Hybridological njira

Pamene moyenerera tinazindikira ambiri, chibadwa ndi mfumukazi ya sayansi. Ndithudi, zokhudza sayansi, ndi mbali imodzi yofunika kwambiri, monga iwo kudziwa, monga iwo amati, khalidwe la ana wabadwa. Chibadwa ndi nthawi amathandiza kuthetsa mavuto monga kufunafuna chithandizo watsopano ndi matenda aakulu.

Njira imodzi ntchito chibadwa ndi Hybridological njira. Si zimenezo ena, monga njira kuphunzira chibadwa. Kwenikweni wake ndi uyu: ngati pali sreschivanie mitundu iwiri, ana awo adzalandira ya makhalidwe amene kudzayesedwa genotype lapansi. njira yotero chikudziwika ngati njira Hybridological Mendel. Iye anali woyamba amene anawoloka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nandolo, amene anali wosiyana ndi mnzake pa zinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, iwo amasiyana kukula kwa mbewu, mawonekedwe awo, mtundu, ndi mapulaniwo kutalika ndi zina zotero. Mendel ikuchitika ntchito zambiri pa kudutsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndipo adamsunga njira imene chidawoneka zizindikiro zonse choyamba, chachiwiri ndi zina mibadwo ya hybrids. Ntchito Asayansi phunziro mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nandolo, kotero iye anali kupeza ena dongosolo zokhudza chiŵerengero kachulukidwe zomera hybrid, ndipo iwo nthaŵi zina zimatha zosiyanasiyana koyamba.

njira Hybridological akhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu yambiri. Losavuta awa si kuti ena, monga monohybrid mtanda. Ndi kokha ndi kusiyana pang'ono pakati pa mitundu makolo, monga ulamuliro, ndi kwenikweni angapo zizindikiro.

Ngati kupereka zitsanzo, iwo akutchedwa kuwoloka pakati pa mitundu ndi mbewu zobiriwira mtola ndi chikasu. Zotsatirazi zatsopano, Mendel anafika pozindikira kuti akhala ndi ena postulates wa chibadwa. Choyamba, tikulankhula za ulamuliro zokhudza pachilichonse za m'badwo woyamba wosakanizidwa. Chachiwiri, ayenera kunenedwa za m'badwo wachiwiri wa chilamulo hybrid pogawanikana pamawere. Ndipo chachitatu, tiyenera onani amanena za chiyero cha gametes.

Ngati ife kulankhula za m'badwo woyamba wa pachilichonse ulamuliro, m'pofunika kuti amasonyeza kufanana kwa m'badwo woyamba ndi makolo pa malo onse.

Apa wina angaone ulamuliro wathunthu wa maonekedwe a kholo limodzi pa zizindikiro zina.

njira Hybridological tinganene kuti monga chitsanzo chapadera cha kusanthula chibadwa. Iye kawirikawiri yoyamba otchedwa njira kuswana. M'pofunika kusankha kapena kulenga zopangira, umene kenako kuti ankaphunzira. Mendel Pankhaniyi ntchito ndi mbewu mtola kuti ndi kudzikonda mungu.

Ndi palibe chinsinsi chimene zina, njira wotchedwa mwachindunji Hybridological njira sangathe ntchito. Izi imakhudzanso cholowa cha makhalidwe anthu. mfundo ndi yakuti mu nkhani iyi sangathe anakonza crossbreeding ndi nevzmozhno kupereka magawo monga chonde, komanso nthawi ya kutha msinkhu. Pachifukwa ichi, chibadwa ntchito ndi zina mwa njira zina.

Mwachitsanzo, cytogenetic njira. kuphunzira nawo awo sayansi cytogenetics. Zilibe kukusalani chinthu monga kusanthula Hybridological, koma akhala akuphunzira chonyamulira zithunzi zambiri chibadwa. Si kanthu koma mitotic, meiotic ndi polytene DNA ndi mitochondria ndi plastids. Choncho, njira cytological, choyamba tiyenera kuphunzira DNA.

Kuchita izi, ntchito njira zotsatirazi wa kafukufuku: njira ya wamamamayikirosikopu kuwala, komanso njira zambiri mikrospicheskih mayesero, amene adaperekeza mothandizidwa ndi zipangizo zina zamagetsi.