Hydration wa Propylene: aone kuti pali anachita

zinthu Organic ndi malo ofunika pa moyo wathu. Iwo ndi chigawo chachikulu ma polima kuti ali ponseponse: ndi mapepala apulasitiki, ndi mphira, komanso zipangizo zina zambiri. Polypropylene chimakwirira zino si chinthu lomaliza. Nawonso m'gulu zipangizo zosiyanasiyana ndi ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri monga kumanga, ntchito kunyumba monga chuma makapu pulasitiki ndi zina zazing'ono (koma osati pa sikelo kupanga) akusowa. Tisanafotokoze kulankhula za njira zimenezi, monga hydration wa propylene (imene, mwa njira, ife tikhoza kutenga mowa isopropyl), kuyang'ana pa mbiriyakale ya anapeza mankhwala n'kofunika kuti makampani.

nkhani

Mwaichi, kutsegula tsiku propylene ndi sakutero. Komabe, polima ake - polypropylene anapezeka kwenikweni anatsegula mu 1936 wotchuka German sayansi Otto Bayer. Kumene, theoretically, izo ankatchedwa munthu akhoza kupeza nkhani chofunika, koma mchitidwewu si bwino. Iwo zinatheka cha m'ma-makumi awiri pamene German ndipo Italy akatswiri ndi Ziegler Nutt anatsegula unsaturated hydrocarbon polymerisation chothandizira (ndi chimodzi kapena zingapo awiri nsinga), chimene chiri kenako dzina: Ziegler-Natta catalysts. Nthawi imeneyi zinali zosatheka mwamtheradi kuti polymerization anachita zinthu zina wapita. Iwo ankadziwika polycondensation anachita, pamene chothandizira popanda okhudza thunthu olumikizidwa kwa unyolo polima, potero kupanga umatuluka. Koma ndi chimasanduka unsaturated akulephera.

ndondomeko ina yofunika kugwirizana ndi mankhwala, anali hydration wake. Propylene pa chiyambi cha ntchito zake zinali ndithu kwambiri. Ndipo chifukwa ichi onse kwa anatulukira mafuta ndi gasi makampani osiyanasiyana processing mankhwala propene (nthawi zina amatchedwa chinthu anafotokoza). Akulimbana za mafuta anali chochokera, ndipo pamene kunapezeka kuti ndilochokera zace, isopropyl mowa, ndicho chiyambi cha kaphatikizidwe wa zinthu zambiri zothandiza anthu ambiri makampani, monga mwa BASF, okhala njira zawo za ulimi ndipo anayambitsa malonda lalikulu pankhani imeneyi. Propylene hydration anayesedwa ndi ntchito patsogolo polymerization ndi chifukwa kafungo kabwino, hydrogen peroxide, isopropylamine anayamba kale kubala polypropylene.

A ndondomeko chidwi kwambiri yolekanitsa propene kwa mafuta. Iye ife tifike.

Kudzipatula propylene

Ndipotu, kumvetsa ongolankhula njira zazikulu ndi chimodzi chokha ndondomeko: pyrolysis mafuta ndiponso gasi kugwirizana. Koma tsopano luso implementations - chabe nyanja. mfundo ndi yakuti aliyense kampani amafuna kupeza njira yapadera ndi kuteteza setifiketi ake ndi makampani ena ofanana ndi komanso kufunafuna njira zawo akadali azipanga ndi kugulitsa propene monga zopangira kapena kutembenukira mu zosiyanasiyana.

Pyrolysis ( "Pyro" - moto "lys" - chiwonongeko) - mankhwala kuvunda ndondomeko zovuta ndi lalikulu mamolekyulu mu ang'onoang'ono mchikakamizo cha kutentha ndi chothandizira. Mafuta, monga amadziwika, ndi osakaniza a chimasanduka tichipeza kuwala, sing'anga ndi tuzigawo twa lolemera. Kuchokera loyamba, maselo kulemera otsika kwambiri, ndipo propene ndi ethane mu pyrolysis lapansi. Zimenezi ikuchitika ng'anjo wapadera. Mu opanga zapamwamba kwambiri za sayansi ndondomeko ndi osiyana: ena mchenga ntchito monga coolant, wina - khwatsi, ndi ena - coke; Mukhozanso kugawa uvuni mu dongosolo awo: pali tubular ndi ochiritsira, ngati iwo amatchedwa mathanki.

Koma ndondomeko pyrolysis umabala zokwanira limbikitse woyera, monga, popanda iye, pali anapanga ambirimbiri a chimasanduka, kenako ndi kugawa njira mwachilungamo mphamvu kwambiri. Choncho, kupeza chuma wangwiro monga ntchito dehydrogenation wa alkanes akutsatiridwa ndi hydration: kwa ife - propane. Komanso ndondomeko polymerization tafotokozazi basi sizichitika. Pogawanikana pamawere ku molkuly wa hydrogen Kuchepetsa hydrocarbon amapezeka pansi zochita za catalysts wa okusayidi trivalent chromium ndi okusayidi zotayidwa.

Koma Musanayambe nkhani ya momwe ndondomeko hydration, kuyang'ana pa kapangidwe ka chimasanduka wathu unsaturated.

Makamaka propylene kapangidwe

Propen palokha - yekha membala chachiwiri angapo a alkenes (chimasanduka ndi chomangira umodzi awiri). Pakuti omasuka, iye yokha ethylene (kumene, ngati inu mukhoza ndikuganiza, kupanga polyethylene - ndi polima kulemera mu dziko). M'chigawo propen yachibadwa - mpweya zake "wachibale" m'banja la alkanes, propane.

Koma osiyana kwambiri propane ku propene - ndi yotsirizira ali mu kapangidwe kake ubale awiri, amene modabwitsa amasintha mankhwala katundu wake. Timatha kugwirizana kwa molekyulu a unsaturated hydrocarbon zinthu zina, umene pawiri analandira ndi katundu chosiyana ndi zambiri zofunika kwambiri kwa makampani ndi banja.

Ndi nthawi yolankhula za chiphunzitso anachita, zomwe zoona, nkhani imeneyi. Mu gawo lotsatira, muphunzira kuti anapanga imodzi mwa ambiri malonda zofunika mankhwala, ndipo kodi anachita izi ndi zimene ali mokoma mmenemo pamene propylene hydration.

Chiphunzitso cha hydration

Choyamba, tiyeni tione njira zambiri ambiri - solvation - womwenso komanso zimene pamwamba anafotokoza. Izi kutembenuka mankhwala, chomwe mu kujowina mamolekyulu zosungunulira kuti mamolekyulu wa solute lapansi. Choncho iwo akhoza kupanga molekyulu latsopano, kapena zotchedwa solvates, - particles ongokhala mamolekyulu ndi solute ndi zosungunulira ofanana mogwirizana electrostatic. Tili ndi chidwi chofuna yekha mtundu woyamba zipangizo, chifukwa pamene hydration wa propylene ali makamaka anapanga mankhwala amenewa.

Mu pamwamba njira solvation mamolekyulu zosungunulira amagwira kwa solute ndi, analandira pawiri latsopano. Mu umagwirira organic advantageously inakhazikitsidwa m'zaka alcohols hydration, ketones ndi aldehydes, koma pali zina ena, monga mapangidwe glycols, koma iwo si bwino kukambirana. Ndipotu, ndondomeko imeneyi ndi lophweka, koma pa nthawi yomweyo imavuta kwambiri.

limagwirira hydration

Kawiri akapolo, monga amadziwika, imakhala mitundu iwiri ya kumangidwa atomiki: PI ndi Sigma kumangigwa. Ku Pihahiroti-ubale wosweka pa hydration zonse zimene atumwi ndi cholimba (ali aang'ono kumanga mphamvu). Pa chotupa ake ndipamene orbitals awiri wopanda wa awiriwo maatomu pafupi mpweya omwe akhoza kupanga kumangidwa atsopano. A madzi molekyulu kuti alipo mu njira mu mawonekedwe a particles awiri ion hydroxide ndi pulotoni, angathe Kulumikizana chakumene awiri muzikondana. Mmene ion hydroxide amamangiriridwa ku mpweya atomu chapakati ndi pulotoni - ku muyeso chachiwiri. Motero, hydration wa propylene aumbike ambiri 1-propanol, kapena isopropyl mowa. Izi ndizofunika kwambiri, chifukwa n'zotheka kupeza makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa acetone, ntchito lalikulu zedi mu dziko lathu. Timauzidwa kuti aumbike ambiri, koma zimenezi si zoona. Ine ndiyenera kunena izi: mankhwala okha popangidwa ndi hydration wa propylene, ndi ichi - mowa isopropyl.

Izi, ndithudi, subtleties onse. Ndipotu, zonse zikhoza kukhala zosavuta kufotokoza. Ndipo tsopano ife tikudziwa bwanji kuti alembe Maphunziro a ndondomeko monga hydration wa propylene.

Chisoni: momwe izo zimachitika

Mu umagwirira ntchito potanthauza zonse ndi losavuta: mothandizidwa ndi anthu aone kuti pali anachita. Kuti mankhwala kusintha kwa nkhani mukufotokoza tinganene njira iyi. Hydration wa propylene, zimene aone kuti pali Ndi yosavuta ndi chikuchitika mu magawo awiri. Choyamba kuswa PI-akapolo, gawo la wachiphamaso. Ndiye molekyulu madzi mu mawonekedwe a particles awiri anion hydroxide ndi cation wa hydrogen, oyenera propylene molekyulu ndi nthawi yogwira mipando iwiri wopanda kupanga kumangidwa. ion hydroxide ndipamene ubale ndi mpweya atomu zochepa hydrogenated (i.e. ndi, kumene kochepa kuchuluka kwa maatomu wa hydrogen), ndi pulotoni, motero, - ndi muyeso otsala. Choncho, mankhwala imodzi: Kuchepetsa mowa monohydric ndi isopropanol.

Kodi kulemba ayankhe?

Tsopano tiona mmene kulemba chinenero cha mankhwala anachita kuwalitsa njira monga hydration wa propylene. A chilinganizo chimene ndi wofunika kwa ife: CH ₂ = CH - CH _3. Ichi ndi chilinganizo cha chuma poyambira - propene. Monga mukuonera, ali ndi chomangira awiri akusonyeza chizindikiro "=", ndi malowa prisoednyatsya madzi pamene hydration wa propylene zidzachitika. Chisoni aone kuti pali akhoza kulembedwa monga: CH ₂ = CH - CH ₃ + H ₂ O = CH ₃ - CH (o) - CH _3. The hydroxyl gulu mwapadera zikutanthauza kuti gawo ili si mu ndege ya kachitidwe, ndi pansi kapena pamwamba. Apa Sitingathe kuwonetsa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino pakati pa magulu atatu, anakafika pakati mpweya atomu, koma kuti ali pafupifupi wofanana ndi mzake ndipo amapanga digiri 120.

Kodi ntchito?

Tanena kale kuti analandira mu njira ya mankhwala anachita chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kaphatikizidwe zinthu zina zofunika kwa ife. Ndi ofanana kwambiri dongosolo kuti acetone, kumene kumasiyana kokha m'malo atayima pamenepo gidroksogrupp keto (ie, mpweya atomu chikugwirizana ndi chomangira awiri ndi asafe atomu). Monga amadziwika, acetone yokha ntchito mu vanishi ndi solvents, koma Komanso, ntchito ngati reactant kwa kaphatikizidwe zina za zinthu zovuta zambiri monga polyurethanes, epoxy utomoni, acetic anhydride , ndi zina zotero.

acetone kubala anachita

Timaganiza m'pofunika kufotokoza kusintha kwa isopropyl mowa, acetone, makamaka chifukwa anachita izi siziri choncho zovuta. Kuyamba, propanol ndi chamunthuyo pa madigiri 400-600 Celsius oksilyayut mpweya pa chothandizira wapadera. A mankhwala ngoyera ndithu analandira mwa kutsatira zimene mu mauna siliva.

anachita aone kuti pali

Ife sitikhala kupitira mwa dongosolo limagwirira anachita kwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa propanol mu acetone popeza zovuta. Akunjate ochiritsira mankhwala kutembenuka aone kuti pali: CH ₃ - CH (o) - CH ₃ + O ₂ = CH ₃ - C (O) - CH ₃ + H ₂ O. Monga tikuonera chiwembu zonse ndithu ophweka, koma m'pofunika kupita mwakuya ku njira, ndipo ife amakumana angapo mavuto.

Pomaliza

Kotero ife ankaiphwasula ndi propylene hydration ndondomeko ndi aone kuti pali chifukwa zimene anaphunzira ndipo limagwirira wa pakuwonekera kwake. Akuti mfundo sayansi ndi maziko a ndondomeko leni zikuchitika mu makampani. Mwamwayi, si zovuta, koma ndi tipindule pa moyo wathu wa tsiku ndi tsiku.