Chachisanu Kampeni: zaka, ophunzira, zolinga, zotsatira

Misonkhano ku East - chodabwitsa ndi yofunika kwambiri mu mbiriyakale. Ife tikudziwa iwo m'mabuku sukulu, mafilimu mbali ndi mabuku.

Total (by N. Basov) panali zisanu ndi zitatu: kuti 1096 ndi 1248-1270. Wikipedia anawonjezera ngakhale 9 (1271-1272 gg.) Ndipo Nkhondo za Mtanda mu Europe. Ambiri kuphulika, amene anagwedeza dziko lonse la Chikhristu, anali, ndithudi, choyamba. Pa nthawiyi, Yerusalemu VII. Iwo anagonjetsedwa ndi Aluya, ndiyeno kuchokera m'ma VIII, a Seljuk Turkey. Pakuti ikudontha atumwi anali kumeneko kachisi.

Mu misonkhano mbiri sayansi amafufuza nkhondo pakati pa Mkhristu ndi zolengedwa Muslim. Si itatha ndipo akupitiriza mu nthawi yathu. Chiwerengero cha Nkhondo za Mtanda molunjika polarity. Ena amakhulupirira kuti ndi woyera, wabwino ntchito mu dzina la Mpingo. Wolemba mbiri Michaud analemba za iwo monga za feat. Mawu ena amanena ndi kuti angayambitse satana, chimene chinapangitsa kwambiri masoka. Mwachitsanzo, mu ulendo 4 Akhristu Mkhristu anagonjetsa mzindawu katundu yense Constantinople obscurantism - Kampeni Ana wotchuka a. Iye akhapidziwa kuti ngati miyoyo koona ku Yerusalemu, makoma kusokonekera. Ndipo unathera mwachisoni kwambiri, iwo anaphedwa mu Europe mu Alps ozizira, ambiri a iwo anagulitsidwa ku ukapolo ku Iguputo.

kuyenda ulendo ANAKULIRA

Wopemphapempha kudzipatula Petr Amensky, amene dzina anali kudzipatula anapita Gologota ndi Manda Opatulika ku Yerusalemu. Iye anaona Akristu kuzunzidwa ku Palestine. Pamene iye anabwerera, iye ali omvera ndi Papa Urban II ndipo anadalitsidwa kulalikira nkhondo zomenyera kumasula Manda Opatulika. Atavala nsanza, opanda nsapato, bareheaded bulu, anasamukira ku midzi ndi mizinda ya ku Ulaya, ndipo mawu ake yonse yoyaka moto analandira thandizo chidwi ndi kumtsatira kulalikira kwake. Iye ankaona ngati woyera ndi chimwemwe kutenga mwayi kutsina kuchokera chidutswa cha ubweya pa bulu wake. Nthawiyi, Papa Urban II analonjeza ophunzira za kukhululukidwa kwa machimo (kunali kofunika kwambiri chifukwa misa), kusamalira mabanja awo ndi chiyembekezo chakuti za mangawa awo.

Poona izi mafoni wamba sewn pa zovala zawo wofiira mitanda. Choncho, gulu limeneli ankatchedwa "Kampeni", ndi ophunzira okha unadziwika ngati "Akhristu." The woyamba siali Ankhondo anapita kukwera, ndi alimi, amene sangathe n'komwe momwe Europe ndi ku Land Woyera ndipo anakumana iliyonse mzinda waukulu analanda Yerusalemu. Ambiri a iwo anafa panjira. Koma ndife za nkhondo zomenyera wachisanu - pa gulu, zolinga, zotsatira. Timanena za izi pansipa.

Start, zolinga ndi zifukwa ulendo uno

Yachisanu Kampeni (1217-1221) natsogozedwa ndi Mfumu ya Hungary András II. Knights anasonkhana osati Hungary, koma ku Ulaya. Chindapusa cha nkhondo zomenyera kachisanu (photos, ndithudi, sangathe anapereka chifukwa anatulukira ake, mochuluka Patapita) chikusonyeza chithunzi anaika pansipa.

András II kutsogolera asilikali anamukakamiza Papa Honorius III. Panthawi imeneyi, ufumu ofooka Mkhristu analiko Palestine (1099 a 1291), amene chinang'ambika ndi zotsutsana mkati (Zomenyera nkhondo malamulo a chivalry pakati pawo) ndi akuukira Saracen Asilamu. Iye analibe thandizo la Europe. Mfumu yatsopanoyi Zhak Briensky anafika popanda asilikali ndi kukanidwa dziko yapamwamba imene imathandiza Saracens (kwa iwo mphekesera kale anamva latsopano kampeni adziwitse). Chimenechi chidzakhala nkhondo zomenyera wachisanu umene ukuyenera kuthandiza ufumu kuvunda Mkhristu.

Kumapeto kwa 1217, ku Ulaya anapita zombo Venetian ku Palestina mwa Mediterranean. Iwo onse anasonkhana eka, mudzi waung'ono kum'mwera kumadzulo kwa dziko. Saracens machenjerero ake, poganizira kuti ndewu mkati, njala ndiponso matenda adzawononga asilikali sanatero kuukira. Iwo masamu chirichonse. Akhristu wapitapo Phiri la Tabori ndi kulimbikitsa iye. Koma iwo alibe umodzi, chakudya, catapults, ndi ulendo ndinayima. Akhristu chabe atakhazikika ku kumpanda yozizira. Chosalanga kwachititsa ndewu watsopano, ndipo posakhalitsa, mu February 1218, Mfumu ya Hungary, powona kulephera kwa nthawi wake, ndi gawo la asilikali ake, anabwerera ku Ulaya chotheka pofuna kusangalatsa ndi atumiki opanduka lawo. Moyipa kuyamba nkhondo zomenyera wachisanu.

Reinforcements ku Europe

Kenako mu 1218, anadza asilikali wosanganiza ku Germany, Dutch ndi Flemish. Anaganiza kugwila Damietta ku Egypt. Kupewa kumenyana ziŵiri, ndi mgwirizano ndi mtendere ndi Anatolia anali anamaliza. Mu July, wachisanu Kampeni ku Iguputo.

Kuzinga Damietta

Akhristu inatera pafupi ndi mzinda wa Damietta, amene, chifukwa cha malo ake pa Nile ankaona chinsinsi dziko. Damietta anali mwangwiro anagwirizana. Mkati panali zambiri chakudya, kunja anali makoma aŵiri. Pa gombe kumeneko kunali kovuta, monga iye anatseka nsanja, kumene pa gombe ndi tcheni wamphamvu.

Mu July 1218 pa Akhristu anayamba kulanda mzinda wa linga wa. Iwo ankafuna kuphwanya muyaya likulu la dziko la chisilamu ndipo nthawi yomweyo kuthetsa nkhondo pa Land Woyera. Yachisanu Kampeni (1217-1221) waika yokha cholinga cha ndendende izi. Koma pali ankagwira zofuna za mayiko Italy ndi mzinda-limati - kupereka ufulu wochita malonda ku Iguputo.

The kuzingako

Woyamba anafika amasowa chifukwa cha matenda mu bukhuli. Ndiye, anapatsidwa Leopold VI la Austria.

Pambuyo cholukanalukana zombo ziwiri ndi kumanga nsanja ndi mlatho umene unagwa. Ake pafupi ndi nsanja ya Damietta, ndi Akhristu mazana atatu anadzasokoneza. Saracens anakaniza amakana, koma bwino limodzi nkhondo. Tower anatenga zombo zawo ndipo anatsegula khomo la Nile.

The zifukwa omenyana sanali chitsogolo ndi kulanda mzinda, olemba mbiri bwinobwino. Panthawi imeneyi ndi reinforcements anayandikira Sultan wa Cairo. Papa Honorius III anatumiza asilikali kuti atsogolere Pelagiya wake kazembe Albano. Kuukitsa mzimu wa St. anafika. Frantsisk Assizsky.

Koma zonsezi sizinathandize. Pa nthawi yomweyo, gulu lankhondo la Sultan anayamba ndewu kuti wachita yofunika kwambiri m'tsogolo. asilikali Muslim anabwerera. Akhristu anawoloka Nile, anazungulira mzinda, ndipo anamanga mlatho, anayamba kuzinga. Sultans Damassy ndi Cairo agwirizana mphamvu ndipo anabwerera Damietta. Koona anayamba, ndi Akhristu nthawi zambiri wogonjetsedwa. Komabe, pakati pa Asilamu panali mphekesera zoti chithandizo amapita ku adani a asilikali Mfumu Frederick II. Iwo apereka zaphindu mtendere: Kudzipereka Yerusalemu ndi kobiri kukonzanso mpanda wake. Wopembedza anavomera koma Pelagios khungu wolemera m'zigawo n'zotheka Damietta anakana. Chachisanu Kampeni, likukhalira, cholinga anathamangitsa chuma ndithu. Wosadzikonda ndipo cholinga oyera - kumasulidwa kwa Manda Opatulika - Ankhondo sanali mwachibadwa. Mzindawu unazingidwa.

Chigonjetso kapena kugonja?

Mochedwa yophukira 1219 mumzinda anatenga mpaka muyeso wa njala, anagonja. anthu 70 zikwi zinapulumuka asanu okha. Pelagius anali jubilant. Onse anali otanganidwa looting - kupanga anali wolemera, ndipo palibe amene anaganiza kuti n'kofunika msanga aswe gulu lankhondo la Asilamu. Iwo, azungu ankachitika pa gombe ena a Nile zokhalamo msasa mkulu.

osefukira wa Nile

Ndi July 1221, ophunzira ambiri anakana kumvera malamulo Pelagia. Iwo anamufunsa ndipo analandira kuti kumbuyo asilikali a mfumu ya Yerusalemu. asilikali ake makumi asanu ndi awiri zikwi anapita kwa Sultan wa Cairo. Iye anapereka mtendere. Akhristu mukopedwe Pelagia lakana. Iwo anachita kanthu. Akhristu ambiri mwaufulu atasiya ntchito ya usilikali. Angakuthandizeni Saracen Asilamu anayamba osefukira wa Nile. Iwo anawononga maloko ndi damu ndi tiyeni madzi mu chigwa, kumene msasa Mkhristu inali. Opanda chakudya, opanda kuthekera kwa duu okha Akhristu anayamba kupempha mtendere. Analoledwa kuchoka mu 1221 ku Palestine. Choncho ignominiously anathetsa nkhondo zomenyera kachisanu (1217-1221). Zotsatira zafotokozedwa mu gawo lotsatira.

zotsatira

Monga m'mbuyomu, kampeni chachisanu anasonyeza:

• Pafupipafupi kusintha utsogoleri.
• Osauka mwambo: Ankhondo anachoka asilikali nzeru zake yekha, kawirikawiri mavuto.
• Kusafuna zinthu cohesively kuthamangitsa cholinga chachikulu - kumasulidwa kwa Dziko Woyera ndi Manda Opatulika.
• Dyera ndiponso kufuna kulanda chuma.
• Kusowa kwa ndondomeko logwirizana.
• Umbuli wa zinthu zachilengedwe (osefukira la Akristu Nile modzidzimutsa).
• Chilakolako cha Papa Honorius III kutsogolera ndawala kudzera mwa mngelo wake.
• Nikulamulira mtendere.

Onse anatengedwa pamodzi zinachititsa kuti kulephera ndiponso sanapereke zotsatira zabwino. Iwo akumenya mwamphamvu Akhristu a ku Ulaya. Anakhala ndalama zambiri ndiponso khama ndipo anadikira kunkhondo wanzeru ndi ubwino, ndipo inatha mtendere manyazi.

The Kampeni Chachisanu (1217-1221): gulu

Hungary ndi Austria anali pa chiyambi cha msonkhano Chihangare Mfumu András II ndi Duke la Austria, Leopold VI. András anali asilikali waukulu mu nthawi zonse za Nkhondo za Mtanda - 20,000 Ankhondo. Iwo anali olumikizidwa ndi Otto Meransky ndi Werengerani Wilhelm Dutch. Kenako Papa Honorius III anatumiza kazembe wake, Pelagius, amene ankati ndi mtsogoleri wamkulu. Korol Ioann Yerusalemu, ankaona kofunika angagwirizanitse Damietta kuti ufumu wake. Pelagius Komabe, motsutsa izo. Mfumu Frederick II anatumiza 1221 pansi pa Damietta reinforcements ndithu, koma anakhala mu Europe. Pa Papa Honorius III anali amamuopseza achotsa. Kuti ali ndi wotsutsa chotupa anapezeka.

Potseka, tiyenera kufotokozera kuti cholinga chake chachikulu - ndi chifooke Muslims - Europe kapena lachisanu kapena yokopa anthu ena sizinawakhudze. Otsutsa sanamvere chikhalidwe European. Ulemu ndi ulemerero kwa Ankhondo anali anagonjetsa.