The mabishopu, woyamba wa Moscow ndipo onse Russia: m'mbiri mabuku a udindo ndi mphamvu

Mu mbiri ya Orthodoxy XIV m'ma kunasintha. Pambuyo Turkey anagonjetsa Constantinople mu 1453, kugwa kwa Byzantium ndi Russia, amene analibe kholo yake, anali yekhayo palokha Orthodox ku dziko. Mipingo yonse kum'mawa anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma la Turkey. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuti mfundo yakuti mu 1589 anaikidwa ku utumiki wa mabishopu, woyamba wa Moscow ndipo onse Russia, Yobu anazindikira ngati ofanana mwa zina mbadwa anayi Orthodox.

mtumiki Childhood John

Dzina mabishopu, woyamba wa Moscow ndipo onse Russia, analandira Ubatizo Woyera - Yohane. Ponena za kubadwa kwake anasunga zomwe iye anadza ku dziko lonse lapansi mmasate za m'ma XVI. Malinga ndi malipoti, kholo lakale woyamba wa Moscow ndipo onse Russia, anabadwa mu banja la anthu wamba, amene anali otchedwa Posad kalasi. History wateteza yekha dzina la mayi, izo anatengera pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa monasticism kwa ife - Pelagia.

Pa adakali mnyamata anaperekedwa kwa Yohane pafupi ndi ena obisika, kumene apita kulemba ndi maziko a chikhulupiriro. Izi zikhoza kukhala umboni wa kupembedza kwa makolo amene asankha mwana kuphunzitsa mwana wanu chikondi cha chikhulupiriro cha atate, ndi zina zochuluka zawo, kuyambira mu zaka kufunika kaŵirikaŵiri kumachititsa ana adakali aang'ono amayamba ntchito. Komabe, ntchito agulupa woyera kudzutsidwa ku kumverera mnyamatayo wopemphera ndi kulakalaka mmonke. Pamaso pa tsogolo kholo loyamba la Moscow ndi onse Russia anayamba njira wake wosankhidwa, iye anali kuona kuuma zolinga zawo.

miyambo ya Tchalitchi limatiuza kuti bambo ake anakayikira luso la mwana wake kunyamula mavuto a moyo kumene kumakhala Amonke ndipo akufuna mubwerere naye kwa mapulani ake angamupeze mkwatibwi, ndipo anagwada ukwati. Chiwopsezo sanalembe mfundo zotsutsana makolo awo, John sanayese n'komwe sakugwirizana ndi mu nthawi ino, koma pa tsiku la ukwati anapempha chilolezo kuti ndipite ansembe ndi kukaona khungu la wakeyo wauzimu.

Kukwera njira ya monasticism

Iye sanabwerere kwawo. Atatha kukambirana ndi Archimandrite German mnyamata mwamphamvu anaganiza kuti malo ake sali mwa dziko wotanganidwa, ndipo mpanda wa agulupa woyera. Tsiku lomwelo iye anakumana ndi mwambo wa tonsure ndipo anapatsidwa dzina la Yobu, amene anali pambuyo pawo mtima wonse akulemekezedwa woyera Azivutika Yobu.

The moyo kumene kumakhala Amonke si kophweka mmonke aliyense novopostrizhennogo. Maulalo zambiri kuti zakale ndi potsogolera maganizo zomwe wasiya mu dziko, atacita machitidwe ake zofunika kwambiri m'moyo. N'kovuta kuti mulimbane ndi mavuto a kukhala mu obisika, koma ngakhale kovuta kukakamiza ndekha osati kumvera chifuniro chake, koma malamulo a Unikirani, amene amaganiza chisamaliro cha mapangidwe wauzimu wa novice lapansi.

Tsogolo woyamba wa mabishopu wa Moscow ndipo onse Russia, Yobu anali mmodzi wa anthu amene amachita kudzichepetsa ofanana aliyense anaika pa iwo kumvera. Pamaso kukwera kwa nsonga za akuluakulu a Mpingo, iye anapita mu magawo onse a utumiki kumene kumakhala Amonke - kuchokera novice yosavuta abbot lapansi. Amadziwika kuti 1569, pa ulendo agulupa ya Ivanom Groznym, anapanga chithunzi chabwino pa mfumu ndipo patapita kanthawi lamulo lake anakhala Archimandrite.

Anaima pa njira ya Mapemphero

Kumapeto kwa 1570 anasamukira ku Moscow nakhala rector wa Simonov obisika. Popita zaka zisanu, mmodzi wa amonke yaikulu mu dziko, St. Job ndi zochitika osati chipembedzo komanso moyo ndale za dziko.

Mu nthawi zotsatirazi anatsogolera malo angapo, kenako Kudzozedwa bishopu wake woyamba wa Kolomna, kenako Bishopu wamkulu wa Rostov Wamkulu. Mlingo wokweretsa ulamuliro wa nyengo ya ku St Yobu 1587, anakhala Metropolitan wa Moscow. Komabe, pamaso pake akuyembekezera latsopano, mutu apamwamba - kholo lakale woyamba wa Moscow ndipo onse Russia.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabishopu ku Russia

Luso ndi kholo lawo mu dziko chifukwa zinthu zambiri, yaikulu ya kuti akule udindo wa Russian Orthodox mwa maiko ena anali pa nthawi m'goli Turkey. Monga tanena wolimba wakale wa Mpingo East - Byzantium - anagwa mu 1453 wapanikizidwa Aisiraeli.

Amadziwika kuti Turkey sanali amaletsa ntchito za mpingo wa Mulungu mu madera onse azikhala iwo, koma anachita motsutsana ndi oimira ake unceremoniously kwambiri, malinga kwambiri kosangalatsa kulanda aliyense kumalo ake. expropriations amenewa kuchitidwa nthawi zonse chosalephera, kutenga chikhalidwe cha looting undisguised ndi mabungwe zinachititsa mpingo chilili madera wotanganidwa, kwa impoverishment wathunthu.

Chifukwa chosowa ndalama kumanganso mipingo anawonongedwa ndipo zili ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo, ndi Kanyaniko wa Mpingo Byzantine anakakamizika akaonekere kwa Russian Tsar Fodoru Ioannovichu kwa chithandizo. Russian mfumu anatenga ntchito mwayi umenewu yabwino, chifukwa malinga ndi hayala wa mpingo, kuika mabishopu akanatha kokha akuchita Kanyaniko, ndi mabishopu, woyamba wa Moscow ndipo onse Russia wakhala mfumu ya anthu bwino kwambiri madalitso ake.

Chochitika chachikulu mu moyo wa mpingo

Mutu wa mpingo Byzantine anafika Wakale 1588 ndiponso malinga ndi zosiyana, anagundidwa ndi moyo wapamwamba wa panyumba ya mfumu, ndi mwambo wa kulambira unachitikira mu akachisi likulu a. Komanso, monga amadziwika ku magwero zofanana, izo anapanga kukoma kuganiza chiwonetsero cha kupembedza anthu Russian umboni amakhala okhazikika.

Tsiku lililonse, kulikonse kumene kholo adaonekera, ankakhala ndi khamu wandiweyani anthu zofuna dalitso. M'malo ufulu kunyalanyaza mawu osangalatsa amenewa a maganizo achipembedzo, anakakamizika kukhala kwa maola mu msewu, atazunguliridwa ndi mphete za okhulupirira.

Azambiriyakale dziwani kuti dongosolo lake loyambirira kulandira kokha chithandizo kwa mfumu, ndi china izo sizinali. Komabe, podziwa kuti kukana kutsatira pempho la autocrat wa anapulumutsa Russian mkulu wa tchalitchi, iye adzasiya chimanjamanja, Yeremiya anakakamizika kugwirizana, ndipo chotsatira February 5, 1589 pa mpando utangoyamba wa umutu anakwera kholo lakale woyamba wa Moscow ndipo onse Russia. Kusankhidwa ndi ntchito yapamwamba izo Metropolitan Yobu anali pa behest wa Tsar Fodora Ioannovicha, ankagwirizana iye ndi kumusamalira mtima achifumu.

Zocitika za mabishopu

The posachedwapa anasankha mabishopu, woyamba wa Moscow ndipo onse Russia, amene ulamuliro anawonjezera kuti mbali zonse za moyo achipembedzo, nthawi yomweyo anapita kusintha mkati mpingo. Luso anakhudzidwa onse chilengedwe cha zina matauni ndi kusintha chilango a ansembe. Home vuto lanu anaona kulimbitsa ya ziphunzitso ndi mphamvu yauzimu ya boma. azambiriyakale mpingo kuti pambuyo mabishopu, woyamba wa Moscow ndipo onse Russia anali Metropolitan Yobu, Russian Orthodox anaukitsidwa kwa Komanso mumangire patsogolo.

Zochita za kholo lija mu nthawi ya chipwirikiti

Mu 1598, dziko anaponyedwa mu chisokonezeko, chotchedwa Time wa Mavuto. The mabishopu, woyamba wa Moscow ndipo onse Russia, amene anakakamizika iye kukhala mutu wa mutu wa anthu, makamaka anatsogolera kusamvera kuthira ku gawo Russian Chilituyaniya ndi Polish adani. Iye anatumiza makalata ku madera onse a dziko, umene anautcha kubweza alendo.

Pamene anafika ku Moscow khamu, kutsogozedwa ndi Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry, kholo lakale woyamba wa Moscow ndipo onse Russia, Yobu anali m'gulu la anthu amene sanakhulupirire wabodzayo. Ofufuza, mu nthawi zina Gregory Otrepyev anali mlembi Yobu, iye ngati wina aliyense, kumvetsa zinthu zikuchitika chinyengo. Iye anatukwana pamaso Falsdmitry ndi otsatira ake onse.

Pamene April 1605 mumzinda m'manja wonyenga, ndi woyera mtima, Yobu kulumbirira kuti adzakhala okhulupirika kwa iye ndipo unachotsedwa. Mu August chaka chomwecho, kumbali ya anagonjetsa Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry Mkulu wa Mabishopu zipinda, ndi Kanyaniko pambuyo kumenyedwa ambiri ndi manyazi ndinali mmonke yosavuta anatumizidwa ku Staritsa obisika, kumene anakhala zaka ziwiri mu pemphero zonse za tsogolo la Dziko Lathu.

Mapeto a moyo wa mbadwa

amadwaladwala sanamulole kuti kuwuka mu akaona primatial. Iye anafa mu 1607 ndipo anaikidwa m'manda mu agulupa ya Akukwera, amene kumene anayamba utumiki kumene kumakhala Amonke. Mu 1652 zotsalira wakufa kuwapititsa ku likulu ndi kuikidwa mu Mfundo Cathedral. Kale lero, mu October 2012, hierarch choyamba, kholo la Moscow ndi onse Russia, Yobu alemekezedwe mwa oyera. Zinali zomveka kuchita, kusonyeza zotsatira za ntchito yake monga mutu wa mpingo.

Mkonzi kusintha udindo wa mkulu wa mabishopu

Tikumbukenso kuti udindo wa umutu kwa zaka kakusintha kusintha mkonzi ndi ntchito lero mutu St. Job - kholo lakale woyamba wa Moscow ndipo onse Russia - osati zoonadi. kuti pa nthawi yapitayo ulamuliro wa mabishopu, Nikon (mpaka 1652), dziko imaonekera mu mutu monga "Rusia" ndipo kenako yekha anatenga maonekedwe a "Russian". Mu nthawi chisanadze Petrine mutu munali mawu "ndipo onse Masewerera a Nordic wa mabishopu."

Koma mutu, amene ankavala St Yobu, mbiri yakale pali akonzi zina, zimene Moscow kutchulidwa ngati "mzinda wachifumu" ndipo Russia amatchedwa "ufumu Waukulu." Amadziwika ndi yofanana ena, mu zolemba yolembedwa ndi Kanyaniko wa Mpingo Russian panyengo zosiyanasiyana zakale. Tikumbukenso kuti kusiyana otere amayamba makamaka ndi kupanda pachilichonse m'zaka zapitazi pokonza zikalata zofunikira - achipembedzo ndi akunja.

Mphamvu za kholo lija

Mu lamulo panopa tsopano ROC, mabishopu, mphamvu monga ntchito makamaka utsogoleri, kupereka mwayi kuti azilamulira mpingo. Iwo amapereka izo udindo wa convening ndi Local ndi Aepiskopi 'akulu, komanso poika magawo Synod. Kholo lakale anaika akuluakulu onse akuluakulu mpingo, kuphatikizapo atsogoleri a masukulu achipembedzo a misinkhu yonse. mfundo zina za udindo wa umutu lofunika kwambiri ntchito kuimira Mpingo boma ndi mabungwe lonse.

Wotsatila mabishopu,

Kuchita kugwira ntchito kwa mkulu wa mabishopu, izo zikanakhala zosatheka popanda magawano wololera maudindo pakati pa akuluakulu ake - olowa mmalo. Aliyense ali ndi udindo m'gulu la moyo Mpingo mu lonse umodzi wa chigawocho wa Moscow chigawocho. Wolowa mmalo loyamba la kholo la Moscow ndi onse Russia, omwe ali mu ulamuliro wa mbali chapakati Komanso ndi mwachindunji ndi kazembe kholo, ndipo mu mwambo matenda, imfa kapena pantchito mongoyembekezera amagwira ntchito kufikira chisankho m'malo a.

Propaganda a chidziwitso achipembedzo

Popeza Saint-Yobu, mabishopu, woyamba wa Moscow ndipo onse Russia, kukwera kwa primatial onani, mbiri ya Russian Orthodox, omwe ankafunika mu ulamuliro wa Peter ine ndipo anayambiranso pansi Stalin, ali sikisitini Kanyaniko wa Mpingo Russian. Ndiyamika indefatigable ntchito Orthodox moyo kudziko wathu wapeza mitundu, amene amaloledwa kukhala maziko a kugwirizana wauzimu wa mibadwo ya ku Russia.

Kukhala nthano kuona kuti, monga momwe mbiri ya Russia, kuphatikizapo mpingo, amalemekeza ngwazi ake, mmene kuyesera kufufuta ku chikumbukiro cha ana a opanduka a Mama. Chitsanzo ndi chinyozo kholo Ignatius, ndalumbira mu 1605 ndipo anagwirizana Falsdmitry Polish adani. dzina lake mpaka kalekale achotsa kwa mndandanda wa mbadwa ndi afafanizidwe ku kukumbukira dziko.

M'nthawi ya chizunzo kulibe Mulungu cha Orthodox zonse zokhudza chiphunzitso ndi mpingo kale, anali m'gulu la maphunziro kusukulu. Unachititsa mipata kwambiri chidziwitso cha khalidwe awa m'dziko la Russia ano. Ngakhale funso losavuta: "Kodi mabishopu, woyamba wa Moscow ndipo onse Russia" kuika ambiri kumapeto akufa. Komabe, masiku ano m'mipingo yambiri ndi Sande sukulu kwa ana ndi akulu, komanso imachitika yaikulu ntchito yophunzitsa umalimbana kukonza vutolo.