule ulamuliro wa Nicholas 2

Pa ulamuliro wa Nicholas 2 unali kugwira ntchito zachuma chitukuko cha Russia. Pa dziko lomwelo mwayekha izo anataya Chirasha Japanese nkhondo ya 1904-1905. Amene anali chimodzi mwa zifukwa zimene zinachitika chosintha ya 1905-1907., Makamaka kukhazikitsidwa kwa Manifesto ya October 17, 1905, malinga imene analoledwa chilengedwe cha zipani zosiyanasiyana zandale, komanso anapanga State Duma. Pa mfundo za yemweyo unayambitsidwa agrarian kusintha Stolypin. Mu 1907, Russia membala wa Entente ndi matabwa ake ali nawo pankhondo yoyamba. Mu August 1915, Nicholas Romanov 2 akukhala mkulu wamkulu. Pa February utasintha wa March 2, 1917 mfumu antchito. Iye ndi banja lake lonse anaphedwa. Russian Orthodox canonized iwo mu 2000.

Childhood, zaka zoyambirira

Pamene Nikolai Alexandrovich zaka 8, anayamba maphunziro ake kunyumba. pulogalamu ya maphunziro ambiri maphunziro chosatha zaka eyiti. Ndiyeno - njira ya Sciences Apamwamba kwa zaka zisanu. Chifukwa cha pulogalamu akuika sukulu zachikhalidwe. Koma m'malo Greek ndi Latin anadzakhala mfumu katswiri zomera, mineralogy, thunthu, zinyama ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa. MwaukadauloZida maphunziro anali mabuku Russian, mbiri ndi zilankhulo. Komanso, maphunziro apamwamba m'gulu kuphunzira zamalamulo, zachuma ndi zochitika ankhondo (ndondomeko, malamulo utumiki wa General Wogwila, madera). Nikolai 2 komanso ankachita nawo kuchinga, vaulting, music, kupenta. 3 Alexander ndi mkazi wake Maria Fedorovna okha anasankha kuti adzakhale mfumu ya akuthandizeni ndi aphunzitsi. Ena mwa iwo anali usilikali ndipo boma akuluakulu, asayansi: N. H. Bunge, K. P. Pobedonostsev, NN Obruchev, MI Dragomirov, N. K. Girs, AR Drenteln.

ntchito Early

Kuyambira ndili mwana, tsogolo Mfumu Nicholas 2 anali ndi chidwi zochitika asilikali kuti: ndendende ankadziwa malamulo asilikali ndi miyambo mwa akapitawo ndi asilikali sanali kupewa pozindikira okha Mlangizi wawo woyang'anira, n'zosavuta kunyamula kumsasa Papayu ndi malipiro mavuto a moyo asilikali.

Nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa kubadwa, mfumu tsogolo olembedwa angapo alonda regiments, ndipo anapanga mkulu wa 65th oyenda Regiment wa Moscow. Pa zaka zisanu, Nicholas 2 (tsiku la gulu -. Zaka 1894-1917) anasankhidwa mkulu wa Moyo alonda Reserve Regiment, ndipo kenako mu 1875, a Erivan Regiment. Woyamba asilikali udindo (msilikali), mfumu m'tsogolo mu December 1875, ndipo mu 1880 anapangidwa mkulu chachiwiri, ndipo patapita zaka zinayi - kwa msilikali.

M'gulu lankhondo, Nikolai 2 anafika ku 1884, ndipo kuyambira July 1887 anakagwira ntchito Preobrazhensky Regiment n'kukafika udindo wa mkulu. Iye anakhala mkulu mu 1891, ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi - ndi msilikaliyo.

Chiyambi cha ulamuliro wa

Iye anafa atadwala nthawi yaitali, Alexander 1, 2 ndi Nicholas tsiku lomwelo analandira bolodi mu Moscow zaka 26, October 20, 1894.

Pa boma lake mwambo coronation May 18, 1896 pakhala zochititsa chidwi mu munda Khodynka. Ziwawa chinachitika mu nyamazo mowiriza anaphedwa ndi kuvulaza anthu zikwizikwi.

Khodynka akanapanda anafuna kuti zikondwerero anthu, monga m'munsi maphunziro kwa asilikali, ndipo anali neblagoustroeno. Pafupi kumunda anali chigwa, ndipo uwo wokha chidafundidwa ndi mabowo ambiri. Pa nthawi ya chikondwerero cha dzenje ndi chigwa yokutidwa ndi matabwa wokutidwa ndi mchenga, ndi kuvala wozungulira masitolo, misasa, makola chifukwa yopereka ufulu mowa wamphamvu ndi mankhwala. Anthu amakopeka ndi mphekesera za kufalitsidwa kwa ndalama ndi mphatso, tinathamangira kwa nyumba anakomoka adzikometsa, kuphimba dzenje, ndipo anthu anayamba popanda kuima: iwo anali kale anathawa khamu. Apolisi, kutengeka ndi mafunde, sanathe kuchita chilichonse. Pokhapokha reinforcements anafika, khamu pang'onopang'ono omwazika, kusiya malo a thupi mangled ndi kuponderezedwa anthu.

Zaka zoyambirira za ulamuliro wa

Mu zaka zoyambilira za ulamuliro wa Nicholas 2 ambiri awerenge anthu ndiponso kusintha ndalama zinachitikadi. Russia mu ulamuliro wa mfumu uyu anakhala ndi agrarian-mafakitale amati: kumanga njanji, mizinda anakula, panali mabizinezi mafakitale. Mfumu anatenga zochita umalimbana wamakono ndi zachuma a Russia: ndi ruble ndalama golide kunachitika malamulo angapo inshuwalansi ogwira ntchito, ikuchitika agrarian kusintha Stolypin, malamulo pa kulolera zipembedzo ndi maphunziro a kupulayimale konsekonse.

zochitika zazikulu

Mu ulamuliro wa Nicholas 2 sankawabisira ndi aggravation amphamvu za moyo andale a Russia, komanso mavuto mfundo yachilendo (zochitika za Chirasha Japanese nkhondo 1904-1905, a 1905-1907 kusintha dziko lathu, ndi First World nkhondo, ndipo mu 1917 - February utasintha) .

Chirasha Japanese nkhondo yomwe inayamba mu 1904, ngakhale si amene anayambitsa zimaononga dziko, koma kwambiri kugwedezeka ulamuliro wa mwayekha lapansi. Pambuyo zododometsa zambiri ndi zomvetsa mu Nkhondo ya Tsushima mu 1905 inatha linagonja la zombo Russian.

Kuukira kumene 1905-1907.

January 9, 1905 zisinthe itayamba, kuti tsiku amatchedwa amagazi Sunday. asilikali aboma anawomberedwa chionetsero cha ogwira ntchito, bungwe, monga mwawamba, Georgiem Gaponom, wansembe wa ndende amaulendo St. Petersburg. Chifukwa cha kuwomberana ndi mfuti apha zoposa zikwi zionetserowo nawo ulendo mtendere kwa Zima Palace kugonjera pempho kwa mfumu za zosowa za antchito.

Pambuyo kuti chiwembu kufalikira ku mizinda ina ambiri Russian. zochita ankhondo mu Navy ndi Army. Choncho, June 14, 1905 oyendetsa anagwira ankadikira "Potemkin", iye anabweretsedwa ku Odessa, komwe pa nthawiyo kunali kamenyedwe ambiri. Komabe, amalinyero sanayese n'komwe kupita kumtunda pothandiza antchitowo. "Potemkin" anapita Romania ndipo anapereka boma. zisudzo ambiri analamulanso mfumuyo kusaina Manifesto 17 October 1905 ndi chaka iye amene anapatsa anthu ufulu wa anthu.

Osati kukhala wokonzanso mwa chibadwa, mfumu anakakamizika kukhazikitsa kusintha kuti sagwirizana ndi zikhulupiriro zake. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti nthawi si kucha kwa ufulu wa kulankhula Russia, malamulo m'chilengedwe chonse othandiza. Koma Nicholas 2 (zithunzi limene anapereka m'nkhani) anakakamizika kusaina Manifesto ya October 17, 1905, anayamba yogwira monga gulu chikhalidwe kusintha kwa ndale.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa State Duma

Ndondomeko mfumu mu 1906, boma Duma unakhazikitsidwa. Mu mbiri ya Russia, mfumu yoyamba anayamba kulamulira pamaso pa nthumwi ya thupi osankhidwa a anthu. Ndiko kuti, Russia ndi pang'onopang'ono kukhala mafumu malamulo. Komabe, ngakhale kusintha, Mfumu nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Nicholas 2 komabe anali ndi mphamvu yaikulu: anafalitsa mu mawonekedwe a malamulo lamulo amaika atumiki ndi nduna yaikulu, mlandu iye yekha basi, anali mtsogoleri wa bwalo, asilikali ndi woyang'anira woyera wa Mpingo, anafotokozera za mfundo yachilendo Inde dziko lathu.

Kukwera loyamba 1905-1907 anasonyeza sagwirizana zinalili pa nthawi imeneyo ku boma la Russia.

Nicholas 2 Khalidwe

Ku maganizo a m'nthawi yake, makhalidwe ake waukulu makhalidwe, mphamvu ndi zofooka anali m'malo osokoneza ndipo anamupangitsa zina maganizo. Malinga ndi ambiri a iwo, Nicholas 2 yodziwika ziwalo zofunika monga kufooka. Komabe, pali umboni wokwanira kuti Mfumu Inayesetsa kukhazikitsa mfundo zawo ndi njira, nthawi zina yochepa pamaso kuuma kwa (kamodzi kokha, pa imakhala ya Manifesto ya October 17, 1905, anakakamizika kugonjera wina chifuniro).

Mosiyana ndi atate wake, Alexander 3, Nicholas 2 (a chithunzi cha iye, onani m'munsimu) sanalenge kuona umunthu amphamvu. Komabe, malinga ndi kutseka abwenzi naye anthu amene anali wosiyana kukakumana, nthawi zina kutanthauziridwa monga mphwayi ndi tsoka la anthu ndi maiko (mwachitsanzo, ndi equanimity, angakaphe chilengedwe mwayekha, anakumana ndi uthenga wa kugwa kwa Port Arthur ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa asilikali Russian mu World Choyamba nkhondo).

Ukugwira amchigulu, Tsar Nicholas 2 anasonyeza "aatali khama", komanso chisamaliro ndi olondola (kotero iye analibe konse mlembi, ndi onse kusindikiza pa makalata anaika dzanja lake). Ngakhale ambiri zolamulidwa mphamvu kasamalidwe akadali "mtolo" kwa iye. Malinga ndi zosiyana, Mfumu Nicholas 2 olimbikira kukumbukira, kuonetsetsa ndi chiyanjano anali wochezeka, odzichepetsa ndi munthu tcheru. Koposa zonse ankakonda pamene makhalidwe awo, mtendere, thanzi, makamaka ubwino wa m'banja lake.

2 Nicholas ndi banja lake

Kusamalira banja lake kutumikira mfumu. Alexandra anali mkazi wake komanso phungu, bwenzi naye. ukwati wawo unachitikira November 14, 1894. Zinthu, maganizo ndi makhalidwe a akazi nthawi zambiri sizigwirizana, makamaka chifukwa kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe, chifukwa Mfumukazi anali wolemekezeka German. Komabe, sanaleke pangano banja. Banjalo ana asanu: Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia ndi Alexei.

wachifumu sewero banja anali ndi matenda Alexei amene ankadwala amapatsira mwana wake (incoagulability magazi). Ndi matenda ndi chifukwa cha m'nyumba ya mfumu, Grigoriya Rasputina, wotchuka chifukwa cha mphatso ya machiritso ndi masomphenya. Iye kawirikawiri anathandiza Alexei kupirira akulimbana ndi matenda.

The First World nkhondo

1914 panasinthira zinthu tsoka la Nicholas 2. Ndi pamene First World nkhondo. Mfumu sanafune nkhondo imeneyi, kuyesera mpaka pamapeto kupewa zoopsa. Koma pa July 19 (August 1) 1914 Germany akadali zopita ku nkhondo ndi Russia.

Mu August 1915, yodziwika ndi motsatizana zofooketsa asilikali, Nicholas 2, nkhani ya Board umene uli kale pafupi ndi womaliza, ankaganiza udindo wa mkulu wa asilikali Russian. Iye anali woyamba anatumizidwa ku Duke Nicholas (junior). Kuyambira pamenepo abereka nthaŵi anapita likulu ndimagwiritsa ntchito nthawi Mogilev Mkulu mlingo mu Chief.

The First World nkhondo analimbitsa mavuto mkati mwa Russia. Waukulu ponena zotupa ndi protracted kampeni chinaoneka monga mfumu ndipo anamuperekeza wake. view anali kuti "nestles woukira boma" pa boma la Russia. The asilikali a dziko lotsogoledwa ndi mfumu pa chiyambi cha 1917 analenga dongosolo kwa amanyansidwa ambiri amene m'chilimwe cha 1917 izo zinakonzedwa kuthetsa atasemphana.

Renunciation Nicholas 2

Komabe, pa mapeto a February chaka chino, zipolowe kunabuka Petrograd, amene, chifukwa palibe kuwatsutsa kwambiri maulamuliro, mwakula masiku angapo zitsanzo misa ndale ndi mfumu ya mafumu ndi boma. Choyamba Nikolai 2 inakonzedwa ndi mphamvu kuti apeze mtendere ku likulu la dziko, koma pakumva lonse woona zionetsero za, napereka njira imeneyi, oopa mwazi zina kuti zingayambitse. Ena mwa udindo wapamwamba akuluakulu andale ndi mamembala a gulu la nduna ya mfumu anamuuzira kuti kupondereza zipolowe kusintha kofunika Boma, abdication a Nicholas 2 ochokera kumpando wachifumu.

Pambuyo chowawa mawunikidwe March 2, 1917 mu Pskov, pa ulendo wa sitima lachifumu, Nicholas 2 anaganiza lowani kuchita abdication kuchokera kumpando wachifumu, kwa Board, m'bale wake, Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich. Koma iye adakana korona. Renunciation Nicholas 2 Choncho lithe Mafumu.

The miyezi yomaliza ya moyo

2 Nicholas ndi banja lake anamangidwa pa March 9 chaka chomwecho. Choyamba miyezi isanu anali Tsarskoye Selo, pansi pa chitetezero, ndipo mu August 1917 iwo anatumizidwa ku Tobolsk. Kenako, mu April 1918, Bolsheviks anasamukira Nicholas ndi banja lake Ekaterinburg. Pano, usiku wa pa July 17, 1918, pakati pa mzinda, mu chapansi pa za Ipatiev nyumba, kumene akaidi mu ndende, Mfumu Nicholas 2, ana asanu, mkazi wake komanso anzake apamtima a mfumu, kuphatikizapo banja dokotala Botkin ndi atumiki, kwaulere mayesero anawomberedwa. anthu khumi anaphedwa.

Mu 2000, ndi chigamulo cha Mpingo 2 Nikolay Romanov ndi banja lake canonized, m'malo nyumba Ipatiev atamangidwa mpingo Orthodox.