Johan Huizinga: yonena, zithunzi

Johan Huizinga (tsiku lobadwa: 7 December 1872; Date Imfa: February 1, 1945.) - mbiri Dutch, katswiri wa chikhalidwe ndi m'modzi wa omwe adayambitsa wa Masiku ano chikhalidwe cha. Tisatengere maganizo a kuloŵedwa m'malo ake, Yakoba Burkhardta, Huizinga ankaona zenizeni za mbiri yakale, ndale osati mwa sipekitiramu chikhalidwe. Choyamba akufuna kutifotokozera mbiri monga chopereka cha mbali zonse za anthu, kuphatikizapo chipembedzo, maphunziro, zilankhulo, miyambo, zojambulajambula, mabuku, nthano, zikhulupiriro, ndi zina zotero. Kumakana njira philological Huizinga anayesa kuwonetsera moyo akumvera, zikhulupiliro, maganizo, zokonda, makhalidwe ndi zokongoletsa tiganizira mu kuwala kwa mawu chawo. Iye anayesera kuti nkhani, imene owerenga kuona mzimu wa anthu a m'mbuyomu, kumva maganizo awo, kumvetsa maganizo awo. Pofuna kukwaniritsa izi, wazambiriyakale ntchito osati mafotokozedwe zolembalemba, komanso mafanizo.

chilengedwe

"M'dzinja wa Ages Middle" (1919), mwaluso mbiri ya chikhalidwe, Chili Ziganizo ndi zithunzi, mabuku ndi mbiri, chipembedzo ndi nzeru, anakhala wotchuka kwambiri kulemba Huizinga, kumubweretsera kutchuka ngati tate wa mbiri ya chikhalidwe zaka mazana makumi awiri ndi wolowa Burckhardt. Kenako Johan Huizinga analemba ntchito "Munthu Game" (1938). M'bukuli iye anafotokoza tanthauzo lalikulu la munthu ndi lingaliro la "akuseŵera bwinobwino", amanena kuti masewero ndi umphawi wosazindikira wokhalapo ndi kupitiriza kusamala kuti ndi archetype wa zosiyanasiyana za chikhalidwe. Huizinga anasonyeza bwanji mitundu yonse ya zikhalidwe anthu anabadwa ndi otukuka, otsala zosintha ndi mawonetseredwe akuseŵera bwinobwino.

moyo

Johan Huizinga, amene yonena si muli Zopatsa, anabadwa mu Groningen, ndi Netherlands. Pamene ndinali kuwerenga pa University, nakamaliza maphunziro awo ku Chisansikiriti ndi kumbuyo nkhani yolembedwa wake digirii pa mutu wakuti "Udindo wa jester mu sewero Indian" mu 1897. Only mu 1902, Huizinga chidwi ndi mbiri ya Ages Middle ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Iye anakhala pa yunivesite, naphunzitsa chikhalidwe kum'maŵa, mpaka iye analandira udindo wa katswiri wa mbiri ambiri komanso mayiko mu 1905. Patapita zaka khumi, anaikidwa Professor wa History World pa University Leiden - komwe anaphunzitsa mpaka 1942. Kuyambira nthawi mpaka imfa yake mu 1945, Huizinga unachitikira mkaidi Nazi ku mudzi waung'ono pafupi Arnhem. Iye anaikidwa mu manda a Mpingo Reformed m'tauni ya Oegstgeest.

wotsogolera

Yoyamba Huizinga Yakobo Burckhardt, amene anakhalako chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, choyamba ndinayamba kuganizira nkhani ku mawonedwe a chikhalidwe. Burkhardt mwaukali kudzudzulidwa ofala m'nthawi yake philological ndi njira andale kuganizira mavuto mbiri. Johan Huizinga (chithunzi) anapitiriza ndipo anayamba njira kalambulabwalo, kupanga latsopano mtundu wanyimbo - mbiri chikhalidwe.

njira yapadera

History of ankaona kuti magulu mbali zambiri za moyo wa anthu, kuphatikizapo zikhulupiriro ndi zipembedzo, miyambo ndi, chiletso chikhalidwe ndi taboos, lingaliro la udindo makhalidwe ndi kukongola, ndi zina zotero. Huizinga anakana cilamulo schematization ndi owonjezera a zochitika m'mbiri pansi pa zidindo mwachilengedwe. Iye anayesetsa kupereka boma la mzimu anthu ndi malingaliro kupyolera mu maloto, ziyembekezo, nkhawa ya mibadwoyo. Iye anali ndi chidwi chachikulu ndi tanthauzo la kukongola ndi mawu ake mwa luso.

nyimbo

Kugwiritsa zosafanana ndi luso ake zolembalemba, Johan Huizinga ali anakwanitsa zimasonyeza mmene anthu ankakhala m'mbuyomu, tinkaona ndipo anatanthauzira zenizeni chawo. Kwa iye, mbiri sanali zochitika zosiyanasiyana zandale, wopanda maganizo weniweni ndi zomverera, popanda amene sakhoza kukhala munthu wosakwatira. Huizinga ntchito yaikulu, "m'dzinja wa Ages Middle" (1919) linalembedwa mmene izi.

Ntchito imeneyi ayenera kuonedwa kuti kafukufuku mbiri, koma umaposa ndi yopapatiza zolangizira mtundu wanyimbo kwa nkhani zakale ngati mawunikidwe, kuphunzira philological wa zingapo. M'malo mwake, ntchito limeneli likusonyeza zenizeni interdisciplinary chikhalidwe, amene zapiringizana Anthropology, aesthetics, nzeru, nthano, chipembedzo, mbiri ya luso ndi mabuku. Ngakhale wolemba tcheru mbali zopanda nzeru za mbiri ya anthu, ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa irrationalism "nzeru za moyo".

Pa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zisanu mbiri zakale lofalitsidwa mwaluso wina - ntchito "masewera munthu" (1938). Zinali kukwaniritsidwa kwa zaka zambiri ntchito m'minda ya mbiri ndi nzeru za chikhalidwe. Huizinga kutchuka andzesera buku la "Erasmus" (1924).

"Yophukira wa Ages Middle"

"M'dzinja wa Ages Middle" wakhala wotchuka buku mbiri. Ndi kuyamika m'nthawi kwambiri ake tinapeza amene ali Johan Huizinga, ndipo anatha timudziwe bwino zinthu zatsopano sayansi.

Yakobo Burckhardt ndi olemba mbiri ena a Ages Middle ankaona wotsogolera wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano, ndipo ananena kuti chopunthira cha Kuzindikira. ntchito Burckhardt ndi lolunjika pa Chitaliyana Kubadwa Kwatsopano, ndipo pafupifupi sanabise nthawi ya chikhalidwe French, Netherlands ndi m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya kumpoto kwa Alps.

Huizinga anatsutsa kutanthauzira kwa Ages Middle kuti kaonedwe Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti chikhalidwe akale linatukuka anapulumuka nsonga ya chitukuko mu zaka khumi ndi khumi ndi chitatu, ndipo anapita ku kuchepa kwa zaka khumi ndi cisanu. Malinga Huizinga, nthawi zakale, monga wamoyo mwa chilengedwe, timabadwa ndi kufa; nchifukwa chake, malemu Middle Ages inali nthawi ya imfa ndi nthawi kusintha kwa chitsitsimutso zina. Mwachitsanzo, mu mutu wakuti "Imfa koyilo" Johan Huizinga lakhumi m'ma otchulidwa njira zotsatirazi: lingaliro la imfa amachuluka mu mtima wa munthu, ndi nyimbo ya "gule wa imfa" kukhala mbali imodzi chiwembu cha zojambula. Iye anawona moodiness kwambiri, kutopa, ndi Chikhumbo kale - zizindikiro za ukalamba chikhalidwe kuposa zizindikiro kuchira ndi chidaliro lililonse la Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

Ngakhale worldview wochepa anafotokoza m'buku la "The Yophukira wa Ages Middle" patsala ntchito powerenga pa mbiri ya anthu ndi malo a ulemu pa ndime ntchito wotchuka wa Yakoba Burkhardta.